Article(id=1241442323675009581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664121600000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773912514846, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1677600000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773912514846, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773912514846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912514846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241442313185063097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773912512346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912765519, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=124, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241442323939250743, articleId=1241442323675009581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Analysis on Blasting Technology of In-situ Collapse of High-rise Cooling Tower, columnId=1240702072073548400, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the blasting technology of the in-situ collapse of a cooling tower, the incision was analyzed by finite element software. Furthermore, a high-definition camera was used to collect the deformation data of the cylinder body and lambdoid stand columns. Then detailed analysis was carried out for the deformation time of the cylinder, the collapse speed, the change of the incision closure, and the collapse range after the distortion and deformation of the cylinder. The practice results show that the incisions for the in-situ collapse of the cooling tower cannot be designed as four equal parts as convention. It is easy for four equally distributed parts to cause the bottom part not to collapse. The perimeter of the fourth area (the last initiated part) is slightly larger than that of the first area by a quarter. The in-hole delay times in the four areas are MS4, MS8, MS8 and HS3, respectively, and the out-hole delay time is MS2. Through the finite element simulation, it takes 1 second to generate the collapse trend of the cylinder, 3 seconds to close the incisions of the cylinder, and 6.8 s for the cylinder to squeeze, twist in the air and touch the ground. The deformation of each area must be completed within a reasonable time. By image analysis and calculation after the explosion, the above simulated times are the same as the actual times.90% of the in-situ collapsed cylinder is within the pool, and the upper ring beam is thrown out of the pool by about 6 meters, which does not affect the surrounding hydrogen production station, circulating water pump room, steel gate and other facilities. After measurement, the peak vibration velocity the natural gas pipe is only 2.095 cm/s, indicating no impact on the buried gas pipe 23 meters away. The research shows that the in-situ collapse blasting technology can effectively control the collapse touch-down vibrations and the collapse throw distance of the cylinder.

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为了研究冷却塔原地倒塌爆破工艺,采用有限元软件进行切口模拟分析,用高清摄像头对筒体及人字形立柱变形进行数据采集,针对筒体变形时间、塌落速度、切口闭合变化、筒体扭曲变形后塌落范围情况进行了详细的分析。实践结果表明:冷却塔原地塌落切口设计并不能按常规4等分平均分配,四个区域对等分配易造成整体下座不倒,第四个区域周长(最后引爆)略大第一区域四分之一,四个区域孔内延期时间分别为MS4/MS8/MS8/HS3孔外为MS2;通过有限元软件模拟筒体产生塌落趋势需要1 s,筒体的开槽口产生闭合需要3 s,筒体空中挤压扭曲触地需要6.8 s,各区域孔内延期时必须在合理时间内完成变形工作,经爆后影像分析测算与模拟时间相同,原地塌落筒体90%在池内,上部圈梁外抛出水池约6 m,对周边制氢站、循环水泵房、钢闸门等设施未造成影响;未对23 m外天然气埋管造成影响,经测量天然气管网塌落振动值仅2.095 cm/s说明原地塌落爆破技术对于触地减震起到较大作用,能有效控制筒体塌落外抛距离。

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李介明(1981-),男,学士,从事城镇控制爆破技术研究,(E-mail)

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李介明(1981-),男,学士,从事城镇控制爆破技术研究,(E-mail)

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李介明(1981-),男,学士,从事城镇控制爆破技术研究,(E-mail)

