Article(id=1241442318692184396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1662825600000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773912513659, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1677600000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773912513659, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773912513659, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912513659, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241442313185063097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773912512346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912765519, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=92, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241442319048700263, articleId=1241442318692184396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Blasting Technology of Square Hole Layout with Deep and Shallow Holes under Condition of Hard and Soft rock Layers, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The blasting fragment size of a mine is required to be less than 0.4 m. However, this area has a geological structure consisting of both hard and soft layers, which makes the traditional blasting method easy to produce boulders, and the blasting quality difficult to meet the requirements. In order to conquer the problem and save the construction cost, blasting tests on square hole layout with both deep and shallow holes were carried out with the middle shallow hole depths of 0 m, 4 m, 5 m, 6 m and 7 m. Firstly, ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software was used to carry out numerical simulations with a limestone model with RHT constitutive relation in the upper part and a marl model with HJC constitutive relation in the lower part, forming a hard-soft interlayer structure. Then, numerical tests were conducted to initially obtain more optimal middle hole depths, and the distribution characteristics of rock mass damage and the distribution law of blast effective stress under different test conditions were analyzed. Since ANSYS/LS-DYNA does not take the effect of detonation gas into account, the middle shallow hole depths of 4 m and 5 m were selected for on-site blast tests in order to obtain more accurate experimental conclusions and not to excessively increase explosive consumption. The research results show that it is effective to reduce the blasting boulder yield by square hole layout combining deep and shallow holes. When the depth of the middle shallow hole is 5m, the curvature coefficient Cc and the boulder yield can be reduced. Before the technology optimization, the average boulder yield was about 64.4%, and the rate of fragments larger than 0.4m have been reduced to about 38.1% after the technology improvement, making the blast fragmentation to a favorable level. So, the scheme of 5 m shallow holes has a better effect of reducing boulder yield than the original blasting scheme and the scheme of 4 m middle shallow hole.

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某矿山控制爆破工程要求爆破后粒径小于0.4 m,但该区域为“硬软夹层”地质构造,采用传统爆破方法在孔口堵塞段极易产生大块,爆破质量难以满足要求。为改善爆破质量节约施工成本,借鉴深浅结合方形布孔技术,分别在现场工况的基础上以中间浅孔深度为0 m、4 m、5 m、6 m、7 m开展爆破试验研究。首先采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件开展数值模拟试验,建立了上半部采用RHT本构关系的石灰岩模型,下半部采用HJC本构关系的泥灰岩模型,形成“硬软夹层”构造。随后在多组数值试验中初步获取相对较优的中间浅孔深度,分析不同试验条件下岩体损伤分布特征与爆炸有效应力分布规律。由于ANSYS/LS-DYNA并未将爆生气体的作用考虑在内,因此为了得到更准确的实验结论,同时考虑到不宜过度增加爆破炸药消耗,结合项目实际情况,选用4 m、5 m中间浅孔深度进行现场爆破试验。研究结果表明:采用深浅结合方形布孔的措施降低爆破大块率是有效的。采用中间浅孔深度为5 m时,可以降低曲率系数Cc与爆破大块率。技改前平均大块率约为64.4%,技改后0.4 m以上的大块率可降低至38.1%左右,使得爆堆级配达到良好水平。其降低大块率效果优于原爆破方案及4 m中间浅孔方案。

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任晓玲(1994-),女,检测工程师、硕士,从事钨矿、检测方面的研究与工作,(E-mail)
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王皓永(1995-),男,采矿工程师、硕士,从事采矿、爆破方面的研究与工作,(E-mail)

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王皓永(1995-),男,采矿工程师、硕士,从事采矿、爆破方面的研究与工作,(E-mail)

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王皓永(1995-),男,采矿工程师、硕士,从事采矿、爆破方面的研究与工作,(E-mail)

