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A waste fireworks and firecrackers destruction project in Nantong city required the destruction process to be safe and efficient. On the basis of fully understanding the characteristics of the fireworks and firecrackers to be destroyed, the principles of destruction were clarified, and the destruction plan was carefully designed in combination with the specific characteristics of the project. In the open offshore area, a 20 m×20 m site with a depth of 2 m and a maintenance slope of about 5 m was first pre-set as the destruction site. The entering and exiting roads were then arranged reasonably so as to improve the unloading efficiency. According to the traffic conditions between the storage and the destruction site, the transportation route and time were determined. At the same time, in order to ensure the safety of the transportation process, the vehicle speed, loading and unloading, placing and other technical requirements were strictly regulated. According to the size of the destruction site and the location of fireworks to be destroyed, the minimum discharge angle was calculated as 12°. Combined with the maximum height of the fireworks liftoff, the discharge area, escape area and scattered area were determined in the process of destruction, based on which the safety warning range of the destruction was set as 120 m. The joint control measures of warning personnel and UAV were adopted to monitor the destruction process in real time to ensure that the fire hazard was controlled in the initial stage. The destruction was thorough, safe and accident-free with good results.

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以南通市废旧烟花爆竹销毁项目为研究背景,为确保销毁过程安全、高效,在充分了解待销毁烟花爆竹特性的基础上,明确了销毁的原则与目的,结合项目具体特征,对销毁方案进行了精心的设计:在空旷的近海区域预先设置了一块20 m×20 m、深2 m、维护坡体约5 m高的场地作为销毁地点,合理布置了进出场道路,提高了卸车的效率;结合仓库与销毁地点之间的交通条件,确定了运输路线及运输时间,同时为确保运输过程安全,对车辆行驶速度、装卸、摆放等技术要求进行了严格的规定;根据销毁场地的尺寸及待销毁烟花爆竹的摆放位置,计算得出最小燃放角12°,结合烟花升空燃放的最大高度,对销毁过程中进行了燃放区、逸散区、散落区的分区,基于此界定了销毁的安全警戒范围为120 m;采用了警戒人员、无人机联合管控措施对销毁过程实时监控,确保将火灾隐患控制在初期阶段。本次销毁彻底、安全无事故,效果良好,其采取的安全技术及管控措施在一定程度上可为类似项目提供参考。

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吴红兵(1969-),男,南通市公安局治安支队二大队警务技术一级主管,长期从事民用爆炸物品的安全管理工作,(E-mail)

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吴红兵(1969-),男,南通市公安局治安支队二大队警务技术一级主管,长期从事民用爆炸物品的安全管理工作,(E-mail)

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吴红兵(1969-),男,南通市公安局治安支队二大队警务技术一级主管,长期从事民用爆炸物品的安全管理工作,(E-mail)

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Discussion on safety management and risk control methods of concentrated destruction of fireworks[J]. Blasting, 2017, 34(3): 165-169. 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Construction of safe distance system in the operation of fireworks and firecrackers[J]. Chinese Public Security, 2016(3): 30-34. 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基于焚烧法销毁烟花爆竹的安全技术及管控措施研究
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吴红兵 1 , 欧前超 1 , 孙飞 2 , 何庆军 2 , 刘勤杰 2 , 宋朋 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(1): 216-220
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(1): 216-220
基于焚烧法销毁烟花爆竹的安全技术及管控措施研究
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吴红兵1 , 欧前超1, 孙飞2, 何庆军2, 刘勤杰2, 宋朋2
作者信息
  • 1.南通市公安局,南通 226006
  • 2.核工业南京建设集团有限公司,南京 211102
  • 吴红兵(1969-),男,南通市公安局治安支队二大队警务技术一级主管,长期从事民用爆炸物品的安全管理工作,(E-mail)