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Value Engineering, 2013, 32(31): 1-3. in Chinese), articleTitle=Application of controlled blasting technology in blasting demolition of hyperbolic cooling tower, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442341496607046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442323675009581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=37, issue=4, pageStart=116, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=高文乐, 李坤鹏, 刘志成, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高文乐, 李坤鹏, 刘志成, 等. 减荷槽数量对双曲线冷却塔倒塌效果的影响研究[J]. 爆破, 2020, 37(4): 116-126., articleTitle=减荷槽数量对双曲线冷却塔倒塌效果的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442341601464651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442323675009581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=37, issue=4, pageStart=116, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=15, authorNames=GAO Wen-le, LI Kun-peng, LIU Zhi-cheng, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Wen-le, LI Kun-peng, LIU Zhi-cheng, et al. 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Modern Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, 2021, 57(5): 116-117. in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on controlled blasting technology and hazard control of large cooling tower, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442341941203304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442323675009581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=82, pageEnd=85, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=18, authorNames=付天杰, 王全杰, 刘刚, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付天杰, 王全杰, 刘刚. 123 m双曲线冷却塔控制爆破拆除[J]. 爆破, 2012, 29(3): 82-85., articleTitle=123 m双曲线冷却塔控制爆破拆除, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442342062838127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442323675009581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=82, pageEnd=85, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=19, authorNames=FU Tian-jie, WANG Quan-jie, LIU Gang, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Tian-jie, WANG Quan-jie, LIU Gang. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Controlled blasting demolition of 123 m hyperbolic cooling tower, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442342163501432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442323675009581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=733, pageEnd=739, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=20, authorNames=申文胜, 李介明, 黄立丰, journalName=中国爆破新技术Ⅲ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=申文胜, 李介明, 黄立丰, 等. 冷却塔爆破拆除切口定向窗形状选取的探讨[C]//中国爆破新技术Ⅲ, 2012: 733-739., articleTitle=冷却塔爆破拆除切口定向窗形状选取的探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442342255776126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442323675009581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=733, pageEnd=739, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=21, authorNames=SHEN Wen-sheng, LI Jie-ming, HUANG Li-feng, journalName=New Blasting Technology in China III, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHEN Wen-sheng, LI Jie-ming, HUANG Li-feng, et al. 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Blast hole parameters of the lambdoid column and ring beam

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部位名称构件截面/m孔距/m孔深/m孔径/m单根孔数单孔药量总孔数
人字立柱0.650.400.450.047孔200672
圈梁1×0.70.350.800.04开槽处4孔200/10072
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人字柱、圈梁炮孔参数表

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部位名称构件截面/m孔距/m孔深/m孔径/m单根孔数单孔药量总孔数
人字立柱0.650.400.450.047孔200672
圈梁1×0.70.350.800.04开槽处4孔200/10072
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Contact parameter setting

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Card112345678
VariableSSIDMSIDSSTYPMSTYPSBOXIDMBOXIDSPRMPR
TypeIIIIIIII
Applied0000NoneNoneNoneNone
Card212345678
VariableFSFDDCVCVDCPENCHKBTDT
TypeFFFFFIFF
Applied0505100200010
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接触参数设置

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VariableSSIDMSIDSSTYPMSTYPSBOXIDMBOXIDSPRMPR
TypeIIIIIIII
Applied0000NoneNoneNoneNone
Card212345678
VariableFSFDDCVCVDCPENCHKBTDT
TypeFFFFFIFF
Applied0505100200010
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高耸冷却塔原地塌落爆破工艺分析
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李介明
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2023,40(1): 124-131
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2023, 40(1): 124-131
高耸冷却塔原地塌落爆破工艺分析
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李介明
作者信息
  • 上海消防技术工程有限公司,上海 200080
  • 李介明(1981-),男,学士,从事城镇控制爆破技术研究,(E-mail)