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental study on permeability of calcareous sand for islands in the South China Sea, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241442323784069727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241442323792458337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, companyId=1241442323784069727, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Zijin Mining Construction Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241442323796652642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, companyId=1241442323784069727, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.紫金矿业建设有限公司,厦门 361000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241442323914093169, 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figureFileBig=tUQEuNojeK26pyKBOy7e0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331333817179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=CN, label=图1, caption=现场岩体结构, figureFileSmall=7NcZvT4PIVUoPElzOzhheQ==, figureFileBig=tUQEuNojeK26pyKBOy7e0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331623224169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Square hole layout combining deep and shallow holes, figureFileSmall=HNZhuNsjD+AvjIiXjVKPTA==, figureFileBig=2WGGYyPCP+GaIuDXb/WDfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331715498868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=CN, label=图2, caption=深浅结合方形布孔示意图, figureFileSmall=HNZhuNsjD+AvjIiXjVKPTA==, figureFileBig=2WGGYyPCP+GaIuDXb/WDfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331820356473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

RHT-related parameters of upper limestone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数说明数值
ρ0/(kg·m-3密度2627
Pcrush/MPa孔隙开始压碎时的压力133
Plock/GPa压实时的压力6
n压缩指数3
A1/GPa压缩体积压缩模量40
A2状态方程参数(体积压缩)0
A3状态方程参数(体积压缩)0
B0状态方程参数1.22
B1状态方程参数1.22
T1/GPa状态方程参数(体积膨胀)40
T2状态方程参数(体积膨胀)0
fc/MPa单轴抗压强度200
ft/fc拉压强度比0.05
fs/fc剪压强度比0.18
G/GPa剪切模量18.6
A失效面参数1.92
N失效面参数0.7985
Q2,0拉压子午线比参数0.567
BQ脆性-韧性转化系数0.0105
α压缩应变率指数3.0E8
δ拉伸应变率指数3.0E9
COMPRATfcel/fc单轴压缩弹性极限/单轴抗压强度0.53
TENSRATftel/ft单轴拉伸弹性极限/单轴抗拉强度0.7
PREFACTGelastic/Gelastic-plastic弹性剪切模量/弹塑性剪切模量2
B残余应力强度参数0.873
M残余应力强度指数0.559
D1损伤参数0.04
D2损伤指数1.0
εf,min最小失效应变0.01
SHRATDGresidual/Gelastic残余剪切模量缩减系数0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241442333187699650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

上部石灰岩RHT相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数说明数值
ρ0/(kg·m-3密度2627
Pcrush/MPa孔隙开始压碎时的压力133
Plock/GPa压实时的压力6
n压缩指数3
A1/GPa压缩体积压缩模量40
A2状态方程参数(体积压缩)0
A3状态方程参数(体积压缩)0
B0状态方程参数1.22
B1状态方程参数1.22
T1/GPa状态方程参数(体积膨胀)40
T2状态方程参数(体积膨胀)0
fc/MPa单轴抗压强度200
ft/fc拉压强度比0.05
fs/fc剪压强度比0.18
G/GPa剪切模量18.6
A失效面参数1.92
N失效面参数0.7985
Q2,0拉压子午线比参数0.567
BQ脆性-韧性转化系数0.0105
α压缩应变率指数3.0E8
δ拉伸应变率指数3.0E9
COMPRATfcel/fc单轴压缩弹性极限/单轴抗压强度0.53
TENSRATftel/ft单轴拉伸弹性极限/单轴抗拉强度0.7
PREFACTGelastic/Gelastic-plastic弹性剪切模量/弹塑性剪切模量2
B残余应力强度参数0.873
M残余应力强度指数0.559
D1损伤参数0.04
D2损伤指数1.0
εf,min最小失效应变0.01
SHRATDGresidual/Gelastic残余剪切模量缩减系数0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241442333292557260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters related to the HJC model of the lower marl layer

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模型参数解释说明数值
ρ/(kg·m-3材料密度2250.000
fc/GPa准静态单轴抗压强度0.048
P内聚力0.790
Q压力强化系数1.600
N压力硬化系数0.610
μc破碎体积应变系数0.001
K1/GPa压力有关的常数0.850
K2/GPa压力有关的常数-1.710
K3/GPa压力有关的常数2.080
Pl/GPa压力有关的常数0.800
G/GPa剪切模量4.860
D1泥灰岩的损伤常数0.040
D2泥灰岩的损伤常数1.000
Ef min/GPa泥灰岩破碎的最小塑性应变0.010
T/GPa泥灰岩的最大拉伸强度0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1241442333397414867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

