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In order to realize the blasting demolition of 62.8 m high brick structure chimney in complex environment, various demolition options which fully consider the structure of the chimney and the surrounding environment were compared in the case of insufficient space for collapse on the east, west and north sides. After analysis, one-way and two-way folding blasting options were initially selected to blast and demolish the chimney. The circular angle of the upper and lower notch was designed as 220°. The lower notch was set as 2 m high at 0.5 m from the bottom of the chimney, while 30 m from the bottom of the chimney located the upper notch which parameters need to be simulated and optimized. ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element analysis software was used to compare the collapse effect of the preliminary scheme, and it was calculated that the one-way folding blasting did not meet the demolition requirements, so the two-way folding blasting was selected. Then the chimney collapse process was simulated with the upper cut height of 1m, 1.5 m and 2 m and the delay times of 0.5 s, 1 s, 1.5 s, 2 s and 2.5 s between the upper and the lower cut. After analyzing the collapse process and the distribution range of the blast pile of the chimney under different working conditions, it was determined that the best folding effect with a small collapse space happened when the upper cut height was 1m and the delay time was 1 s. Furthermore, safety measures which were related to blasting vibration and flyrock protection were designed. The blasting effect showed that the chimney collapsed smoothly according to the designed direction during the blasting process, and no damage occurred to the surrounding buildings (structures). The overall blasting demolition effect was good enough to meet the expected goal. It can provide a reference for related scholars and demolition projects.

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为实现复杂环境下62.8 m高砖结构烟囱的爆破拆除,充分考虑了烟囱的结构和周围环境,在东西北三面倒塌空间不足的情况下比较各种拆除方案。经分析初选单向折叠爆破和双向折叠爆破两种方案对烟囱进行爆破拆除,设计上下切口圆心角为220°,下切口设置在烟囱0.5 m高处,切口高度为2 m,上切口设置在烟囱30 m高处,对上切口参数进行模拟优化。利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件对初选方案进行倒塌效果对比,计算得出单向折叠爆破不满足拆除要求,遂选定双向折叠爆破。通过对1 m、1.5 m、2 m上切口高度和0.5 s、1 s、1.5 s、2 s、2.5 s上下切口爆破延期时差时间下的烟囱倒塌过程进行模拟,得到了不同工况条件下烟囱的倒塌过程和爆堆分布范围,分析比较后确定了上切口高度为1 m,上下切口爆破延期时差为1 s时,烟囱折叠效果最好,倒塌空间小。进行爆破振动和飞石防护相关安全防护措施设计后,爆破效果表明:在爆破过程中,烟囱按照设计方向顺利倒塌,周围建(构)筑物未出现损害,整体效果良好,到达预期目标。

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黄刚(1986-),男,湖北省黄冈市人,副教授、博士、硕导,从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
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张建华(1963-),男,陕西省渭南市人,教授、博士、硕导,从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)

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张建华(1963-),男,陕西省渭南市人,教授、博士、硕导,从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)

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张建华(1963-),男,陕西省渭南市人,教授、博士、硕导,从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)