Analysis on Blasting Technology of In-situ Collapse of High-rise Cooling Tower
Jie-ming LI
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Fire Technology Engineering Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200080, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.017
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为了研究冷却塔原地倒塌爆破工艺,采用有限元软件进行切口模拟分析,用高清摄像头对筒体及人字形立柱变形进行数据采集,针对筒体变形时间、塌落速度、切口闭合变化、筒体扭曲变形后塌落范围情况进行了详细的分析。实践结果表明:冷却塔原地塌落切口设计并不能按常规4等分平均分配,四个区域对等分配易造成整体下座不倒,第四个区域周长(最后引爆)略大第一区域四分之一,四个区域孔内延期时间分别为MS4/MS8/MS8/HS3孔外为MS2;通过有限元软件模拟筒体产生塌落趋势需要1 s,筒体的开槽口产生闭合需要3 s,筒体空中挤压扭曲触地需要6.8 s,各区域孔内延期时必须在合理时间内完成变形工作,经爆后影像分析测算与模拟时间相同,原地塌落筒体90%在池内,上部圈梁外抛出水池约6 m,对周边制氢站、循环水泵房、钢闸门等设施未造成影响;未对23 m外天然气埋管造成影响,经测量天然气管网塌落振动值仅2.095 cm/s说明原地塌落爆破技术对于触地减震起到较大作用,能有效控制筒体塌落外抛距离。

冷却塔爆破  /  原地塌落  /  360°切口  /  变形分析

In order to study the blasting technology of the in-situ collapse of a cooling tower, the incision was analyzed by finite element software. Furthermore, a high-definition camera was used to collect the deformation data of the cylinder body and lambdoid stand columns. Then detailed analysis was carried out for the deformation time of the cylinder, the collapse speed, the change of the incision closure, and the collapse range after the distortion and deformation of the cylinder. The practice results show that the incisions for the in-situ collapse of the cooling tower cannot be designed as four equal parts as convention. It is easy for four equally distributed parts to cause the bottom part not to collapse. The perimeter of the fourth area (the last initiated part) is slightly larger than that of the first area by a quarter. The in-hole delay times in the four areas are MS4, MS8, MS8 and HS3, respectively, and the out-hole delay time is MS2. Through the finite element simulation, it takes 1 second to generate the collapse trend of the cylinder, 3 seconds to close the incisions of the cylinder, and 6.8 s for the cylinder to squeeze, twist in the air and touch the ground. The deformation of each area must be completed within a reasonable time. By image analysis and calculation after the explosion, the above simulated times are the same as the actual times.90% of the in-situ collapsed cylinder is within the pool, and the upper ring beam is thrown out of the pool by about 6 meters, which does not affect the surrounding hydrogen production station, circulating water pump room, steel gate and other facilities. After measurement, the peak vibration velocity the natural gas pipe is only 2.095 cm/s, indicating no impact on the buried gas pipe 23 meters away. The research shows that the in-situ collapse blasting technology can effectively control the collapse touch-down vibrations and the collapse throw distance of the cylinder.