下部泥灰岩HJC模型相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数解释说明数值
ρ/(kg·m-3材料密度2250.000
fc/GPa准静态单轴抗压强度0.048
P内聚力0.790
Q压力强化系数1.600
N压力硬化系数0.610
μc破碎体积应变系数0.001
K1/GPa压力有关的常数0.850
K2/GPa压力有关的常数-1.710
K3/GPa压力有关的常数2.080
Pl/GPa压力有关的常数0.800
G/GPa剪切模量4.860
D1泥灰岩的损伤常数0.040
D2泥灰岩的损伤常数1.000
Ef min/GPa泥灰岩破碎的最小塑性应变0.010
T/GPa泥灰岩的最大拉伸强度0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1241442333519049687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Explosive model parameters

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ρ/(kg·m-3A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωE0/GPaD/(m·s-1
1240.00276.208.444.192.100.503.874000.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241442333653267421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

炸药模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωE0/GPaD/(m·s-1
1240.00276.208.444.192.100.503.874000.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241442333758125023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Rock fragmentation sample distribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
块石粒径/cm爆破试验方案
双孔爆破条件4 m中间浅孔5 m中间浅孔
90.0087.6494.7198.81
75.0075.1684.5795.94
63.0062.6372.4890.89
53.0051.6960.0482.45
37.5035.6038.9361.95
31.5030.4432.2952.35
26.5026.8427.8644.57
19.0021.1423.2933.49
16.0018.2322.0528.75
9.5011.6214.7718.09
4.756.398.669.77
2.363.495.055.25
曲率系数Cc1.662.791.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241442333879759846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442318692184396, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

爆堆块度分析统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
块石粒径/cm爆破试验方案
双孔爆破条件4 m中间浅孔5 m中间浅孔
90.0087.6494.7198.81
75.0075.1684.5795.94
63.0062.6372.4890.89
53.0051.6960.0482.45
37.5035.6038.9361.95
31.5030.4432.2952.35
26.5026.8427.8644.57
19.0021.1423.2933.49
16.0018.2322.0528.75
9.5011.6214.7718.09
4.756.398.669.77
2.363.495.055.25
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“硬软夹层”条件下深浅结合方形布孔爆破技术试验研究
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王皓永 1 , 任晓玲 2 , 林日宗 1 , 曾令峰 1 , 高远 1 , 李波 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(1): 92-99
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(1): 92-99
“硬软夹层”条件下深浅结合方形布孔爆破技术试验研究
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王皓永1 , 任晓玲2 , 林日宗1, 曾令峰1, 高远1, 李波1
作者信息
  • 1.紫金矿业建设有限公司,厦门 361000
  • 2.厦门钨业股份有限公司,厦门 361000
  • 王皓永(1995-),男,采矿工程师、硕士,从事采矿、爆破方面的研究与工作,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

任晓玲(1994-),女,检测工程师、硕士,从事钨矿、检测方面的研究与工作,(E-mail)
Experimental Study on Blasting Technology of Square Hole Layout with Deep and Shallow Holes under Condition of Hard and Soft rock Layers
Hao-yong WANG1 , Xiao-ling REN2 , Ri-zong LIN1, Ling-feng ZENG1, YUAN GAO1, BO LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Zijin Mining Construction Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China
  • 2.Xiamen Tungsten Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.013
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某矿山控制爆破工程要求爆破后粒径小于0.4 m,但该区域为“硬软夹层”地质构造,采用传统爆破方法在孔口堵塞段极易产生大块,爆破质量难以满足要求。为改善爆破质量节约施工成本,借鉴深浅结合方形布孔技术,分别在现场工况的基础上以中间浅孔深度为0 m、4 m、5 m、6 m、7 m开展爆破试验研究。首先采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件开展数值模拟试验,建立了上半部采用RHT本构关系的石灰岩模型,下半部采用HJC本构关系的泥灰岩模型,形成“硬软夹层”构造。随后在多组数值试验中初步获取相对较优的中间浅孔深度,分析不同试验条件下岩体损伤分布特征与爆炸有效应力分布规律。由于ANSYS/LS-DYNA并未将爆生气体的作用考虑在内,因此为了得到更准确的实验结论,同时考虑到不宜过度增加爆破炸药消耗,结合项目实际情况,选用4 m、5 m中间浅孔深度进行现场爆破试验。研究结果表明:采用深浅结合方形布孔的措施降低爆破大块率是有效的。采用中间浅孔深度为5 m时,可以降低曲率系数Cc与爆破大块率。技改前平均大块率约为64.4%,技改后0.4 m以上的大块率可降低至38.1%左右,使得爆堆级配达到良好水平。其降低大块率效果优于原爆破方案及4 m中间浅孔方案。