Study on Safety Technology and Control Measures of Destroying Fireworks and Firecrackers by Incineration Method
Hong-bing WU1 , Qian-chao OU1, Fei SUN2, Qing-jun HE2, Qin-jie LIU2, Peng SONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Nantong Public Security Bureau, Nantong 226006, China
  • 2.Nuclear Industry Nanjing Construction Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.029
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以南通市废旧烟花爆竹销毁项目为研究背景,为确保销毁过程安全、高效,在充分了解待销毁烟花爆竹特性的基础上,明确了销毁的原则与目的,结合项目具体特征,对销毁方案进行了精心的设计:在空旷的近海区域预先设置了一块20 m×20 m、深2 m、维护坡体约5 m高的场地作为销毁地点,合理布置了进出场道路,提高了卸车的效率;结合仓库与销毁地点之间的交通条件,确定了运输路线及运输时间,同时为确保运输过程安全,对车辆行驶速度、装卸、摆放等技术要求进行了严格的规定;根据销毁场地的尺寸及待销毁烟花爆竹的摆放位置,计算得出最小燃放角12°,结合烟花升空燃放的最大高度,对销毁过程中进行了燃放区、逸散区、散落区的分区,基于此界定了销毁的安全警戒范围为120 m;采用了警戒人员、无人机联合管控措施对销毁过程实时监控,确保将火灾隐患控制在初期阶段。本次销毁彻底、安全无事故,效果良好,其采取的安全技术及管控措施在一定程度上可为类似项目提供参考。

烟花爆竹  /  焚烧法  /  安全技术  /  管控措施

A waste fireworks and firecrackers destruction project in Nantong city required the destruction process to be safe and efficient. On the basis of fully understanding the characteristics of the fireworks and firecrackers to be destroyed, the principles of destruction were clarified, and the destruction plan was carefully designed in combination with the specific characteristics of the project. In the open offshore area, a 20 m×20 m site with a depth of 2 m and a maintenance slope of about 5 m was first pre-set as the destruction site. The entering and exiting roads were then arranged reasonably so as to improve the unloading efficiency. According to the traffic conditions between the storage and the destruction site, the transportation route and time were determined. At the same time, in order to ensure the safety of the transportation process, the vehicle speed, loading and unloading, placing and other technical requirements were strictly regulated. According to the size of the destruction site and the location of fireworks to be destroyed, the minimum discharge angle was calculated as 12°. Combined with the maximum height of the fireworks liftoff, the discharge area, escape area and scattered area were determined in the process of destruction, based on which the safety warning range of the destruction was set as 120 m. The joint control measures of warning personnel and UAV were adopted to monitor the destruction process in real time to ensure that the fire hazard was controlled in the initial stage. The destruction was thorough, safe and accident-free with good results.