cooling tower blasting  /  in situ collapse  /  360° incision  /  deformation analysis
李介明. 高耸冷却塔原地塌落爆破工艺分析. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (1) : 124 -131 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.017
Jie-ming LI. Analysis on Blasting Technology of In-situ Collapse of High-rise Cooling Tower[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (1) : 124 -131 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.017
目前国内、国际上冷却塔拆除一般采用定向爆破倒塌技术,截至目前尚未有冷却塔原地塌落爆破技术经验,随着城市用地紧张,在改扩建中进行拆除是一种常态,如何能在复杂、毗邻生产区域、改造区域、周边保护设备多、倒塌空间有限条件下采用爆破拆除工艺也是非常困难的,常用的定向爆破倒塌工艺无法满足现场距离要求。结合以前冷却塔爆破工程实践经验、采用360°切口,切口分为4个区域,通过合理设计切口时间差控制冷却塔原地扭曲旋转时间,能有效控制外抛距离,保证周边设施安全。为类似复杂环境冷却塔爆破拆除解决了难题。
杭州华电半山发电有限公司响应国家“节能减排”政策,城市发展布局需要,根据区政府的去工业化改造工程、城北产业转型升级要求,对城北区域整体环境优化,需对厂区内冷却塔进行拆除。
待拆除冷却塔建于2003年,为双曲线型自然通风冷却塔,1#冷却塔高115m,喉部直径ϕ 52 m,喉部标高92 m。北侧距离河堤45 m;距离天然气进气母管23 m(埋深2.1~2.7 m);西侧距离天然气进气母管及接口井23~38 m;东侧距离氢气站26 m,东南侧钢闸门在水池边缘;南侧距离循环水泵房36 m,距离西南侧天然气调压站89 m。周边环境如图1所示。
待拆冷却塔为双曲线型钢筋混凝土结构,塔高115 m,混凝土强度等级为C30,淋水面积5500 m2,底部水池外直径96.5 m,内直径95.9 m;圈梁处直径89.47m,圈梁厚度0.7 m,圈梁高1 m;顶部直径56.33 m,顶部厚度0.18 m;圈梁下部圆形人字立柱48对,直径0.65 m,高7.6 m。冷却塔剖面如图2所示。
人字立柱配筋为纵向竖筋14 ϕ 28 mm,间距150 mm;箍筋ϕ 8 mm,间距150 mm。
圈梁配筋为双向横筋ϕ 20@100,双向竖筋ϕ 25@133。
按照原地塌落思路,为保证安全塌落,确保周边建筑设施不会造成损坏,本次冷却塔采用360°爆破切口,筒体开设24道减荷槽,减荷槽按起爆先后顺序对称布置。
(1)切口高度
减荷槽最高点20 m、15 m间隔布置(圈梁高度1 m保留,减荷槽最低标高在圈梁以上),减荷槽呈梯形上部1 m,下部2 m,每间隔18 m开设[1]
(2)切口长度
冷却塔下周长277 m。
(3)切口形式
采用圆形切口360°。切口示意如图3所示。
(4)切口分区
根据原地塌落圆形切口设计要求,本次切口分四个区,依次为第一、二、三四区。
(1)人字柱、圈梁炮孔参数表。见表1
(2)人字柱、圈梁炮孔示意图。见图4
本次爆破采用孔内外导爆管雷管延期爆破技术,爆破切口内分四个爆区,以北侧为对立中心,分为东西南北四个区域,东区32根立柱,西区28根立柱,北区18根立柱,南区18根立柱,西区立柱与圈梁孔内使用毫秒4段雷管;东区立柱与圈梁孔内使用半秒3段雷管;北区立柱与圈梁孔内使用毫秒8段雷管;南区立柱与圈梁孔内使用毫秒8段雷管;孔外采用毫秒2段雷管连接,击发点采用四通双回路连接导爆管起爆[2,3]。见图5图6
根据爆破网路延时设计与塔体倾斜角度形成时间分析,第一切口0.025 s引爆后,接着第二、第三切口0.25 s引爆,第四切口在角度支撑形成,产生扭转前引爆即为1.25 s。