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Simulation study on blasting and demolition of high chimney[D]. Xiangtan: Hunan University of Science and Technology, 2017. 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Folding blasting for demolishing a brick-concrete structure chimney under complicated environment[J]. Coal Mine Blasting, 2017(4): 28-31. 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Accurately directional controlling blasting for chimney demolition with thick brick-concrete in complex surrounding[J]. Engineering Blasting, 2020, 26(3): 45-48. 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Study on damage surveying of cutting-support of high reinforced concrete chimney demolished by blasting[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2006(S2): 3513-3517. 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Demolition of 55m high chimney with two-way folding and blasting[J]. Well Construction Technology, 2003(1): 21-22. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Demolition of 55m high chimney with two-way folding and blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442347381215756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442325369508458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=24, authorNames=钱起飞, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=钱起飞. 烟囱定向爆破倾倒力学分析及塌落振动研究[D]. 阜新: 辽宁工程技术大学, 2020., articleTitle=烟囱定向爆破倾倒力学分析及塌落振动研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442347502850576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442325369508458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=25, authorNames=QIAN Qi-fei, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAN Qi-fei. Mechanical analysis and collapse vibration research of chimney by directional blasting[D]. Fuxin: Liaoning University of Engineering and Technology, 2020. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Mechanical analysis and collapse vibration research of chimney by directional blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442347582542357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442325369508458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=26, authorNames=于淑宝, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于淑宝. 复杂环境下超高烟囱同向折叠爆破拆除原理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2019., articleTitle=复杂环境下超高烟囱同向折叠爆破拆除原理及应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442349071520280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442325369508458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=27, authorNames=YU Shu-bao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Shu-bao. Research on the principle and application of folding blasting in the same direction for ultra-high chimneys in complex environments[D]. Beijing: China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 2019. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the principle and application of folding blasting in the same direction for ultra-high chimneys in complex environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442349214126621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442325369508458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=25, issue=6, pageStart=56, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=28, authorNames=郑桂初, 王友新, 段丽环, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑桂初, 王友新, 段丽环, 等. 180 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱的拆除爆破[J]. 工程爆破, 2019, 25(6): 56-60., articleTitle=180 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱的拆除爆破, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442349323178529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442325369508458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=25, issue=6, pageStart=56, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=29, authorNames=ZHENG Gui-chu, WANG You-xin, DUAN Li-huan, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG Gui-chu, WANG You-xin, DUAN Li-huan, et al. Demolition blasting of 180 m high reinforced concrete chimney[J]. Engineering Blasting, 2019, 25(6): 56-60. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Demolition blasting of 180 m high reinforced concrete chimney, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442349428036133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442325369508458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=103, pageEnd=108, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=30, authorNames=刘翼, 谢守冬, 傅建秋, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘翼, 谢守冬, 傅建秋. 180 m烟囱分段爆破拆除振动监测与安全分析[J]. 爆破, 2020, 37(3): 103-108., articleTitle=180 m烟囱分段爆破拆除振动监测与安全分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442349516116520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442325369508458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=103, pageEnd=108, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=31, authorNames=LIU Yi, XIE Shou-dong, FU Jian-qiu, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Yi, XIE Shou-dong, FU Jian-qiu. Monitoring and safety analysis of blasting vibration for blasting demolition of 180 m chimney in sections[J]. Blasting, 2020, 37(3): 103-108. 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Brick structure material characteristic parameters

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ρ/(g·cm-3E0/GPaFsμσ0/MPaEtan/GPaβC
1.84.80.0080.260.040.52.63
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砖结构材料特性参数

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ρ/(g·cm-3E0/GPaFsμσ0/MPaEtan/GPaβC
1.84.80.0080.260.040.52.63
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Different delay time differences in the x-direction distribution of the blast pile range

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延期时差/s爆堆范围/m倒塌空间/m
0.5 s-7.64~14.55-5~39
1 s-15.14~14.37
1.5 s-17.13~12.41
2 s-19.65~16.71
2.5 s-22.38~16.44
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不同延期起爆时差下爆堆在x方向的分布范围

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延期时差/s爆堆范围/m倒塌空间/m
0.5 s-7.64~14.55-5~39
1 s-15.14~14.37
1.5 s-17.13~12.41
2 s-19.65~16.71
2.5 s-22.38~16.44
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Different delay time differences in the y-direction distribution of the blast pile range

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延期时差/s爆堆范围/m倒塌空间/m
0.5 s-7.75~8.91-10~30
1 s-1.42~0.93
1.5 s-8.12~4.77
2 s-5.34~5.52
2.5 s-0.75~6.85
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不同延期起爆时差下爆堆在y方向的分布范围

