Article(id=1241442317689745682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664294400000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773912513420, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1677600000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773912513420, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773912513420, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912513420, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241442313185063097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773912512346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912765519, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241442318046261542, articleId=1241442317689745682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research and Application of Smooth Blasting Technology in Fault Fracture Zone, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the reasonable smooth blasting parameters such as smooth blasting range, hole spacing, line charge concentration and charge structure in a fault fracture zone, empirical formula is first used for calculation. Then the blasting effect is compared by field blasts to analyze the influencing factors of smooth blasting in a fault fracture zone, so that to improve the blasting parameters and charging structure. Research results and field applications show that the smooth blasting effect is relatively good when the charge column size is ϕ 60 mm×400 mm with an uncoupled charge structure, the hole spacing is 1.2~1.5 m, the smooth blasting range is 2.5~3.0 m, the linear charge concentration is 1.2~1.4 kg/m, and the air deck length is 0.6~0.8 m. When the charge column size is ϕ 60 mm×600 mm with an uncoupled charge structure, the hole spacing is 1.2~1.5 m, the smooth blasting range is 2.5~3.0 m, the linear charge concentration is 0.7~1.0 kg/m, the stemming length is 1m,, the air deck length under the stemming is 3.0~4.0 m and the normal air deck length is 1.5~2.0 m, the smooth blasting effect is the most ideal with a smooth and stable slope. Moreover, the latter scheme has a better economic return than the former one. The selection of blasting parameters, charge structure and charge column for this smooth blasting technology can provide reference for similar projects.

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为研究断层破碎带光面爆破合理的光爆层厚度、孔距、线装药密度等爆破参数以及装药结构,应用工程爆破经验公式计算出光面爆破参数,通过现场施工爆破,采用对比分析方法,对比爆破后的爆破效果,分析影响断层破碎带光面爆破效果的因素,通过对比分析对爆破参数进行优化,改善装药结构,确定断层破碎带光面爆破合理的爆破参数以及装药结构。通过研究分析与现场应用表明,当药卷规格选用ϕ 60 mm×400 mm,孔距为1.2~1.5 m,光爆层厚度为2.5~3.0 m,线装药密度为1.2~1.4 kg/m,装药结构采用间隔装药长度为0.6~0.8 m不耦合装药结构时,断层破碎带光面爆破效果较为理想,爆破后坡面平整、边坡稳定性较好;当药卷规格选用ϕ 60 mm×600 mm,孔距为1.2~1.5 m,光爆层厚度为2.5~3.0 m,线装药密度为0.7~1.0 kg/m,装药结构采用孔口充填1 m后留3.0~4.0 m不装药空气柱,间隔装药长度为1.5~2.0 m不耦合装药结构时,断层破碎带光面爆破效果最为理想,爆破后坡面平整、边坡稳定性好,而且后者比前者工程经济效果明显。

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黄海华(1991-),男,学士学位、采矿工程师,从事金属非金属矿山采矿技术工作及安全管理工作,(E-mail)
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韦丹(1992-),男,学士学位、采矿工程师,从事金属非金属矿山采矿技术工作及安全管理工作,(E-mail)

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韦丹(1992-),男,学士学位、采矿工程师,从事金属非金属矿山采矿技术工作及安全管理工作,(E-mail)

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Numerical simulation and test of air interg blasting, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241442322693550589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241442322697744894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, companyId=1241442322693550589, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Guizhou Geology and Mining Group Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241442322706133503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, companyId=1241442322693550589, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州地矿集团有限公司,贵阳 550000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241442322827768329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241442322831962634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, companyId=1241442322827768329, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Guangdong Guangye Cloud Sulphur Mining Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241442322840351243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, companyId=1241442322827768329, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广东广业云硫矿业有限公司,云浮 527300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241442327659606775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Current status of Xibang slope, figureFileSmall=N56KdVBDf+Pp/DsjlSkfxg==, figureFileBig=dT57gojehR2YFIssekfB+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442327760270077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=图1, caption=西帮边坡现状, figureFileSmall=N56KdVBDf+Pp/DsjlSkfxg==, figureFileBig=dT57gojehR2YFIssekfB+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442328372638476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Charge structure diagram, figureFileSmall=EdALOGwmGV4ClH/5SYjKxA==, figureFileBig=2R89Modbq9lzb313B7HPDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442328481690385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=图2, caption=装药结构图