露天矿山  /  爆破  /  数值模拟  /  优化

The blasting fragment size of a mine is required to be less than 0.4 m. However, this area has a geological structure consisting of both hard and soft layers, which makes the traditional blasting method easy to produce boulders, and the blasting quality difficult to meet the requirements. In order to conquer the problem and save the construction cost, blasting tests on square hole layout with both deep and shallow holes were carried out with the middle shallow hole depths of 0 m, 4 m, 5 m, 6 m and 7 m. Firstly, ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software was used to carry out numerical simulations with a limestone model with RHT constitutive relation in the upper part and a marl model with HJC constitutive relation in the lower part, forming a hard-soft interlayer structure. Then, numerical tests were conducted to initially obtain more optimal middle hole depths, and the distribution characteristics of rock mass damage and the distribution law of blast effective stress under different test conditions were analyzed. Since ANSYS/LS-DYNA does not take the effect of detonation gas into account, the middle shallow hole depths of 4 m and 5 m were selected for on-site blast tests in order to obtain more accurate experimental conclusions and not to excessively increase explosive consumption. The research results show that it is effective to reduce the blasting boulder yield by square hole layout combining deep and shallow holes. When the depth of the middle shallow hole is 5m, the curvature coefficient Cc and the boulder yield can be reduced. Before the technology optimization, the average boulder yield was about 64.4%, and the rate of fragments larger than 0.4m have been reduced to about 38.1% after the technology improvement, making the blast fragmentation to a favorable level. So, the scheme of 5 m shallow holes has a better effect of reducing boulder yield than the original blasting scheme and the scheme of 4 m middle shallow hole.