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延期时差/s爆堆范围/m倒塌空间/m
0.5 s-7.75~8.91-10~30
1 s-1.42~0.93
1.5 s-8.12~4.77
2 s-5.34~5.52
2.5 s-0.75~6.85
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复杂环境下高耸烟囱爆破拆除方案优化数值研究
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张建华 1 , 李江江 1 , 黄刚 1 , 莫乃笛 1 , 申利远 2
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2023,40(1): 115-123
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2023, 40(1): 115-123
复杂环境下高耸烟囱爆破拆除方案优化数值研究
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张建华1 , 李江江1, 黄刚1 , 莫乃笛1, 申利远2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 2.中国消防救援学院,北京 102220
  • 张建华(1963-),男,陕西省渭南市人,教授、博士、硕导,从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

黄刚(1986-),男,湖北省黄冈市人,副教授、博士、硕导,从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
Numerical Study on Blasting Demolition Scheme Optimization of High-rise Chimney in Complex Environment
Jian-hua ZHANG1 , Jiang-jiang LI1, Gang HUANG1 , Nai-di MO1, Li-yuan SHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102220, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.016
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为实现复杂环境下62.8 m高砖结构烟囱的爆破拆除,充分考虑了烟囱的结构和周围环境,在东西北三面倒塌空间不足的情况下比较各种拆除方案。经分析初选单向折叠爆破和双向折叠爆破两种方案对烟囱进行爆破拆除,设计上下切口圆心角为220°,下切口设置在烟囱0.5 m高处,切口高度为2 m,上切口设置在烟囱30 m高处,对上切口参数进行模拟优化。利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件对初选方案进行倒塌效果对比,计算得出单向折叠爆破不满足拆除要求,遂选定双向折叠爆破。通过对1 m、1.5 m、2 m上切口高度和0.5 s、1 s、1.5 s、2 s、2.5 s上下切口爆破延期时差时间下的烟囱倒塌过程进行模拟,得到了不同工况条件下烟囱的倒塌过程和爆堆分布范围,分析比较后确定了上切口高度为1 m,上下切口爆破延期时差为1 s时,烟囱折叠效果最好,倒塌空间小。进行爆破振动和飞石防护相关安全防护措施设计后,爆破效果表明:在爆破过程中,烟囱按照设计方向顺利倒塌,周围建(构)筑物未出现损害,整体效果良好,到达预期目标。

砖结构烟囱  /  复杂环境  /  数值模拟  /  折叠爆破  /  参数优化

In order to realize the blasting demolition of 62.8 m high brick structure chimney in complex environment, various demolition options which fully consider the structure of the chimney and the surrounding environment were compared in the case of insufficient space for collapse on the east, west and north sides. After analysis, one-way and two-way folding blasting options were initially selected to blast and demolish the chimney. The circular angle of the upper and lower notch was designed as 220°. The lower notch was set as 2 m high at 0.5 m from the bottom of the chimney, while 30 m from the bottom of the chimney located the upper notch which parameters need to be simulated and optimized. ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element analysis software was used to compare the collapse effect of the preliminary scheme, and it was calculated that the one-way folding blasting did not meet the demolition requirements, so the two-way folding blasting was selected. Then the chimney collapse process was simulated with the upper cut height of 1m, 1.5 m and 2 m and the delay times of 0.5 s, 1 s, 1.5 s, 2 s and 2.5 s between the upper and the lower cut. After analyzing the collapse process and the distribution range of the blast pile of the chimney under different working conditions, it was determined that the best folding effect with a small collapse space happened when the upper cut height was 1m and the delay time was 1 s. Furthermore, safety measures which were related to blasting vibration and flyrock protection were designed. The blasting effect showed that the chimney collapsed smoothly according to the designed direction during the blasting process, and no damage occurred to the surrounding buildings (structures). The overall blasting demolition effect was good enough to meet the expected goal. It can provide a reference for related scholars and demolition projects.