1—导爆索;2—竹片;3—1.5~2.0 m孔渣充填段(参数优化后为1.0 m);4—ϕ 60 mm×400 mm药卷(药卷用扎带捆绑在竹片上);5—0.4~0.6 m装药间隔(参数优化后为0.6~0.8 m);6—正常装药段;7—孔底1.2 m加强装药段

, figureFileSmall=EdALOGwmGV4ClH/5SYjKxA==, figureFileBig=2R89Modbq9lzb313B7HPDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442328624296730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Blasting effect by empirical blasting parameters, figureFileSmall=7oDkfInIZEXvvajHS2EbGw==, figureFileBig=AJVqBpZcHsMQYokkvXj5oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442328913703713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=图3, caption=矿山经验爆破参数爆后效果, figureFileSmall=7oDkfInIZEXvvajHS2EbGw==, figureFileBig=AJVqBpZcHsMQYokkvXj5oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442329014367019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Blasting effect after optimizing the blasting parameters, figureFileSmall=m5VbQzxPwFuiwxlogBHslA==, figureFileBig=2iKW58CVnyaLplmKWUf57Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442329131807538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=图4, caption=爆破参数优化后爆破效果, figureFileSmall=m5VbQzxPwFuiwxlogBHslA==, figureFileBig=2iKW58CVnyaLplmKWUf57Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442329257636665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Optimized charge structure diagram, figureFileSmall=SilzSdeXvoMc9vq0FWBaCA==, figureFileBig=1irSJzSGhDvnIqPgvAdxJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442329404437314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=图5, caption=优化装药结构图

1—导爆索;2—竹片;3—1.0 m孔渣充填段;4—孔口3.0~4.0 m不装药空气柱;5—ϕ 60 mm×600 mm药卷(药卷用扎带捆绑在竹片上);6—1.5~2.0 m装药间隔长度;7—正常装药段;8—孔底1.2 m加强装药段

, figureFileSmall=SilzSdeXvoMc9vq0FWBaCA==, figureFileBig=1irSJzSGhDvnIqPgvAdxJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442329500906314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Charge operation on site, figureFileSmall=rAcxNi4ccrhr0Rgca+zE/w==, figureFileBig=/Idlbi6bTTTFx54cw8Te5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442329622541136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=图6, caption=现场制作的药串, figureFileSmall=rAcxNi4ccrhr0Rgca+zE/w==, figureFileBig=/Idlbi6bTTTFx54cw8Te5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331199599446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Blasting effect after optimizing charge structure, figureFileSmall=rdXD0LaLldO6Paoz87nDTA==, figureFileBig=hcTjeZnE8Kzze/By+GOOWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331358983006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=图7, caption=装药结构优化爆破效果, figureFileSmall=rdXD0LaLldO6Paoz87nDTA==, figureFileBig=hcTjeZnE8Kzze/By+GOOWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331484812131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Blasting effect when the fault zone is 3 m below the slope top, figureFileSmall=q07J4prhiiqqeqbFyMfc0w==, figureFileBig=ohXoLSNb8AWElDL1vNS96Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331598058344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=图8, caption=断层带处在坡顶3 m以下爆破效果图, figureFileSmall=q07J4prhiiqqeqbFyMfc0w==, figureFileBig=ohXoLSNb8AWElDL1vNS96Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442331690333041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Empirical parameters of smooth blasting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径D/mm光爆层厚度W/m孔距a/m孔深l/m线装药密度q/(kg·m-1充填长度/m
1403.0~3.51.5~2.812.5~13.01.4~2.51.5~2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241442331786802037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光面爆破经验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径D/mm光爆层厚度W/m孔距a/m孔深l/m线装药密度q/(kg·m-1充填长度/m
1403.0~3.51.5~2.812.5~13.01.4~2.51.5~2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241442331879076733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Optimized smooth blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径D/mm光爆层厚度W/m孔距a/m孔深l/m线装药密度q/(kg·m-1充填长度/m
1402.5~3.01.2~1.512.5~13.01.2~1.41.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241442331975545732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光面爆破优化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径D/mm光爆层厚度W/m孔距a/m孔深l/m线装药密度q/(kg·m-1充填长度/m
1402.5~3.01.2~1.512.5~13.01.2~1.41.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241442332113957774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Smooth blasting parameters of the fault fracture zone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径D/mm光爆层厚度W/m孔距a/m孔深l/m线装药密度q/(kg·m-1充填长度/m
1402.5~3.01.2~1.512.5~13.00.7~1.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241442332235592596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442317689745682, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

