Article(id=1241442319866581498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664467200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773912513938, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1677600000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773912513938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773912513938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912513938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241442313185063097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773912512346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912765519, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241442320176959997, articleId=1241442319866581498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Analysis on Rock Mass Explosibility During Deep-hole Bench Stripping by Blasting in Weijiamao Coal Mine Area, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Understanding the classification of rock mass blastability is an important basis for determining reasonable blasting parameters and improving engineering efficiency. Combined with the practice of bench blasting in Weijiamao mining area, the protodyakonov coefficient and the tensile strength of rock samples are obtained according to the engineering geological data of the mining area, on the basis of site investigation and sampling. The density and acoustic wave velocity of the rock samples on the exposed step surface are measured and analyzed by wax sealing density tests and acoustic wave tests. According to the four indexes obtained, the rock mass blastability in the mining area is studied based on the principle of weighted cluster analysis. The research shows that there are coarse sandstone, medium sandstone, fine sandstone, sandy conglomerate and argillaceous sandstone in the Wejiamao mining area. The density of the marl sandstone is the highest, which is 2.75 g/cm3. The density of the coarse sandstone is the lowest, 2.01 g/cm3, while the density of the sandy conglomerate, fine sandstone and medium sandstone lies between the marl sandstone and the coarse sandstone. In the acoustic wave test, the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock in the 1064 platform is the highest, which is 2.615 km/s, while that in the 1096 platform is the lowest, which is 2.029 km/s. According to the distribution of the rock samples at the corresponding platform, the blastability of the rock mass in Weijiamao mining area gradually decreases from 1112 platform to 1064 platform. Among them, the 1112 platform is mainly sandy conglomerate with a medium blastability. The 1096 platform is mainly coarse sandstone with an easy blastability. The 1080 platform is medium sandstone with a medium blastability. The 1064 platform is mainly composed of fine sandstone with a difficult blastability.

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了解和掌握岩体可爆性分级是确定合理爆破参数和提高工程效率的重要依据。结合魏家峁矿区台阶爆破开挖实际,在现场调查、取样基础上,根据矿区工程地质资料得到岩样的普氏系数和抗拉强度。采用蜡封法密度试验和岩石声波试验对已揭露台阶面岩样的岩石密度、声波波速进行了测试分析。依据获取的四个指标,基于加权聚类分析原理对矿区岩体可爆性进行了研究。研究表明:魏家峁矿区剥离层岩石有粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩、砂砾岩和泥砂岩等。试验得到的五种岩石密度中,泥砂岩密度最大,为2.75 g/cm3;粗砂岩密度最小,为2.01 g/cm3,砂砾岩、细砂岩、中砂岩密度位于泥砂岩和粗砂岩之间。在声波试验得到的平盘所对应岩样的声波波速中1064平盘的岩石纵波波速最大,为2.615 km/s,1096平盘的岩石纵波波速最小,为2.029 km/s。根据所取岩样对应的平盘分布状况,魏家峁矿区剥离岩体的可爆性从1112平盘至1064平盘自上而下逐渐变差,其中1112平盘主要是砂砾岩,可爆性为中等难爆;1096平盘以粗砂岩为主,可爆性为易爆;1080平盘是中砂岩,可爆性为中等难爆;1064平盘主要岩性为细砂岩,可爆性为难爆。

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周传波(1963-),男,安徽人,教授,从事岩土工程、工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=SlsDpe1OiXOB/5IocN3LHg==, magXml=vHVUGp2CYjtfCB8LYe02lw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7p0W1m5KzOe0Go7NBwmcGQ==, pdfFileSize=9484039, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hqvuA5eLZNDUUZ5L8SxDNw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=af7v6pE6B1XuxuoXOT20hA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

史涵虚(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地下建筑、工程爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

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史涵虚(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地下建筑、工程爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

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史涵虚(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地下建筑、工程爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