brick structure chimney  /  complex environment  /  numerical simulation  /  folding and blasting  /  parameter optimization
张建华, 李江江, 黄刚, 莫乃笛, 申利远. 复杂环境下高耸烟囱爆破拆除方案优化数值研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (1) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.016
Jian-hua ZHANG, Jiang-jiang LI, Gang HUANG, Nai-di MO, Li-yuan SHEN. Numerical Study on Blasting Demolition Scheme Optimization of High-rise Chimney in Complex Environment[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (1) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.016
在各种类型的建(构)筑物拆除工程中,烟囱结构特殊,其爆破拆除过程有着复杂的力学关系,特别是复杂环境下的烟囱爆破,对安全和环保的要求更高,而数值模拟作为一种有效的分析手段,越来越多地应用在工程中。针对复杂环境下的烟囱拆除爆破的理论与技术,近些年有许多学者进行了研究工作。其中高文乐采用共节点分离式模型,利用LS/DYNA联合Hypermesh进行了100 m高烟囱的双向切口爆破时差模拟研究,分析后得到最优起爆时差,计算结果与工程实际高度吻合[1]。董星通过分析计算确定了复杂环境下100 m钢筋混凝土烟囱定向拆除爆破参数,通过LS/DYNA进行数值仿真模拟,模拟倒塌过程与实际基本一致[2]。褚怀保结合数值模拟和高速摄影检测对烟囱的倒塌过程及受力进行了综合分析,进一步完善了烟囱精准爆破理论[3]。何松运用有限元软件分析了烟囱倾倒过程中的运动规律,模拟了烟囱不同切口参数下的触地震动,优化后的参数效果与实际工程十分吻合[4]。周俊珍建立力学模型,对烟囱爆破的空中折断现象进行了研究,模拟得到的结果与真实情况相符[6]。陈命文对一座处于复杂环境下砖混结构烟囱使用两段折叠式倒塌方案,成功实现了爆破拆除[5]。邢光武根据砖混烟囱的结构和周围环境特点,采用在切口底部预先开凿定向窗的方式,实现厚壁烟囱的精准定向控制爆破[7]
结合某砖厂烟囱爆破拆除工程实例,充分考虑待爆破烟囱周围的工程环境设计相关爆破参数,同时使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建模,利用数值模拟的方法对爆破拆除方案进行选取,并进一步对最佳切口高度和起爆延期时间进行研究,通过分析不同工况下的烟囱倒塌效果设计出最优爆破方案,可为相似环境和结构的高耸烟囱爆破设计提供一定的参考依据。
某砖厂内有一高度为62.8 m的砖烟囱需要拆除,以消除安全隐患。烟囱东侧为砖厂厂房,距烟囱10 m;烟囱南侧为民房,其中最近点距离民房约39 m;西侧紧邻运煤专线、废弃变电房和造砖厂,距离运煤专线约30 m,距离废弃变电房约38 m,距离造砖厂约48 m,同时西南侧约22 m处有电线;烟囱北侧为山体,最近距离烟囱仅5 m,同时东北侧约10 m处有电线,烟囱周围环境见图1
工程难点在于:
(1)烟囱四周环境复杂,须保证周边建(构)筑物安全。
(3)待拆除烟囱属薄壁筒体结构,在拆除中需要多打孔,少装药,对爆破工艺要求较高。
(4)烟囱倒塌的方向、爆破飞石和震动等有害效应控制难度较大。
(5)烟囱周围重要设施防护难度大。
烟囱顶部外直径2.1 m、内直径1.86 m、壁厚240 mm,底部外直径5 m、内直径3.56 m、壁厚720 mm。竖向无钢筋,径向从底部开始每隔5 m左右有3圈ϕ 8 mm的钢筋,烟囱尺寸见图2