断层破碎带光面爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径D/mm光爆层厚度W/m孔距a/m孔深l/m线装药密度q/(kg·m-1充填长度/m
1402.5~3.01.2~1.512.5~13.00.7~1.01.0
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断层破碎带光面爆破技术研究与应用
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韦丹 1 , 黄海华 2 , 彭四佑 2 , 王隆声 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(1): 85-91
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(1): 85-91
断层破碎带光面爆破技术研究与应用
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韦丹1 , 黄海华2 , 彭四佑2, 王隆声2
作者信息
  • 1.贵州地矿集团有限公司,贵阳 550000
  • 2.广东广业云硫矿业有限公司,云浮 527300
  • 韦丹(1992-),男,学士学位、采矿工程师,从事金属非金属矿山采矿技术工作及安全管理工作,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

黄海华(1991-),男,学士学位、采矿工程师,从事金属非金属矿山采矿技术工作及安全管理工作,(E-mail)
Research and Application of Smooth Blasting Technology in Fault Fracture Zone
Dan WEI1 , Hai-hua HUANG2 , Si-you PENG2, Long-sheng WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guizhou Geology and Mining Group Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550000, China
  • 2.Guangdong Guangye Cloud Sulphur Mining Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.012
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为研究断层破碎带光面爆破合理的光爆层厚度、孔距、线装药密度等爆破参数以及装药结构,应用工程爆破经验公式计算出光面爆破参数,通过现场施工爆破,采用对比分析方法,对比爆破后的爆破效果,分析影响断层破碎带光面爆破效果的因素,通过对比分析对爆破参数进行优化,改善装药结构,确定断层破碎带光面爆破合理的爆破参数以及装药结构。通过研究分析与现场应用表明,当药卷规格选用ϕ 60 mm×400 mm,孔距为1.2~1.5 m,光爆层厚度为2.5~3.0 m,线装药密度为1.2~1.4 kg/m,装药结构采用间隔装药长度为0.6~0.8 m不耦合装药结构时,断层破碎带光面爆破效果较为理想,爆破后坡面平整、边坡稳定性较好;当药卷规格选用ϕ 60 mm×600 mm,孔距为1.2~1.5 m,光爆层厚度为2.5~3.0 m,线装药密度为0.7~1.0 kg/m,装药结构采用孔口充填1 m后留3.0~4.0 m不装药空气柱,间隔装药长度为1.5~2.0 m不耦合装药结构时,断层破碎带光面爆破效果最为理想,爆破后坡面平整、边坡稳定性好,而且后者比前者工程经济效果明显。

光面爆破  /  爆后分析  /  孔距  /  光爆层厚度  /  线装药密度  /  装药结构

In order to study the reasonable smooth blasting parameters such as smooth blasting range, hole spacing, line charge concentration and charge structure in a fault fracture zone, empirical formula is first used for calculation. Then the blasting effect is compared by field blasts to analyze the influencing factors of smooth blasting in a fault fracture zone, so that to improve the blasting parameters and charging structure. Research results and field applications show that the smooth blasting effect is relatively good when the charge column size is ϕ 60 mm×400 mm with an uncoupled charge structure, the hole spacing is 1.2~1.5 m, the smooth blasting range is 2.5~3.0 m, the linear charge concentration is 1.2~1.4 kg/m, and the air deck length is 0.6~0.8 m. When the charge column size is ϕ 60 mm×600 mm with an uncoupled charge structure, the hole spacing is 1.2~1.5 m, the smooth blasting range is 2.5~3.0 m, the linear charge concentration is 0.7~1.0 kg/m, the stemming length is 1m,, the air deck length under the stemming is 3.0~4.0 m and the normal air deck length is 1.5~2.0 m, the smooth blasting effect is the most ideal with a smooth and stable slope. Moreover, the latter scheme has a better economic return than the former one. The selection of blasting parameters, charge structure and charge column for this smooth blasting technology can provide reference for similar projects.