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Rock Properties and mechanical properties of Weijiamao coal mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层真密度/(kg·m-3孔隙率/%单轴抗压/MPa普氏系数抗拉强度/MPa内摩擦角/°凝聚力/kPa
砾岩261117.286.90.691.2136°80′2.65
砂砾岩267516.5531.33.131.9525°20′29.41
粗砂岩269015.4625.22.521.6426°23′7.94
中砂岩26269.7927.12.711.8227°26′8.96
细砂岩27257.5642.14.213.4224°92′15.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241442333904917504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

魏家峁煤矿岩层性质及力学性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层真密度/(kg·m-3孔隙率/%单轴抗压/MPa普氏系数抗拉强度/MPa内摩擦角/°凝聚力/kPa
砾岩261117.286.90.691.2136°80′2.65
砂砾岩267516.5531.33.131.9525°20′29.41
粗砂岩269015.4625.22.521.6426°23′7.94
中砂岩26269.7927.12.711.8227°26′8.96
细砂岩27257.5642.14.213.4224°92′15.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241442334030745609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Density test results of rock samples by wax sealing method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平盘岩性初始质量m/g二次质量m1/g入水质量m′/g密度ρ/(g·cm-3
1112砂砾岩75.8576.4840.562.450
1096粗砂岩47.0048.0122.002.010
1096细砂岩25.0026.7413.002.120
1080中砂岩47.6546.8924.452.340
1064细砂岩69.9270.2037.042.440
1064泥砂岩52.1153.2733.002.750
煤层43.2344.1221.001.456
), ArticleFig(id=1241442334123020303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩石试块蜡封法密度测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平盘岩性初始质量m/g二次质量m1/g入水质量m′/g密度ρ/(g·cm-3
1112砂砾岩75.8576.4840.562.450
1096粗砂岩47.0048.0122.002.010
1096细砂岩25.0026.7413.002.120
1080中砂岩47.6546.8924.452.340
1064细砂岩69.9270.2037.042.440
1064泥砂岩52.1153.2733.002.750
煤层43.2344.1221.001.456
), ArticleFig(id=1241442335658135579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Acoustic test results of the rock samples in each platform in Weijiamao mining area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平盘岩性测距D/mm时间TP/μs纵波波速VP/(km·s-1
1112砂砾岩35.2237.272.234
1096粗砂岩69.2265.112.029
1096细砂岩57.1051.072.110
1080中砂岩42.3640.532.245
1064细砂岩33.7627.802.615
1064泥砂岩34.5233.512.333
煤层44.3642.361.885
), ArticleFig(id=1241442335800741929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

魏家峁矿区各平盘岩石试样声波测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平盘岩性测距D/mm时间TP/μs纵波波速VP/(km·s-1
1112砂砾岩35.2237.272.234
1096粗砂岩69.2265.112.029
1096细砂岩57.1051.072.110
1080中砂岩42.3640.532.245
1064细砂岩33.7627.802.615
1064泥砂岩34.5233.512.333
煤层44.3642.361.885
), ArticleFig(id=1241442335918182452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Classification indexes of rock blastability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
fσt/MPaρ/(t·m-3vp/(m·s-1可爆性等级可爆性描述
2.01.51.620001易爆
3.02.22.025002中等难爆
6.03.02.435003难爆
10.06.02.845004很难爆
18.012.03.050005极难爆
), ArticleFig(id=1241442336023040061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岩体可爆性分级判据指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
fσt/MPaρ/(t·m-3vp/(m·s-1可爆性等级可爆性描述
2.01.51.620001易爆
3.02.22.025002中等难爆
6.03.02.435003难爆
10.06.02.845004很难爆
18.012.03.050005极难爆
), ArticleFig(id=1241442336106926150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Rock blastability parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿岩名称fσt/MPaρ/(t·m-3vp/(m·s-1
砂砾岩(1112平盘)3.131.952.452234
粗砂岩(1096平盘)2.521.642.012069
中砂岩(1080平盘)2.711.822.342245
细砂岩(1064平盘)4.213.422.442615
), ArticleFig(id=1241442336186617933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442319866581498, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