open pit  /  blasting  /  numerical simulation  /  optimization
王皓永, 任晓玲, 林日宗, 曾令峰, 高远, 李波. “硬软夹层”条件下深浅结合方形布孔爆破技术试验研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (1) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.013
Hao-yong WANG, Xiao-ling REN, Ri-zong LIN, Ling-feng ZENG, YUAN GAO, BO LI. Experimental Study on Blasting Technology of Square Hole Layout with Deep and Shallow Holes under Condition of Hard and Soft rock Layers[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (1) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.013
某矿山控制爆破工程要求对爆破产生的石灰石进行综合利用,规定爆破后平均粒径不得大于0.4 m。但由于现场存在“硬软夹层”地质构造,采用传统爆破方法,极易产生大块,爆破质量难以保证。因此,如何减少爆破过程中产生的大块成为该项目亟待解决的关键问题之一[1]
目前很多学者和企业从理论和实践中对优化爆破块度与降低大块率方面做了大量的研究和实验。首先从大块产生的原因进行了分析[2-7]。从形成机理上看,大块容易在炮孔堵塞段产生,国内的学者主要从爆破参数、布孔方式、起爆网路这三个方面进行优化。赵强、张树伟、牟延波等结合现场实际情况分别通过调整炮孔布置、延期时间等优化爆破参数[1-3],取得了良好的爆破效果。张平等在中深孔爆破中将起爆网路改变为V型逐孔起爆网路[4],达到改善爆破效果的目的。在布孔方式方面,国内学者提出深浅孔结合布孔方式,可明显改善爆破效果。任少峰、曹进军等通过理论分析、模型实验结合现场应用[5-11],验证了深浅孔结合布孔方式的可靠性,尤其是在“硬软夹层”的特殊地质构造中可取得明显效果。黄雄、曹进军、周桂松等在科威特南穆特拉城基础设施建设项目中提出了深浅孔结合正方形布孔技术并经现场试验[12],使爆破后的块度更均匀,改善了爆破效果。
以往爆破块度优化研究在指导施工过程中起到了重要作用。然而,专门针对“硬软夹层”地质构造条件下的爆破大块率问题研究仍相对偏少。现有大多数爆破工程仍然依靠经验法则只对某些特定项目进行设计,不具有工程应用的普适价值。因此,为改善爆破质量节约施工成本,项目人员在总结前人研究经验的基础上,参考“科威特南穆特拉城基础设施建设项目”深浅结合方形布孔技术,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件开展数值模拟试验,初步获取相对较优的中间浅孔深度,随后基于数值模拟实验结果,开展了不同中间浅孔深度条件下的现场试验。
某矿山控制爆破工程中岩体上部为浅灰黄色石灰岩、泥灰岩,岩质坚硬致密,多呈块状-层状结构。下部为棕红色、砖红色薄板状、层状泥灰岩和页岩,属于典型的“上硬下软式”地质构造。现场典型岩体结构如图1所示。
项目施工采用自上而下分层爆破,台阶高10 m。现场使用炸药为2号岩石乳化炸药。孔径76 mm,孔深11 m,堵塞长度4 m,超深1 m。孔距为3 m,排距为2.6 m。炮孔布置采用梅花形,导爆管雷管起爆网路,孔排间延期时间为17 ms、42 ms。装药结构为孔底连续装药,孔内起爆方式为双发雷管孔底起爆。
首先收集原爆破方案条件下的生产数据,其次根据实际使用的生产设备、炸药品种等,结合统计结果利用数值模拟软件(ANSYS/LS-DYNA)对新爆破方案中间浅孔深度进行初步优化,挑选出相对较优的试验方案。随后针对现场施工方案进行调整,开展爆破试验,并将不同爆破试验下的中间浅孔深度与岩块级配进行对比,最终确定可有效降低爆破大块率,优化爆堆块度的爆破方案。
深浅孔结合的布孔技术原理为:深孔药柱爆炸后,随着冲击波能量的消耗,逐渐衰减成应力波,并向台阶顶部周围传播,同时浅孔药柱起爆的应力波在堵塞端进行叠加,应力加强,使堵塞段裂纹进一步扩展,同时在爆生气体的膨胀挤压及气楔作用下堵塞段裂隙继续扩展和延伸,使堵塞段破裂更厉害,减小堵塞段大块的产生。深孔解决正常装药段岩体破碎问题,而浅孔解决堵塞段岩体破碎问题,这样既解决了堵塞过短造成飞石危害的问题,也有利于充分破碎孔顶大块[12]