fireworks and firecrackers  /  incineration method  /  safety technology  /  control measures
吴红兵, 欧前超, 孙飞, 何庆军, 刘勤杰, 宋朋. 基于焚烧法销毁烟花爆竹的安全技术及管控措施研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (1) : 216 -220 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.029
Hong-bing WU, Qian-chao OU, Fei SUN, Qing-jun HE, Qin-jie LIU, Peng SONG. Study on Safety Technology and Control Measures of Destroying Fireworks and Firecrackers by Incineration Method[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (1) : 216 -220 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.029
烟花爆竹“始于唐,盛于宋”,至今已有一千三百多年的历史。随着社会进步和人民生活水平的提高,燃放烟花爆竹深受人民的喜爱。但烟花爆竹又是危险性极高的易燃易爆物品,在其生产、经营、运输、储存、燃放和销毁过程中,稍有不慎就会发生安全事故,造成危机人民生命财产安全及社会稳定的事故。
随着我国对人身安全及社会环境的重视,公安机关加大力度对非法烟花爆竹稽查,收缴大量非法生产或禁烟花地区非法售卖的烟花爆竹,集中存放于当地的烟花爆竹仓库,随着时间的推移,烟花爆竹内炸药的不稳定性增大,导致贮存仓库成为一个较大的危险源,为降低其安全隐患,积累到一定数量或贮存到一定时间需集中销毁。
烟花爆竹分为ABCD四个级别,并且危险性从D级到A级逐渐提高,其销毁方法有燃放法、水融化法、掩埋法和户外燃烧法,其中水融化法、掩埋法存在安全隐患和造成水土污染的可能,现已禁用挖坑掩埋法和抛入江河湖海等水体销毁,故一般采用燃放法和焚烧法销毁烟花爆竹[1-8]
为加强危险物品安全管控工作,深化安全生产管理,确保辖区内人身财产安全,南通市经开区公安机关拟对辖区内在经营流通过程中造成的废旧、积压、残次烟花爆竹产品进行集中销毁,总量共计约2000余件,见图1。经现场勘查,待销毁烟花爆竹均为CD级别,部分包装已破损,烟火药裸露,主要爆燃成分为亮珠和发射药(黑火药),其中亮珠主要成份为高氯酸钾、铝镁合金粉,镁粉、铝粉为敏感金属粉,在遇水或碱时会发生放热的化学反应,并产生氢气;黑火药火焰感度及摩擦感度高,性能极不稳定,处置过程中存在较大安全隐患,急需进行完全彻底销毁。
(1)销毁原则。
①销毁前充分了解待销毁烟花爆竹的性能、物态、现状等情况。
②根据待销毁烟花爆竹危险特性,分析其从装车出库至销毁全过程的重难点,精心设计实施方案。
③根据仓库与销毁地之间的不同规划路线的车流量,合理选择运输路线及运输时间,确保运输过程的安全可控。
④全过程动态管理。为确保销毁安全,在公安机关相关部门配合下,对装车、运输、卸车、销毁进行全过程动态安全管控,确保整个销毁工作万无一失、安全保质地完成任务。
(2)销毁目的。彻底销毁烟花爆竹,使其完全失去爆炸、燃烧等性能,不留任何后患。
(1)销毁场地选择
①位置要求:要远离城镇、居民点、公路、铁路、高压输电线路、通讯线路和易燃地区,销毁场地应当具有100 m以上的安全半径。
②交通条件:要选择便于运输车辆、人员出入,点火引爆人员快速撤离隐蔽的场地。
③场地选择:根据户外焚烧法销毁的特点与环境要求,通过实地勘察,本次销毁地点选在南通市通州湾地带,该场地也是近年废旧炮弹销毁的首选场地,环境如下:
场地南侧200 m为排污管及通海大道,252 m处为10 kV安洲线(重点保护);西南侧450 m为如港路;东南侧488 m处为中交上航局建筑物;其余东、北、西侧大于500 m内范围内为滩涂、近海,无需要保护目标,完全满足销毁条件。见图2
(2)销毁场地设置
①场平。在销毁地点选择一块20 m×20 m的空地作为销毁场地,人工配合挖机清除销毁场地及四周50 m范围内的杂草、碎布、塑料等易燃物品。
②销毁坑挖设。海边为沙土,适宜开挖,为确保销毁过程安全,使用机械在销毁场地处挖设销毁坑,坑深2 m,挖除的沙土堆放于销毁场地四周,形成约5 m高的围护坡体,东西两侧留设机械、运输车进出便道,便道按实际情况起坡,见图3图4
(1)烟花类与爆竹类要分开,升空火箭类与地面烟花类分开。
(2)零散烟花爆竹采用装箱包装。
(3)装卸烟花爆竹时,必须有专业技术人员在场监督指导;设置警卫,禁止无关人员在场。
(4)装卸搬运作业人员必须着防静电服、穿防静电鞋,作业前先洗手后触摸防静电桩。