目前对烟囱的拆除方式主要有爆破拆除、机械拆除、人工拆除三种方式。待拆除烟囱高度为62.8 m,机械受其拆除高度和作功能力的限制,无法对其予以拆除,而采用人工拆除,其危险度相当高,且难度大,工期长,根据烟囱的周围环境和结构特点,对烟囱采用定向控制爆破方案拆除。待拆除烟囱北侧距山体仅5 m,东面距厂房10 m,西面距运煤专线30 m,西南22 m、东北10 m处均有电线。由于周围环境复杂,倒塌空间较小,不满足单向倾倒条件,因此需要进行折叠爆破拆除,南方向倒塌场地相对宽阔,无建(构)筑物,可供选择的方案有南向单向折叠爆破和南北双向折叠爆破。
烟囱南侧距民房39 m,北侧距山体5 m,结合周围环境情况,上切口位置选在30 m处,下切口位置选在0.5 m处,可满足倒塌需求。爆破切口的长度是以烟囱的重力引起的截面弯矩(MP)应等于或稍大于预留支撑截面极限抗弯矩(MR)为主要依据来确定的,本工程依据类比法切口圆心角均取220°。切口高度(H)是烟囱拆除爆破设计的重要参数,据一般工程经验,H=(3~5)δδ为切口处烟囱的壁厚,其中30 m处壁厚0.48 m,0.5 m处壁厚0.72 m,取下切口高度2 m,上切口高度1 m,上下切口均为正梯形[8]
烟囱孔内用1发数码电子雷管进行延时,用数码电子雷管起爆器进行起爆。起爆网路如图3所示。
为探究在不同方案下烟囱的爆破拆除效果,根据待拆除烟囱特点,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对其进行建模分析,模拟烟囱爆破后在重力的作用下的受力状态和结构破坏过程。采用SOLID164实体单元进行映射网格划分,地面采用*MAT_RIGID刚性材料,烟囱采用*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC材料,材料相关力学参数见表1[9]。通过关键字*DEFINE_ELEMENT_DEATH_SOLID_SET失效单元模拟爆破切口的形成,通过关键字*MAT_ADD_EROSION结合材料的特征参数去除倒塌过程中的失效单元,对材料的失效进行控制。通过关键字*LOAD_GRAVITY_PART对烟囱施加重力,通过关键字*CONTACT_ERODING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE定义烟囱和地面接触。建模采用国际单位制(kg-ms),以坐标轴原点为烟囱底部中心,模型尺寸结构与待拆除烟囱一致,如图4所示,取上段烟囱底部运动方向一节点A,如图5所示。
由于南侧倒塌空间只有39 m,要求上段烟囱在爆破切口形成后在重力和势能的作用下能下座,沿下段烟囱壁折叠倒塌,才能有效降低整个烟囱的倾倒后的长度。根据倒塌空间要求和相关工程经验[10],设计双切口折叠倒塌,下切口设计在0.5 m处,切口高度2 m,上切口设计在30 m处,切口高度1 m,上下切口对应圆心角均为220°,上下切口延期时差为2 s,建立1∶1有限元模型,数值模拟结果如图6所示。
模拟结果显示,0 s时上切口形成,上段烟囱开始倾倒,2 s时下切口形成,在4 s左右上切口闭合,保留段断裂,上段烟囱下座,随后上下段烟囱一起倾倒,8 s时烟囱顶部已经触地,烟囱在撞击作用下破碎,倒塌后烟囱顶部触地距离最远达39.78 m。可见,在相关参数设计下,30 m处上切口会产生下座,原因是切口形成后,保留段所受到的压应力超过其抗压极限,当下切口形成后,下段烟囱在重力和上段烟囱的力矩作用下开始倾倒,由于上下段烟囱倒塌方向相同,上段烟囱在下段烟囱的支撑作用下向倒塌方向运动,随后分离作抛掷运动后触地破碎。
在烟囱承载能力内通过增加上切口高度和切口长度,可以增大上段烟囱重力作用同时降低保留段的支持力,使烟囱在爆破切口形成能顺利下座,但烟囱下座后,上下段分离,加之烟囱壁厚,直径小,会导致倾倒过程具有更多的不确定性,如此就会增加工程的难度,加上受到倒塌空间的限制,因此单向折叠爆破方案不可行[11]