根据利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论,深孔爆破作用减弱区位于深孔正上方,而采用图2所示“田字格”布孔方式,深孔周围都是等距的浅孔,浅孔周围都是等距的深孔,使浅孔正常爆破作用区域与深孔爆破减弱区域形成互补,真正实现了碎破能量的均衡分布,使岩石破碎更均匀,有效改善整个爆区爆破效果[12]
采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件建立爆破模型。该岩石采用Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma(RHT)材料模型建模,该模型是一种高级塑性损伤材料模型,适用于模拟混凝土和岩石等脆性材料在拉格朗日单元中的动力响应问题。
RHT材料参数是根据王宇涛、Haimson和Chang等提供的材料试验校准的RHT材料参数如表1所示[13,14]
在LS-DYNA数值模拟软件中内嵌有高能炸药,*MAT_HIGH_EXPLISIVE_BURN这种材料类型用来代表炸药材料。通过JWL状态方程,我们可以对炸药的起爆时间以及起爆位置进行确定,JWL状态方程如式(1)
式中:ABR1R2ω为材料输入参数;P为爆轰产物的压力;V为相对体积装药,即单位体积装药产生的爆轰产物的体积;E0为初始比内能。炸药材料参数如表3所示。
对于下部泥灰岩材料,选择常用的MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CONCRET本构模型。ρ为材料密度,fc为准静态单轴抗压强度;内聚力强度P为给定静水压力下完全断裂强度与无损伤强度的比值;压力强化系数Q和压力硬化系数N,它们由参考应变率下材料断裂强度决定;μc为破碎体积应变系数,K1K2K3以及Pl为与压力有关的常数;G为剪切模量;D1D2为石灰岩的损伤常数;Ef min为石灰岩破碎的最小塑性应变;T为石灰岩的最大拉伸强度,相应取值如表2表3所示。
项目采用的深浅结合方形布孔参数为:深孔孔深11 m,超深1 m,堵塞长度4 m。中间浅孔孔深初步拟定为7 m、6 m、5 m、4 m,孔网参数为3 m×3 m,炮孔直径76 mm,现场采用导爆管雷管起爆网路,孔排间延期时间为17 ms、42 ms。装药结构为孔底连续装药,孔内起爆方式为单发雷管孔底反向起爆。
在现场工况条件下,分别以中间浅孔深度为0 m、4 m、5 m、6 m、7 m开展爆破试验研究。如图3所示,单元类型为Solid164单元,采用六面体网格对模型进行网格划分。采用共节点算法,使炸药与岩体之间具有相同的节点。选取ALE流固耦合算法,其中炸药单元为欧拉算法,岩石单元采用拉格朗日算法。
利用对称性建立1/2模型,对对称面施加垂直模型的无位移约束条件,对另外三个侧面和底面施加无反射边界条件以模拟无限介质。
为更好地观察深浅结合方形布孔措施的爆破效果,展示出6组爆炸应力传播过程如图4所示。t=0.02~0.06 ms时,应力波从炮孔中心传出,以柱面应力波形式向四周传播,在炮孔附近形成破碎区,破碎区外由于应力波的作用与爆轰气体的气楔作用,对岩体形成了拉伸应力,且当其到达动态抗拉强度时造成岩体拉伸破坏,可以形成爆生裂纹;t=0.2 ms时,三个炮孔爆炸应力波在炸药顶部相互接触,在该区域加重了岩体破坏程度;t=0.3 ms时,应力波持续扩散,岩体堵塞段由于浅孔装药爆破的影响,原本较易出现大块的区域受到应力波加强破碎作用;t=0.5~0.9 ms时,应力波作用基本消失,岩体中仅存在爆轰气体的准静态压力,这一阶段通过“气楔作用”在爆腔及爆生裂纹附近产生的拉应力会使裂纹继续扩展,最终达到破岩效果[15]
根据岩体爆炸分区理论,岩石在爆破作用下根据其受损程度可分为粉碎区、裂隙区和弹性震动区。粉碎区主要是由岩石压缩形成。岩石单元所承受的拉应力大于其动态抗拉强度会产生拉破坏而出现裂纹,累积形成裂隙区。当材料累积的塑性应变达到允许的最小塑性应变时,材料的损伤开始发展直到损伤值为1。当材料超过强度残余面,认为材料已完全破坏,其强度由残余面函数确定[13]。模型中的损伤程度被定义为
式中:Δεp是累积的塑性应变;εf是失效应变。损伤参量D越大,岩石受到的损伤越大,D=1时岩体完全破碎。参照在石灰石高速冲击损伤实验中获得的损伤参量D=0.75,充分考虑现场实验的不可预见因素,略微放大D为0.8,即认为当D≥0.8时,岩石单元受到损伤[16]
通过图5可以发现当岩体存在“上硬下软”式构造,采用深浅结合方形布孔措施可以增大堵塞段岩体损伤面积,对加强该区域岩石破碎效果,减少爆破大块产生具有明显作用。随着中间浅孔孔深不断增大,炮孔间的损伤单元数和面积越来越大,即当中间浅孔孔深为4 m时,炮孔左、右两段间D=1时的损伤范围贯通;当空气间隔距离为6 m、7 m时,炮孔左、右两段间D=1时的损伤贯通范围明显扩大,表明原炮孔堵塞段爆炸产生的破坏作用相对增强。
同时,根据Mises有效应力破坏准则,岩体的破坏取决于岩体实际性质与受力状态。在炮孔周边冲击波作用范围内,岩体处于压缩状态。当岩体内任意一点的应力强度满足不等式(3)时,岩体被压碎形成破碎区。