魏家峁岩体可爆性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿岩名称fσt/MPaρ/(t·m-3vp/(m·s-1
砂砾岩(1112平盘)3.131.952.452234
粗砂岩(1096平盘)2.521.642.012069
中砂岩(1080平盘)2.711.822.342245
细砂岩(1064平盘)4.213.422.442615
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魏家峁煤矿区深孔台阶剥离爆破施工岩体可爆性分析
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史涵虚 1 , 周传波 1 , 蒋楠 1 , 张升 2 , 牛智 2
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(1): 37-44
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(1): 37-44
魏家峁煤矿区深孔台阶剥离爆破施工岩体可爆性分析
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史涵虚1 , 周传波1 , 蒋楠1, 张升2, 牛智2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,武汉 430074
  • 2.内蒙古生力中伟爆破有限责任公司,鄂尔多斯 010300
  • 史涵虚(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地下建筑、工程爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

周传波(1963-),男,安徽人,教授,从事岩土工程、工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
Analysis on Rock Mass Explosibility During Deep-hole Bench Stripping by Blasting in Weijiamao Coal Mine Area
Han-xu SHI1 , Chuan-bo ZHOU1 , Nan JIANG1, Sheng ZHANG2, Zhi NIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.Inner Mongolia Shengli Zhongwei Blast Co., Ltd., Ordos 010300, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.005
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了解和掌握岩体可爆性分级是确定合理爆破参数和提高工程效率的重要依据。结合魏家峁矿区台阶爆破开挖实际,在现场调查、取样基础上,根据矿区工程地质资料得到岩样的普氏系数和抗拉强度。采用蜡封法密度试验和岩石声波试验对已揭露台阶面岩样的岩石密度、声波波速进行了测试分析。依据获取的四个指标,基于加权聚类分析原理对矿区岩体可爆性进行了研究。研究表明:魏家峁矿区剥离层岩石有粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩、砂砾岩和泥砂岩等。试验得到的五种岩石密度中,泥砂岩密度最大,为2.75 g/cm3;粗砂岩密度最小,为2.01 g/cm3,砂砾岩、细砂岩、中砂岩密度位于泥砂岩和粗砂岩之间。在声波试验得到的平盘所对应岩样的声波波速中1064平盘的岩石纵波波速最大,为2.615 km/s,1096平盘的岩石纵波波速最小,为2.029 km/s。根据所取岩样对应的平盘分布状况,魏家峁矿区剥离岩体的可爆性从1112平盘至1064平盘自上而下逐渐变差,其中1112平盘主要是砂砾岩,可爆性为中等难爆;1096平盘以粗砂岩为主,可爆性为易爆;1080平盘是中砂岩,可爆性为中等难爆;1064平盘主要岩性为细砂岩,可爆性为难爆。

声波测试  /  力学参数  /  加权聚类  /  可爆性评价

Understanding the classification of rock mass blastability is an important basis for determining reasonable blasting parameters and improving engineering efficiency. Combined with the practice of bench blasting in Weijiamao mining area, the protodyakonov coefficient and the tensile strength of rock samples are obtained according to the engineering geological data of the mining area, on the basis of site investigation and sampling. The density and acoustic wave velocity of the rock samples on the exposed step surface are measured and analyzed by wax sealing density tests and acoustic wave tests. According to the four indexes obtained, the rock mass blastability in the mining area is studied based on the principle of weighted cluster analysis. The research shows that there are coarse sandstone, medium sandstone, fine sandstone, sandy conglomerate and argillaceous sandstone in the Wejiamao mining area. The density of the marl sandstone is the highest, which is 2.75 g/cm3. The density of the coarse sandstone is the lowest, 2.01 g/cm3, while the density of the sandy conglomerate, fine sandstone and medium sandstone lies between the marl sandstone and the coarse sandstone. In the acoustic wave test, the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock in the 1064 platform is the highest, which is 2.615 km/s, while that in the 1096 platform is the lowest, which is 2.029 km/s. According to the distribution of the rock samples at the corresponding platform, the blastability of the rock mass in Weijiamao mining area gradually decreases from 1112 platform to 1064 platform. Among them, the 1112 platform is mainly sandy conglomerate with a medium blastability. The 1096 platform is mainly coarse sandstone with an easy blastability. The 1080 platform is medium sandstone with a medium blastability. The 1064 platform is mainly composed of fine sandstone with a difficult blastability.