采取与单向折叠爆破方案相同的切口参数,上下切口延期时差为2 s,建立1∶1有限元模型,模拟倒塌过程如图7所示。
从倒塌过程可以看出,当2 s下切口形成后,上段烟囱已形成明显的倾倒角度,随后上切口支撑段断裂。4 s时上段烟囱已经进行独立的倒塌下落,下段烟囱继续绕底座倾倒,但已经开始断裂。5 s,上段烟囱底部首先和烟囱底部接触撞击,上段烟囱受到撞击作用破碎,最后上下段烟囱贴地倒塌,形成爆堆。定义南向为x正方向,得到节点Ax方向上的位移时程曲线,如图8所示。可见,在7 s时,爆堆最远抛掷距离为16.7 m,远小于39 m,不会危及民房,因此可以采用双向折叠爆破方案[12]
在实际烟囱爆破过程中,切口受到炸药的爆炸冲击作用形成,药量和装药方式都会对产生的切口形态造成影响,不同的爆破切口高度会直接影响倒塌效果,而上段烟囱的倒塌情况会直接影响整体的倒塌效果,为便于研究,模拟中忽略这些次要因素的影响,按照设计的尺寸设置爆破切口,上下切口延时时差为2 s,在相同的条件下分别模拟了在1 m、1.5 m、2 m上切口高度下烟囱的倒塌情况。图9图11分别给出了不同工况下的爆破效果图。
可见,随着高度增加,上切口保留段的断裂时间也相对提前(见各组a图),1 m工况下的上切口闭合时间比1.5 m和2 m晚(见各组b图),其原因是前者上切口高度较小,上切口形成后产生绕轴支点,保留段受力较均匀[13],而上切口保留段断裂后,上段烟囱会下座进行一段时间的自由落体运动,保留段断裂时间越早,上段烟囱进行自由落体运动的时间也就越早,导致上段烟囱与下段烟囱过早重叠碰撞,上段烟囱也在碰撞中破碎(见各组c图),形成的爆堆状态也不相同(见各组d图)。
数值模拟结果表明:在相同参数的条件下,不同的上切口高度对烟囱的倒塌过程具有不同的影响,随着切口高度增加,上下段烟囱分离时间也会提前,上段烟囱较早进行自由落体运动,导致烟囱的折叠倒塌效果差[14]。对比之下,1 m工况下烟囱的倒塌过程更加平稳,在上切口保留段断裂前上段烟囱已形成一定的倾倒趋势,较好地完成了折叠过程,且烟囱的倒塌满足空间要求,因此可以选定上切口高度为1 m。
为进一步研究烟囱的倒塌效果,降低烟囱倒塌对周边建(构)筑物产生的不利影响,通过设置0.5 s、1 s、1.5 s、2 s、2.5 s五组上下切口不同延期起爆时间进行数值模拟研究,五种延期时间下烟囱的倒塌模拟结果如图12所示。
通过图12的对比可知,随着延期时差的增加,上段烟囱的定向倒塌趋势也越明显,由于上切口设置在烟囱30 m高处,高度为1 m,保留段弯矩和受力较小,所以切口形成以后上段烟囱的倾倒速度较慢,延时为2.5 s的工况下才有较明显的倾倒趋势。从烟囱倒塌过程来看,延期时差越大,上段烟囱的倾倒速度越慢,这是因为上下段烟囱进行的是相反的倒塌运动,下段烟囱的倾倒会通过保留段产生拉力作用,加速上段烟囱的倒塌,当保留段所受拉应力超过其抗拉极限时就会发生断裂。保留段过早断裂会导致上段烟囱进行自由落体运动时间较长,使烟囱倒塌更不稳定,保留段的断裂时间越晚,上段烟囱的倾倒趋势越明显,从而导致烟囱的触地速度和面积增大,较大的冲击力会增加飞石的产生和爆堆的分布范围[15]。从各工况下的倒塌效果可以看出1 s和1.5 s延期时差下烟囱的绕轴运动情况较为理性,且1s延期时差下上下段烟囱没有碰撞重叠,倒塌过程较自然。
定义南向为x正方向,西向为y正方向,五种工况下爆堆在x方向上和y方向上的分布范围见表2表3
表2可以看出,随着延期时差的增加,烟囱在x负方向的爆堆范围也越大,2 s和2.5 s工况下已达到20 m左右,故宜选择较小的延期时差,排除2 s和2.5 s延时时差方案,从图12可以看出各工况下上段烟囱的触地点都在烟囱底座附近,未超过5 m,因此对山体的冲击较小。
表3的数据可知,五种延期时差下,烟囱的爆堆范围均在倒塌空间内,但0.5 s延期时间下,上切口保留段断裂早,上段烟囱爆堆较早进行自由落体运动,导致上下段烟囱碰撞破碎,爆堆分布范围增加,在东侧已达到7.75 m,1.5 s延期时差爆堆分布区域也较宽广,在东侧已达到8.12 m,十分接近厂房,考虑在实际爆破过程中有更多的不确定因素,排除此方案。