smooth blasting  /  analysis after explosion  /  hole spacing  /  smooth blasting range  /  linear charge concentration  /  charge structure
韦丹, 黄海华, 彭四佑, 王隆声. 断层破碎带光面爆破技术研究与应用. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (1) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.012
Dan WEI, Hai-hua HUANG, Si-you PENG, Long-sheng WANG. Research and Application of Smooth Blasting Technology in Fault Fracture Zone[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (1) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.012
光面爆破技术最早起源于20世纪50年代的瑞典[1,2],主要应用于地下隧道掘进、道路工程路堑开挖、水利工程边坡开挖、露天矿山边坡开挖等工程领域,具有施工进度快、边坡一次成型、边坡损伤程度小的特点。在露天矿山中,主要应用在边坡靠帮开挖,随着矿山开采深度加大,固定边坡逐渐出露和扩展,边坡不稳定性增加,边坡滑坡时刻威胁着露天矿山的生产安全,特别是在2017年国家安全监管总局印发《金属非金属矿山重大生产安全事故隐患判定标准(试行)》后,明确规定露天矿山“高度200 m以上的边坡未进行在线监测、边坡存在滑移现象”的判定为重大生产安全事故隐患[3],这意味着矿山企业应将边坡管理工作纳入矿山日常生产管理,保证矿山的安全生产,而光面爆破技术的应用,不仅使边坡一次成型,而且对边坡坡面起到了很好的保护作用,增加了边坡稳定性,是露天矿山边坡成型开挖首选的技术方案,但在断层破碎带,采用光面爆破技术难以形成较为平整、稳定性好的坡面,边坡坡面受爆破影响损伤程度大,边坡稳定性得不到保证。本文以云浮硫铁矿露天矿为例,对断层破碎带光面爆破合理爆破参数及装药结构进行优化与改善,并进行现场试验应用,得到断层破碎带光面爆破较为合理的爆破参数及装药结构,用于指导该矿山光面爆破施工,或者为类似工程提供借鉴。
云浮硫铁矿为国家“六五”计划重点建设项目之一,设计年产量为300万t/a,1988年1月建成投产,是我国最大的硫铁矿山,素有“东方硫都”之美誉。该矿山经过30多年的开采,西帮边坡高度已经超过350 m,东帮超过100 m,随着矿山的不断开采,在矿山闭坑到达最低标高+46 m时,西帮终了边坡高度将达到500 m以上,东帮终了边坡高度将达到250 m以上。因此,如何保证矿山在开采过程中边坡稳定性、减少边坡维护成本、防止边坡滑坡,一直是该矿山面临的难题。该矿山在开采初期,边坡靠帮主要采用大孔径垂直深孔预裂爆破技术,使用直径为250 mm的牙轮钻钻凿垂直孔,乳化炸药耦合装药进行边坡开挖,由于孔径过大,一次装药量大,对边坡损伤程度大,难以形成平整坡面,甚至出现挂帮危岩体;直到2013年,该矿山在边坡靠帮采用光面爆破技术后[4],矿山边坡开挖成型才得以改善,但由于该矿F1F3F4F5号断层贯穿整个矿区,边坡开挖时大多处在断层破碎带,虽然采用光面爆破技术,但是仍然存在边坡开挖后坡面不平整、稳定性差、坡面超挖不符合台阶坡面角要求等问题,而且开挖后边坡长时间的受外界环境影响以及雨水冲刷,还会出现边坡并帮、挂帮危岩体、台阶设计安全平台宽度不符合设计要求的问题。云浮硫铁矿西帮边坡现状如图1所示。
针对该矿山边坡开挖后存在的问题,2013年首次采用光面爆破技术[4],并在矿山采场进行了大量爆破漏斗试验[5],初步确定了该矿山工程爆破参数,为后续矿山工程爆破施工提供了借鉴。但随着矿山的不断开采,开采深度不断增大,矿山工程地质条件发生较大变化,参考以往爆破漏斗试验得到的爆破参数进行爆破施工时,在断层破碎带难以得到较为理想的爆破效果。为此,矿山结合以往爆破漏斗试验参数,应用爆破工程常用经验公式,重新计算了该矿光面爆破参数,并进行现场试验,以得到断层破碎带合理的光面爆破参数。主要采用的爆破工程经验公式如下[6]