acoustic testing  /  mechanical parameters  /  weighted clustering  /  evaluation of blastability
史涵虚, 周传波, 蒋楠, 张升, 牛智. 魏家峁煤矿区深孔台阶剥离爆破施工岩体可爆性分析. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (1) : 37 -44 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.005
Han-xu SHI, Chuan-bo ZHOU, Nan JIANG, Sheng ZHANG, Zhi NIU. Analysis on Rock Mass Explosibility During Deep-hole Bench Stripping by Blasting in Weijiamao Coal Mine Area[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (1) : 37 -44 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.005
露天煤矿深孔台阶爆破场地往往地质条件复杂,在爆破施工过程中往往遇到开挖岩石条件与勘察资料不相符合的情况,造成原始爆破参数设计不适用,爆破效果不佳等问题。因此,根据现场爆破施工进度和岩石开挖出露情况,实时、动态化地根据爆破现场地质条件、岩石性质进行可爆性研究,并反馈给下一次的台阶爆破的设计和施工方案,这对现场施工十分必要的。
岩体可爆性分级是爆破参数设计与优化的基础,场地工程地质条件又是岩体可爆性分析研究的主要依据。在台阶爆破生产中,不同台阶岩体的岩性和地质条件一般不同,在对其进行剥离爆破施工时,针对不同岩性的岩体进行可爆性分级并设计相匹配的爆破参数能够使得爆破效果达到最佳,提高生产效率。目前,国内外学者对于爆破岩石力学参数测试及可爆性分级等做了广泛研究[1-8]。薛剑光等基于Shannon熵理论确定岩体可爆性分级指标的权重建立了熵权属性识别模型对岩体进行可爆性分级[9]。Wu提出了一种基于概念格子和粗糙集的岩体爆破性分级方法[10],该方法提高了岩体爆破性分级的效率。Tao等使用聚类分析的数学方法对岩石参数进行分析后指出层状岩石的可爆性优于完整岩体的可爆性[11]。戴兵提出使用未确知均值法建立数学模型的理论来对岩体进行可爆性分级[12],并与其他分级方法和实测结果进行对比,得到未确知均值的可爆性分级方法准确率为100%。张德明采用基于模糊综合评判的数学方法对岩体进行可爆性分级并进行实例分析[13]
研究基于魏家峁矿区深孔台阶爆破开挖,对矿区爆破开挖岩体进行现场取样后,采取声波试验、密度试验等室内试验手段对已揭露台阶面取样岩石的声波纵波波速、密度进行测试,结合工程地质资料得到的岩石普氏系数和抗拉强度,将四个岩石物理力学参数作为岩体可爆性分级的指标,应用加权聚类分析原理对矿区岩体可爆性进行研究。其研究成果可为现场台阶爆破提供设计依据,也为类似工程研究提供指导。
魏家峁露天煤矿位于内蒙古准格尔煤田东南部。露天区南北最长处8.79 km,东西最宽处10.02 km,面积55 km2。目前该矿一期设计为6 Mt/a。矿区地处老赵山梁背斜北侧,罐子沟向斜南北横贯全区大部,西与沙沟背斜相邻,无断裂构造和岩浆岩活动,地质构造类型简单。开采范围内遇到的主要构造为罐子沟向斜和老赵山背斜,魏家峁露天煤矿地质构造如图1所示。煤矿主要被第四系黄土和风积沙所覆盖,只有局部的梁顶或冲沟中才有基岩出露。剥离区域地层层序从下至上依次为石炭系太原组、二叠系山西组和下石盒子组、第三系上新统、第四系上更新统及全新统的近代沉积。石炭系太原组,平均厚度为43.88 m,二叠系山西组和下石盒子组一般厚度为35.10 m,岩性全以砂岩、泥岩为主。第三系上新统厚度为56.46 m主要为红色、棕红色黏土。第四系上更新统为浅黄色黄土层,广泛分布;第四系全新统为近代风积沙,零星分布,较薄,厚度一般在40.54 m左右[14]