通过计算机软件塌落模拟分析,筒体开始产生变形至触地需7.2 s,经分析第一、二、三切口0.2 s形成后,挤压变形产生,3.5 s第二、三切口筒壁变形往下塌落,5.5 s筒体80%触地,7.2 s顶头圈梁触地[4-10]
第二、三切口延期时间长短与筒体变形时间有直接关系,经过分析宜在1 s前完成。
第四切口需在第二、三切口变形时产生支撑力,那么变形时间需1 s,支撑时间则大于1 s较合理。见图7
定向倒塌切口中心线两侧对称能起爆就可以,每段延期时间宜控制在0.5 s以内,产生的扭曲变形更会充分,距离会更短[11]。见图8
建构筑物的爆破拆除是利用炸药爆炸产生的能量使混凝土与钢筋分离而造成结构体失稳,在自身重力产生的倾覆弯矩作用下按照预定设计方向倾倒。爆破方案设计是否恰当关系到结构体是否顺利倒塌,同时也影响爆破施工的安全性和经济性。
数值仿真分析中考虑模型的复杂性、建模的方便性和计算结果的可行性以及准确性,需要忽略一些对结果影响不大的因素,对重点关心的问题进行研究。因此,数值模拟过程中将对有些问题进行简化处理,基本内容如下:
(1)实际钢筋混凝土结构冷却塔爆破拆除中主要通过炸药爆炸产生能量将钢筋与混凝土分离,形成爆破切口,爆破过程十分短暂,相比整体模型的计算时间和倒塌过程经历时间,不考虑炸药爆炸对整体结构的作用。故数值计算中采用时间控制直接删除爆破切口内单元的办法来实现微差爆破[5]
(2)实际爆破拆除过程中炸药爆炸产生的能量将钢筋和混凝土分离,爆破形成切口形态不一,而数值计算过程中,认为爆破切口平面是平整的。
(3)将人字支柱的基础与地面的连接处简化为完全固结,约束位移方向的自由度,不考虑混凝土在倒塌过程中与基础的相互作用。
(4)实际爆破拆除环境中,风的因素对倒塌也有一定的干扰作用,对总体的运动趋势有一定的影响,而数值计算中忽略风的影响。
(5)实际冷却塔是建立在环形基坑的基础上,而数值模拟中不考虑此因素,认为冷却塔直接建立在地面上。
1)1号冷却塔计算模型建立
为了减小“单元尺寸效应”对结构体倒塌过程中产生的瞬时冲击造成影响,避免与实际倒塌过程不相符,模型采用单元尺寸为0.5 m的六面体单元对结构体进行网格划分。有限元模型如图9所示。
2)数值计算方案
1号冷却塔(115 m)高卸荷槽共开设24个,隔跨布置,高度分别为20 m、15 m、卸荷槽设计上宽1 m,下宽2 m。卸荷槽预处理间隔2跨处理1跨。槽内混凝土除净,钢筋保留。圈梁保留1 m与人字柱钻孔爆破[5]
数值模拟计算时,采用ANSYS按照结构实际尺寸整体式建立了有限元模型。为了更加形象直观地体现高卸荷槽在冷却塔爆破拆除中的作用,并考虑实际施工预处理过程中机械臂所能触及塔身的高度,定义了塔身倒塌方向正中间切口高度20 m、15 m的卸荷槽,槽上宽1 m,下宽2 m,隔跨布置圆形切口。定义冷却塔48对人字支柱中的48对进行单元杀死,模拟人字柱、圈梁延时起爆,如图10所示。
3)材料失效控制
塔体通过关键字MAT_ADD_EROSION控制材料失效,由于高卸荷槽切口已经在起爆前开设。人字支柱及圈梁切口布置4个微差起爆区域,分25 ms、250 ms、250 ms、1000 ms四个延期区域,时间一到,单元自动删除,模拟实际过程的微差起爆顺序[6,7]。冷却塔主体采用主应变失效准则,取钢筋的极限应变0.025。
4)接触方式
接触碰撞问题是解决非线性问题中最困难的。由于冷却塔爆破拆除倒塌过程中的接触问题十分复杂,各结构构件的接触情况变化多端,无法在倒塌过程中对结构的接触面进行事先判断。
因此,选用LS-DYNA中CONTACT_ERODING_SINGLE_SURFAC单面接触方式来设置结构体与地面以及自身之间的接触。接触控制中的参数设置如表2所示。
(1)1号冷却塔数值计算结果及分析
图11为冷却塔的动态倒塌过程。t=2.3 s时,冷却塔初始碰撞地面,圈梁与地面初始接触碰撞。由于高卸荷槽的存在,冷却塔的整体刚度得到进一步弱化,高卸荷槽切口区域在碰撞过程中切口顶端迅速屈服破碎,冷却塔开始边下坐边做定向倾倒运动。t=3.5 s时,冷却塔与地面实现切口闭合时,由于切口上部筒体保持完整性,倒塌受到阻碍,而倒塌方向后部筒体将继续运动促使筒体在倒塌过程中发生挤压,由于筒体的抗拉强度低,筒体局部发生明显破裂,使冷却塔整体性和刚度遭到破坏。t=5.5 s时,冷却塔不再保持其原有的整体性倒塌,而是出现一定程度的扭曲,倒塌过程具有以定向倾倒和局部坍塌两者相结合的运动方式进行,且坍塌过程中上部筒体整体性较好。t=6.8 s时,扭曲变形加剧并出现局部破裂现象[8]t≥6.8 s说明原地塌落扭曲变形充分。