式中:σi为Mises有效应力;σx为径向峰值应力;σθ为切向峰值应力;σz为沿炮孔轴线方向正应力;σcd为岩体动态抗压强度,因此达到破坏的有效应力需满足:σiσcd
图6为不同中间浅孔爆破岩体内Mises有效应力分布。
(1)如图(a)所示,在原双孔爆破条件下,炮孔壁处及炮孔对称轴线处粉碎程度最大,形成沿孔壁分布的柱状绿色有效应力峰值区,平均Mises有效应力峰值达到350.5 MPa。
(2)如图6(b)、(c)所示,中间浅孔深度为4 m、5 m时,原炮孔堵塞段出现有效应力贯通作用区,贯通面积随着中间浅孔深度增大而扩大。同时,中间浅孔深度增大所产生的爆炸应力也随之上升,平均有效应力峰值可达420.6 MPa。此时由于上、下炮孔同时起爆,在该爆区内的应力波分布呈现上方浅孔应力波引领,下方双炮孔应力波支撑的“雁阵型”分布。
(3)如图6(d)、(e),采用中间浅孔深度为6 m、7 m时,随着中间浅孔深度不断下降,原炮孔堵塞段应力波贯通面积扩大,且部分应力峰值上升至490.8 MPa,这是由于浅孔深度的不断增大导致岩体内爆炸能量愈发集中。现场地质资料显示该类岩石的单轴抗压强度σc为60.69 MPa,经Hoek-Brown岩体抗压强度折减计算[17],得到岩体单轴抗压强度σmc为25.75 MPa。在爆炸载荷高速加载的情况下,岩体动态抗压强度σcd为岩体静抗压强度的10倍[18],因此达到破坏的有效应力满足σiσcd≥10σmc
由于ANSYS/LS-DYNA并未将爆生气体的作用考虑在内,因此实际爆破过程中的破碎效果应该优于数值模拟的实验结果,为了得到更准确的实验结论,同时考虑到不宜过度增加爆破炸药消耗,结合项目实际情况,选用4 m、5 m中间浅孔深度进行现场爆破试验。
进行现场爆破试验时,固定孔排间延期时间为17 ms、42 ms,对深浅结合方形布孔爆破方案采用调整中间浅孔深度为4 m、5 m,同时与原爆破方案效果进行对比。数据的收集、处理采用现场拍照结合块度分析软件进行。
爆破后块度划分依据国家标准《建设用砂(GB/T14684—2011)》及《GB/T14685—2011建筑用卵石和碎石》[19,20],同时考虑业主方的要求,尽量降低0.4 m以下的爆破块度。
采用split-desktop软件统计爆破后的岩块分布数据如表4所示,碎石粒径累积曲线如图7所示。
为评价爆破后碎石级配特性,除考虑大块率外,结合曲率系数Cc对筛分数据进行分析。其计算公式如下。
式中:d10为筛下重量占10%的粒径;d30为筛下重量占30%的粒径;d60为筛下重量占60%的粒径。
(1)如表4所示:随着中间浅孔深度增大,大于0.4 cm的大块占比逐渐降低。各爆破试验大块率由大到小依次为:原方案>4 m中间浅孔试验>5 m中间浅孔试验。该结果与数值模拟结论一致。
(2)原爆破方案条件下超过0.4 m的大块率为64.4%,4 m、5 m中间浅孔试验条件下大块率降低至61.1%、38.1%;对表4进一步分析可知,原爆破方案爆堆级配曲率系数Cc从原爆破方案1.66增加至2.79,随后减少至1.44。曲率系数Cc可以反映级配累计曲线斜率是否连续,当累计曲线斜率降低时,说明粒径较大的颗粒含量较小[20]
(3)当中间浅孔深度采用5 m时,现场爆破后大于0.4 m的大块率可降低至38.1%,同时碎石级配可以达到良好水平。
结合项目实际工况,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立“硬软夹层”式数值计算模型,通过对比不同爆破技术条件下岩体损伤范围和应力等值线分布,认为采用中间浅孔深度为5 m时,可以达到理想的破碎效果。
同时,现场试验结果表明采用深浅结合方形布孔的措施降低爆破大块率是有效的。采用中间浅孔深度为5 m时,可以降低曲率系数Cc与爆破大块率。技改后0.4 m以上的大块率可降低至38.1%左右,使得爆堆级配达到良好水平。
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.013
  • 接收时间:2022-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-11
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作者信息
    1.紫金矿业建设有限公司,厦门 361000
    2.厦门钨业股份有限公司,厦门 361000

通讯作者:

任晓玲(1994-),女,检测工程师、硕士,从事钨矿、检测方面的研究与工作,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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