工程现场已开挖揭露台阶面如图2所示。采区上部为典型的黄土高原地貌,被广厚的黄土和风积沙大面积覆盖。黄土覆盖层厚度为70~90 m(采坑西南方向甚至达上百米),土层剥离占总剥离量的57%。黄土层及下面少量岩层土质松软,不需爆破可直接挖掘。土层下部剥离岩层以不同种类的砂岩为主,较为坚硬且厚度较大,采用深孔台阶爆破进行开挖,已爆破揭露的台阶面自上而下可分为1112平盘,1096平盘,1080平盘,1064平盘以及煤层五部分。其中,1112平盘爆破区域以砂砾岩为主,长70 m,宽53 m;1096平盘爆破区长234 m,宽21 m,以粗砂岩为主;1080平盘爆破区主要是中砂岩,长144 m,宽28 m;1064平盘爆破区以细砂岩为主,长117 m,宽45 m,所有平盘高度都在15~16 m。因为矿区剥离层岩体没有显著的结构面存在,节理裂隙不发育,岩石的地质特征和物理力学参数可很好地代表岩体,故采用岩石试样得到的可爆性分级指标可作为岩体的可爆性分级指标,用以进行岩体的可爆性分级。
聚类分析是研究事物之间的相似性和亲疏关系的,根据相似程度或相关程度,把所要研究的事物分类组合[15]。假设有n个样本每一样本有m个指标则样本矩阵为
由于指标的量纲不同以及数值量级的悬殊性,需对原始数据进行正规化处理,处理后的数据的量纲为1且属于0~1之间具体处理如下式
式(2)中xi minxi max分别表示n个实例中第i个指标的最小值和最大值。
样本的亲疏关系可由距离系数Dij来衡量,Dij计算方法如下式
式(3)中Dij越小表示i样本与j样本越相似。
上述原理对于研究的样本指标的重要程度是相同的,但在实际应用中,在很多情况下各指标的重要性都是不尽相同的,所以在应用聚类分析法时,应对所选取的指标进行赋权后再进行分析,使结果更接近于实际。
岩体可爆性是爆破作用下岩体发生损伤或破坏的难易程度,体现了岩体抵抗爆破破坏的能力。研究岩体可爆性并根据岩体的可爆性对岩体进行可爆性分级对于优化岩体爆破参数和计算炸药单耗有着重要作用,更能提高爆破效果和降低经济成本。岩体可爆性受岩石物理力学特性和岩体本身地质构造的影响,能够反映岩体可爆性的指标较多。考虑到岩体可爆性分级方法是否简单实用,通俗易懂,在选取可爆性分级指标时并不能把所有指标都考虑进去,应该选用部分具有代表性,易于测量计算的指标作为可爆性分级的指标。根据上述准则然后参考相关文献[1617],选择岩石密度ρ、岩石普氏系数f、岩石纵波速度vP、岩石抗拉强度σt四个指标来作为岩体的可爆性分级指标。
根据魏家峁露天煤矿勘探测试报告,矿区主要的岩土体包括黄土即轻亚黏土、红土即轻亚黏土和黏土、砾岩、砂质砾岩、粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩等。其中黄土和红土具可塑状,较薄,对工程施工影响不大,不考虑其对爆破开挖的影响;其他岩土组例如粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩、砂砾岩等厚度和岩性变化大,故在对其进行爆破方案设计时应考虑岩体可爆性分级的影响。根据现场勘察及室内试验资料[18],魏家峁露天煤矿矿区剥离岩石层的物理力学性质如表1所示。
在选取的岩石试样中敲取合适的用于密度测试的试样密闭保存,在中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院岩石力学实验室,采用“蜡封法”进行岩石试样的密度测试。已知水和蜡油密度和试块重量之间具有如下关系式。