冷却塔爆破拆除倒塌过程的数值计算结果分析表明:高卸荷槽能够改变冷却塔倒塌过程中的运动状态、促进塔体解体程度。数值模拟结果可以真实地再现冷却塔爆破拆除时的实际倒塌过程[9]
(2)预设高卸荷槽塔体应力云图分析
为了更加直观地观察高卸荷槽切口能够改变冷却塔塔体的应力分布,验证高卸荷槽能够促进塔体解体、加快倒塌速度及解体程度和弱化冷却塔整体刚度等影响,进而改变冷却塔爆破拆除倒塌运动状态。如图12所示,列出了冷却塔塔身开设卸荷槽切口后冷却塔的应力云图。
图12可以看出,由于高卸荷槽高度的增加,高卸荷槽区域及冷却塔喉部区域均出现了应力集中,说明高卸荷槽的存在改变了塔体应力分布。当塔体接触碰撞地面后,应力集中部位将最先破坏,弱化塔体整体刚度,促进了塔体在倒塌过程中解体程度以及影响倒塌过程中的运动状态,从而有效地降低冷却塔倒塌触地冲击强度,起到了很好的降振控振作用。
(3)塌落物前冲距离分析
图13可以看出,由于冷却塔在爆破后的运动方式是边下座边倒塌,因此,爆破完成后塌落物前冲距离较小,大部分塌落物控制在倒塌方向水池壁范围内,只有个别块体在距水池壁6 m内。采取保护措施后,塌落物前冲距离会比模拟结果更小,更能得到有效控制。
经现场监测天然气调压站最大质点振动速度为1.617 cm/s,起爆站最大质点振动速度为0.354 cm/s,小于《爆破安全规程》GB6277—2014中工、商业建筑物安全允许振速为f≤10 Hz时2.5~3.5 cm/s的标准且小于项目爆破安全评估报告中振动速度控制标准≤2.00 cm/s的规定,天然气管道最大质点振动速度为2.095 cm/s,小于项目中天然气管线专项中评审会专家及燃气管道设计工程师提出的天然气管理抗震值不大于5 cm/s的要求。
(1)冷却塔原地爆破塌落原理指所引爆的爆破切口区域产生扭转角度的同时能带动上部筒体旋转而不是向某一侧倾斜;要控制上部筒体扭转非易事,在爆破切口受力面积大小设置、各个切口相互间延期时间至关重要。
(2)第一切口起爆时间为0.05 s、0.07 s,第二、三切口起爆时间必须在0.2~0.5 s、第四切口起爆时间1~1.5 s;在延期雷管选择上保证第一切口瞬间形成塌落角度,第四切口能有效支撑住;第二、三切口起爆后上部筒体一直倾斜回拉归原位产生扭曲;在回拉归位1 s后第四切口引爆顺势回拉产生原地扭转至自然塌落。
(3)每个切口范围划分,第一切口起爆略大其它三个切口,第一切口塌落趋势非常重要,必须保证圆形四分之一以上面积破坏产生变形,以便后续产生回拉扭曲塌落提供有利条件及空间。
(4)原地塌落技术在国内也是首次,也是一次创新尝试,本次孔内外使用的是导爆管雷管,如果选择电子数码雷管时间会更为精准。
(5)减荷槽开设宜均匀布置,呈凹凸形,高差在5 m以上,有利于在闭合过程中创造充分的扭曲旋转条件。
(6)塌落过程受风力影响较大,宜选择风速在3级以下。
(7)通过模拟时间节点计算出本次切口范围南侧最终延期时间为0.25 s,东西两切口延期处于倾斜角度形成中期重要时间节点产生变形为1~1.5 s之间。
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2023年第40卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.017
  • 接收时间:2022-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-26
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    上海消防技术工程有限公司,上海 200080
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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