式中:W为光爆层厚度,m;K为计算系数,一般取K=15~25,软岩取大值,硬岩取小值;D为钻孔直径,mm。
式中:a为光面孔孔距,m;m为计算系数,一般取m=0.6~0.8;W为光爆层厚度,m。
式中:q为光面孔线装药密度,kg/m;l为光面孔孔深,m;孔深为12.5m~13.0m,倾角为51°~63°;Q为光面孔单孔装药量,kg。
矿山结合以往爆破漏斗试验、光面爆破经验以及爆破工程常用经验公式[4,5],计算的光面爆破经验参数如表1所示。
表1爆破参数,该矿山在西帮断层破碎带进行了现场爆破施工试验,爆破试验采用光面孔一次性同时起爆,一次起爆10~15个孔的试验方案,现场试验装药结构如图2所示。爆破后边坡坡面存在凹凸不平、破碎、半壁孔率低的问题,而且破碎坡面长期受到雨水的冲刷,还会出现挂帮危岩体、并帮、台阶安全平台宽度不符合设计要求的问题。据表1爆破参数现场爆破效果如图3所示。
表1爆破参数进行现场爆破试验后存在的问题,依据光面爆破应力波叠加理论与爆生气体压力共同作用理论[7],矿山爆破技术人员进行了爆后分析,认为在断层破碎带采用光面爆破技术时,爆破裂缝不是沿预计方向发展,而是沿原生交错的节理裂隙、弱面发生的,使原生交错的节理裂隙、弱面破坏程度增大,从而导致以上问题出现;另一方面,也有爆破技术人员认为,导致以上问题的出现是由于光爆层厚度、孔距、线装药密度过大。根据爆后分析的结论,技术人员对光爆层厚度、孔距、线装药密度过大导致的以上问题进行研究分析,并对爆破参数进行优化。
光爆层厚度参数优化分析:按照工程经验,一般在断层破碎带,由于岩石完整性较差,风化严重较为破碎,光爆层厚度可以取计算值的较大值。但技术人员认为,当光爆层厚度过大时,边坡虽然存在断层破碎带,由于岩石坚固性系数高且局部存在完整性较好的岩体,可能会造成爆炸能量不能完全将光爆层岩石从自由面抛出,而是沿断层弱面最先抛出,从而使光爆层岩体不能完全崩落下来,造成欠挖,导致坡面凹凸不平和半壁孔率低,甚至出现挂帮危岩体。依据问题分析结论,并参考类似工程经验值[8-10],将该矿断层破碎带光爆层厚度参数取值范围适当缩小,参数优化为W=2.5~3.0 m。
孔距参数优化分析:技术人员认为,当孔距过大时,由于断层弱面的存在,可能会导致爆生气体沿裂隙溢出和爆炸应力波在各断层弱面发生折射,使爆生气体和爆炸应力波在设计预计爆破裂缝连心线方向上的气楔作用和应力叠加效果减弱[7,11,12],导致设计预计爆破裂缝连心线方向上不能很好地形成贯通裂缝,从而出现边坡坡面半壁孔率低、凹凸不平的现象。依据问题分析结论,认为应用经验公式(2)计算的孔距过大,不适宜在断层带光面爆破中使用。通过查阅相关研究资料与借鉴类似工程经验[13-15],决定将该矿断层破碎带孔距参数取值范围适当缩小,参数优化为a=1.2~1.5 m。
线装药密度参数优化分析:技术人员认为,导致爆破后坡面较为破碎的主要原因为线装药密度过大。由于断层带岩石本身较为破碎,线装药密度过大,爆破后释放的能量过大,会造成炮孔破碎区范围扩大,导致坡面损伤程度加大,因此技术人员决定将线装药密度减小[16-18]。由于线装药密度没有经验数据和类似工程可供参考,技术人员在断层破碎带进行了多次试爆后,当线装药密度取值为q=1.2~1.4 kg/m时,能够很好将光爆层岩石破碎并抛出,而且爆破效果较好。
通过问题分析与参数优化后,得到的光面爆破参数如表2所示。
表2爆破参数,该矿山在西帮断层破碎带进行了现场爆破施工试验,爆破试验方案同上,现场试验装药结构如图2所示。爆破后边坡坡面较为平整、坡面损伤程度较低、半壁孔率提高,爆破效果较为良好,但在台阶坡顶2.0~3.0 m范围坡面较为破碎,破碎区域长期受到雨水的冲刷,会出现台阶并帮、挂帮危岩体的问题。据表2爆破参数现场试验爆破效果如图4所示。
表2爆破参数进行现场爆破试验后存在的问题,技术人员分析认为,由于断层带的存在,导致岩石性质发生变化,爆破时产生的爆炸能最先从断层弱面溢出,从而出现以上问题。当断层破碎带处在台阶坡顶2.0~3.0 m范围时,出现台阶坡顶范围坡面破碎的现象最为明显;当断层破碎带处在台阶坡顶大于3.0 m以下范围时,台阶坡顶范围坡面破碎现象受影响程度较小,技术人员认为这是由于当断层破碎带处在台阶坡顶线大于3.0m以下范围时,完整岩石厚度超过了光爆层厚度W,爆破产生的爆炸能量不能从断层弱面最先溢出,因此受影响程度较小[19]