式中:ρρwρn分别为测试岩块的密度、水密度、蜡油密度,g/cm3mm1m′分别为岩块试样质量、蜡封后质量、入水后质量,g,其中水密度取1 g/cm3,蜡油密度取0.9 g/cm3。对各平盘的岩石进行蜡封法测试密度,测试得到的部分岩石密度如表2
声波测试因其方便、快捷,对岩石试样条件要求较低,因此多适用于现场原位岩石动力学参数测试。岩石声波测试是以声波在岩石中得传播特性与岩体力学参数相关性为基础,通过测定声波在岩石中得传播特性参数,来确定岩石的力学性质[19-21]
根据现场爆破试验特性,本研究拟采用岩石声波测试方法对魏家峁煤矿现场爆破试验出露的岩石试样进行动力学参数测试。采用的测试仪器为RSM-SY6基桩声波检测仪,通过现场选取研究区域的岩石试样利用纵波平面换能器进行岩石试样的动弹性力学参数测试,其测试原理如图3所示。
使用纵波换能器对在1112平盘、1096平盘、1080平盘、1064平盘取回的岩石试样进行纵波(P)的声波测试。其中1096平盘粗砂岩、1080平盘的中砂岩和1064平盘细砂岩的纵波穿过岩石试样的波形图如图4所示。
根据“直达波法”测试原理,岩石发射端发射的纵波(P)穿越一定厚度的岩石试样到达接收端,接收端接收得到的波形如上图所示。通过识别接收端声波到达起波点作为声波穿越岩石试样的传播总时间T,岩石断面的轴线距离D作为传播距离。根据波传播规律,按照下式6可计算出声波在穿越岩石试样时的传播速度。
式中:VP为岩石试样的纵波波速,m/s;TP为纵波穿越岩石时间,s;D为岩石两测试端面之间的轴线距离,mm。根据上述测试方法和计算公式,将1112平盘、1096平盘、1080平盘、1064平盘所取得岩石试样声波测试结果统计如表3所示。
根据上述测试数据,魏家峁煤矿各平盘岩石纵波(P)波速随平盘深度变化如图5所示。
根据上图分析可知,1112平盘到1096平盘波速减小,1096平盘到1064平盘上侧波速逐渐增大,1064平盘下侧和煤层波速逐渐减小。随着平盘深度的增加,各平盘声波测试试样的纵波(P)波速呈现先减小后增大再减小的变化,其中1064平盘纵波波速较大,煤层纵波波速较小。
针对国内外爆破分级方法,例如前苏联哈努卡耶夫采用波阻抗、容重等多指标进行分级,指标易测定使得分级方法较为简单[22]。国内的岩石爆破指数分级法,统计大量数据再进行数据的拟合,得到爆破指数的公式用爆破指数进行可爆性分级,该方法也比较简单实用[23]。上述分级方法都把指标在分级中的重要程度视为相同的,即每个指标权重相同[24,25]。但对爆破过程而言,普氏系数、岩石密度、抗拉强度、岩石纵波波速四个指标对岩石可爆性的影响程度是不可能完全相同的。因此,需要对样本间距系数Dij做一定调整。本文设λ1λ2λ3λ4分别作为普氏系数、抗拉强度、岩石密度、岩石纵波波速4个可爆性分级指标中对应指标的权重,则岩石样本的间距系数Dij
且权重系数满足
查阅相关文献并考虑以往爆破施工经验,岩石普氏系数和岩石抗拉强度对岩石可爆性影响较大,岩石纵波波速和岩石密度的影响次之[26]。故设对应的权重系数为λ1=0.3,λ2=0.3,λ3=0.2,λ4=0.2。根据表4所示的四个分级指标的不同数值,将岩体可爆性分为五个等级。
经归一化变换后得到4个分级指标的典型样本矩阵
选取1112平盘的砂砾岩,1096平盘的粗砂岩,1080平盘的中砂岩和1064平盘的细砂岩的可爆性参数指标进行可爆性分析[26],具体参数见表5
由式(3)和式(8),经与标准样本归一化处理得到指标矩阵X1=[0.07 0.04 0.60 0.08],X2=[0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02],X3=[0.04 0.03 0.5 0.08],X4=[0.13 0.08 0.60 0.20]。对于任一实例,当知道其指标值Xj=[x1  x2  x3  x4]时,即可通过其与标准样本的距离系数Diji=1,2,…5)来判断其类别。Dij最小即表示该样本属第i个类别。