(5)搬运装卸必须轻搬轻放,严禁抛掷。
(6)烟花爆竹装入车厢后必须成一层摆设,严禁站在箱(袋)上装卸。
(7)装卸时,严禁烟火,严禁携带发火物品。
(8)装卸烟花爆竹要防止倾倒、跌落、碰撞,不得拖拉、翻滚、倒置,装入车厢的箱(袋),最后用绳索固定牢固。
(1)运输路线选择
为确保运输过程安全可控,结合实际交通环境,合理选择运输路线及运输时间。运输路线及时间选取原则:车流量小、避开市中心、红绿灯少。经过综合考虑,选择运输路线如图5所示,运输时间为早上6点~7点,最大限度避开交通高峰期。
(2)运输过程安全管控措施
①废旧烟花爆竹必须采用专用车辆运输。
②运输道路应事先勘察,道路坡度、弯道半径、桥梁负荷、隧道高度等必须满足运输车辆的技术性能,符合安全运输要求。
③运输过程中,废旧烟花爆竹专用运输车前后各安排一辆警车,警车后跟一辆消防车,以防运输过程突发燃烧等事故,可以做到及时疏散交通、控制火源,确保运输过程安全可控。
④运输烟花爆竹的车辆,其时速不超过:高速公路80 km、普通的平整道路50 km、有坑洼的道路及进入矿区道路时车速应小于20 km;车距在80 m以上。
⑤不得随意停车、抢道超车和急刹车,不得改变行车路线。
⑥装载量应少于车辆规定载重量的2/3,高度应低于车厢10 cm。
⑦装载应当平衡,捆绑牢固,防止滑动、撞击。
⑧押运人员应熟记车号、到站和运输路线;应熟悉所押运烟花爆竹的品种、数量、质量和装载情况,掌握处置意外情况的方式和方法。
⑨押运途中,必须与有关人员密切协同,适时检查,发现问题及时报告,妥善处理,确保运输安全。
(1)体型、药量偏大的烟花爆竹摆放在靠近围护坡体处、小型的烟花爆竹包放在场地靠近中心位置。
(2)正面朝上,不留空隙、无间隔摆放。
(3)场地有限,销毁的烟花爆竹量较大,对于外形包装方正的可以分层放置。
(4)摆放完毕后,将预先准备的柴油均匀洒在待销毁烟花爆竹表面。
(1)警戒距离确定
根据待销毁烟花爆竹的特性,升空燃放最大高度在50 m左右,结合本次销毁场地及烟花爆竹摆放实际情况,可将销毁过程按空间划分为以下3个区。
①燃放区。指烟花爆竹被点燃至升空燃放这一过程所形成的区域。由于待销毁烟花爆竹数量较大,且部分需要分层摆放,销毁过程中,各燃放的烟花爆竹相互作用,难免出现部分倾倒、错位等情况,导致烟花斜向升空,按最不利情况计算,最小燃放角为12°,见图6
②逸散区。指烟花爆竹升空燃放后,燃放产物在火药的作用下,继续向远处扩散的范围。在本次销毁过程中,扩散范围按20 m计,逸散区的范围见图6
③散落区。指燃放后的飞散物自由落体至地面形成的区域。如图6所示,本次销毁的散落区域取120 m,即沿销毁场地外沿外扩50 m,此区域即为本次销毁的安全警戒范围。
(2)安全管控措施
①销毁前消防车、医疗救援车须就位,确保燃放过程中一旦出现火苗、人员灼伤事故可以及时处理。
②使用拖把进行点火。先将柴油浸湿拖把布条,点燃后迅速扔入烟花爆竹处,人员迅速撤离。
③燃放初期,使用无人机对周边区域进行监控,一旦发现火苗及时扑灭。
④由于柴油的原因,燃放过程的同时烟花爆竹纸质包装剧烈燃烧,此间,火药爆炸的能量会将纸箱内自有及底部表层浮土翻起,将部分小型的烟花爆竹覆盖,导致销毁的整体时间延长。
⑤在整个销毁过程中,剧烈燃放的时间约2 h,此间须重点防控火灾等安全事故的发生;零星燃放时间较长,约24 h,此间须有值班人员全程监控。
⑥销毁结束后,基本燃烧成灰烬,使用挖机在销毁场地覆盖一层20 cm厚的浮土,采用窒息隔离法避免火灾事故。
(1)烟花爆竹销毁属于高危作业,事前主动控制是本项目安全管控的核心。销毁实施前,须根据待销毁烟花爆竹的特性,结合仓库与销毁场地的实际情况,对装卸、运输路线、运输时间、警戒范围选定及销毁全过程的安全技术及管理控制措施制定详细的方案,确保销毁过程万无一失。
(2)为确保焚烧销毁过程的安全,通过对待销毁烟花爆竹可能飞散的范围分析,将其分为燃放区、逸散区及散落区,从而确定安全警戒距离,为安全警戒范围的选定提供了理论依据,可在一定程度上为类似工程提供参考。
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2023年第40卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.029
  • 接收时间:2022-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-31
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    1.南通市公安局,南通 226006
    2.核工业南京建设集团有限公司,南京 211102
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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