经过爆破参数优化后,光面爆破效果基本达到预期效果,但为解决当断层破碎带处在台阶坡顶2.0~3.0 m范围时,出现台阶坡顶坡面较为破碎,长期受雨水冲刷出现并帮,造成台阶安全平台宽度不符合设计要求和出现挂帮危岩体的问题,技术人员决定通过改变装药结构以解决该问题。本次装药结构主要优化为孔口充填1 m后留3.0~4.0 m不装药空气柱,孔底1.2 m加强装药段,间隔装药长度为1.5~2.0 m,间隔介质为空气,不耦合系数为2.3,装药结构如图5所示。采用空气间隔装药结构的优化有利于传爆介质的缓冲性能,降低孔壁爆炸峰值压力,起到保护围岩的作用,同时也避开了岩体薄弱部位,减少炸药使用量,降低爆破成本[20-26]
当断层破碎带处在台阶坡顶线2.0~3.0 m范围时,由于断层弱面的存在,为避免爆炸产生的能量对坡顶面造成的损伤的程度增大,决定在光爆层厚度和孔距不变的情况下,孔口一定范围内不装药,以改善坡顶面的爆破效果。由于断层破碎带处在台阶坡顶2.0m~3.0m范围,考虑到W=2.5~3.0 m,决定在孔口充填1 m后留3.0~4.0 m不装药空气柱。
以往该矿山使用的炸药主要为广东宏大爆破生产的2#岩石乳化炸药,药卷规格为ϕ 60 mm×400 mm,但由于其生产工艺改进,不再生产ϕ 60 mm×400 mm规格的药卷,改为生产ϕ 60 mm×600 mm规格的药卷。因为药卷规格的改变,为避免线装药密度变大,出现坡面损伤程度大、破碎的同样问题出现,技术人员决定将装药间隔长度0.6~0.8 m增加到1.5~2.0 m(即为原间隔长度的2.5倍)。改善装药结构后,断层破碎带较合理的爆破参数如表3所示。
表3数据进行现场爆破后,由于孔口3.0~4.0 m范围不装药,避开了岩体薄弱部位,坡顶断层破碎带处坡面岩体受爆破损伤程度较低,坡面完整性较好,并且能够形成较好的半壁孔,按照图5装药结构现场制作好的药串如图6所示,爆破效果如图7所示。通过(3)式计算实际线装药密度发现,由于药卷规格的改变和装药间隔长度的增加,实际装药量变小,实际线装药密度也随之变小,由q=1.2~1.4 kg/m减小到q=0.7~1.0 kg/m,但在断层破碎带仍取到了理想的爆破效果,坡面完整性、稳定性好;另一方面,实际线装药密度的变小不仅未影响爆破效果,还降低了炸药成本,坡面完整性、稳定性好还降低了边坡后期维护成本,取得了较好的工程经济效果。
为验证断层破碎带处在坡顶3 m以下,采用如图5所示装药结构时的爆破效果,选择在断层破碎带处在坡顶3 m以下的边坡地段进行现场试验,仍然取得了坡面岩体受爆破损伤程度较低,坡面完整性、稳定性较好的爆破效果,并且能够形成较好的半壁孔,爆破效果如图8所示。
1)露天矿山采用光面爆破技术进行边坡靠帮开挖,当边坡坡面处于断层破碎带时,可通过改善装药结构,在断层破碎带处减少装药量,或者通过预留不装药段,充填缓冲介质(如空气、水等)以避开断层破碎带,达到保护边坡坡面的目的,起到改善光面爆破效果的作用。
2)改善光面爆破效果,除了对爆破参数进行优化外,对装药结构和药卷规格进行研究也具有很大工程技术和工程经济意义。
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2023年第40卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.012
  • 接收时间:2022-09-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-28
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    1.贵州地矿集团有限公司,贵阳 550000
    2.广东广业云硫矿业有限公司,云浮 527300

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黄海华(1991-),男,学士学位、采矿工程师,从事金属非金属矿山采矿技术工作及安全管理工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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