D1=[0.12 0.07 0.08 0.23 0.44],距离系数0.12在所有加权系数中最小,故将1112平盘的砂砾岩样本的可爆性视为表6中的第二类,中等难爆类别D2=[0.01 0.06 0.14 0.29 0.49],1096平盘的粗砂岩样本属于第一类,易爆类别。D3=[0.10 0.05 0.10 0.24 0.46],1080平盘的中砂岩样本属于第二类,中等难爆类别。D4=[0.13 0.07 0.04 0.20 0.41],1064平盘的细砂岩属于第三类,难爆类别。
各平盘岩体可爆性分级状况具体如图6所示。1096平盘可爆性难度是易爆,1064平盘可爆性属于难爆类别,1080平盘和1112平盘虽然归在了中等难爆类别,但根据聚类分析法的原理,Dij越小越接近标准样本,可以看出1080平盘更接近易爆类别,而1112平盘更接近难爆类别,即1080平盘比1112平盘更加易爆。综上可得,1096平盘和1080平盘岩体可爆性难度较为容易,而1112平盘和1064平盘岩体可爆性较为难爆。总体来说,魏家峁岩体可爆性随平盘深度自上而下难度逐渐变差。
以魏家峁矿区深孔台阶爆破开挖为依托,采用现场试验和声波测试、密度测试等室内测试手段对已揭露台阶面取样岩石的普氏系数、抗拉强度、岩石密度、声波波速等参数进行测试,并运用加权聚类分析原理对矿区岩体可爆性进行了研究,主要研究结论如下。
(1)1112平盘的砂砾岩,密度为2.45 g/cm3;1096平盘岩石有两种,分别为粗砂岩和细砂岩,以粗砂岩为主,密度为2.01 g/cm3,细砂岩较少,密度为2.12 g/cm3;1080平盘是中砂岩,密度为2.34 g/cm3;1064平盘以细砂岩为主,密度为2.44 g/cm3;泥砂岩较少,密度为2.75 g/cm3
(2)矿区剥离平盘岩体自上而下声波测试试样的纵波(P)波速呈现先减小后增大再减小的变化规律,其中1064平盘纵波波速在所有平盘中是最大的,为2.615 km/s,说明1064平盘的完整性较好,岩石较完整,岩石强度较大,因此爆破难度较其他平盘大,易出现大块。1090平盘的纵波波速最小,为2.029 km/s,岩石较破碎,爆破难度小。
(3)1096平盘岩体可爆性属于第二类易爆类别;1112平盘和1080平盘岩体可爆性均属于第二类中等难爆类别;1064平盘岩体可爆性为第三类难爆类别。总体上来看,魏家峁矿区台阶剥离岩体可爆性难度随平盘深度自上而下逐渐变差。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41972286)
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2023年第40卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.005
  • 接收时间:2022-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41972286)
作者信息
    1.中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,武汉 430074
    2.内蒙古生力中伟爆破有限责任公司,鄂尔多斯 010300

通讯作者:

周传波(1963-),男,安徽人,教授,从事岩土工程、工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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