综合以上分析,设置上切口高度为1 m,上下切口延期起爆时差为1 s的方案,更适合于此工程中待拆除烟囱的结构和周边环境的要求。
根据公式[16]
式中:V为振速;R为爆点至测点最近距离,取39 m;kα为爆破地质条件等有关的系数,经过类比,k取180,α取1.6;Q为一次最大起爆药量,取8.4 kg;k1为修正系数,取1。即V=1×180×[8.41/3/39]1.6≈1.59 cm/s<2 cm/s。可见爆破时产生的振动能够满足安全要求,远远小于普通构筑物爆破安全振动标准。由于烟囱为砖结构,烟囱爆破过程中,会在空中散体,爆破振动效应不会造成危害,故不需考虑。
(1)通过控制爆破技术减小飞石
采用弱松动爆破,既保证爆破效果,同时减小传递给混凝土介质除破碎外多余能量。
(2)通过爆破部位覆盖减少飞石
由于上部切口高度位置为30 m,故采用草帘-铁丝网-草帘进行加强安全防护,下部切口采用草帘-铁丝网防护,减少爆破过程中的抛掷物,确保爆破抛掷物在可控范围内。
起爆后,上部切口先形成,1 s后,下切口起爆,此时上段烟囱已按设计方向倾倒了一段角度,随后上下段烟囱绕支撑点继续倾倒,下落过程中,上段烟囱在支撑段断裂后进行短时间的绕轴运动,保持了较为理想的折叠效果。由于烟囱每隔一段距离有钢筋加固,所以在下落过程中未出现大范围空中解体,整体烟囱倒塌后爆堆长度约为37 m,没有出现后座现象。由于爆破部位采取了双层覆盖防护措施,同时在倒塌方向设置了缓冲堤,因此爆破过程中未出现飞石和震动破坏,周围厂房没有受到损坏,整体爆破效果良好,爆后效果如图13所示,达到了预期目的。
复杂环境下的烟囱爆破多采用折叠爆破的方法,具体采用何种方案需要结合工程的实际环境,对爆破切口的高度和上下切口延期起爆时间的选择需要众多的因素,包括烟囱的材料、结构等,单个工程不能概括所有情况。通过研究复杂环境下62.8 m高砖结构烟囱的双向折叠爆破,得到了以下结论,以期能为相似工程和有关学者提供一定的参考。
(1)利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对复杂环境下的62.8 m高砖结构烟囱进行了仿真倒塌模拟,模拟得到的结果与实际工程相符合。
(2)数值模拟显示,对于62.8 m高小直径烟囱,单向折叠爆破方案不能有效降低烟囱高度,不适合在倒塌空间有限的工程中应用。
(3)模拟数据分析表明,对于烟囱的双向折叠爆破,上切口的高度和上下切口的延期时差都会影响到烟囱的倒塌过程和最后的爆堆形态,通过选取合适的参数可以得到最理想的爆破效果。
(4)随着上切口的减小和延期时差的增加,上切口保留段的断裂时间延后,有利于倒塌过程的稳定,上切口设置在30 m时,选取上切口高度为1 m,上下延期爆破时差为1 s时,烟囱倒塌效果最优,爆堆分布满足倒塌空间要求。
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2023年第40卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.016
  • 接收时间:2022-09-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-07
基金
国家自科学基金面上项目(52174088)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
    2.中国消防救援学院,北京 102220

通讯作者:

黄刚(1986-),男,湖北省黄冈市人,副教授、博士、硕导,从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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