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Article(id=1241421940074803694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907655018, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907655018, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907655018, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907655018, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=202, endPage=210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421940594897409, articleId=1241421940074803694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Design and Application of a Virtual Simulation Teaching Platform for Blasting Experiment Teaching, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Blasting Engineering is a core course in urban underground engineering and mining engineering in universities, and teaching blasting experiments is an indispensable link in practical teaching. As explosive engineering has a characteristic of great danger, the traditional explosive engineering experiment construction is rugged enough to be carried out indoors, which inconveniences teaching. Therefore, more and more schools rely on virtual simulation platforms. According to the teaching idea and demand of explosive engineering virtual simulation, this paper builds a virtual simulation teaching platform for blasting experiment teaching. Unity3D, a development tool for virtual simulation systems, was utilized to ensure high compatibility when running on different platforms. Meanwhile, the 3DS Max and Maya were applied to build and improve a realistic model. Furthermore, problems like slow loading speed and non-realistic animation through the cloud rendering technology were solved. The software ANSYS was used to simulate the propagation mechanism of blasting vibration waves in different rock layers better to reflect the blasting vibration waves in practical engineering. Finally, the wave field cloud map was saved as a snapshot in the virtual simulation system, and virtual simulation experiments of blasting vibration were carried out. The practice and application results show that the virtual simulation experiment platform can enable students to participate in the experiments of explosive engineering independently and deeply and improve students' experimental experience and practical innovation ability.

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SUN Qiang (1962-), male, Changshan, Zhejiang, Ph. D, Associate Professor, Director of the Civil Engineering Experimental Center, mainly engaged in laboratory management and teaching and research in the field of geotechnical engineering, (E-mail) .
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《爆破工程》课程是高校城市地下工程、矿山建设工程专业的核心课程，爆破实验教学是实践教学中必不可少的环节。由于爆破工程具有高危险性的特点，传统的爆破工程实验建设难度大，难以在室内进行，给教学带来了不便，因此越来越多的学校依托虚拟仿真平台进行爆破工程实验教学。本文根据爆破工程虚拟仿真的教学思路及需求搭建了爆破实验教学虚拟仿真教学平台：利用Unity3D作为虚拟仿真系统的开发工具，保证虚拟仿真系统具有可在不同平台运行的高兼容性；使用3DS Max建立模型，并用Maya进行细节渲染，提高了模型的真实感；通过云渲染技术解决了加载速度慢、动画不逼真等问题；并且为了更好地体现实际工程中爆破振动波的传播机理，利用ANSYS模拟爆破振动波在不同岩层中的传播，波场云图以快照的形式保存在虚拟仿真系统，开展爆破振动虚拟仿真实验。实践和应用效果显示，虚拟仿真实验平台可实现学生独立地、深度地参与到爆破工程的教学实验中，提高了学生的实验体验和实践创新能力。

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孙强（1962-），男，浙江常山，博士、副教授，土木工程实验中心主任，主要从事实验室管理以及岩土工程方向教学与科研，（E-mail）。
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李昊阳（1998-），男，河北石家庄，硕士、工程师，住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所，主要从事工程建设标准研究、标准编制、标准管理等工作，（E-mail）。

Li Hao-yang (1998-), male, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, master, engineer, Standard Quota Research Institute of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development, mainly engaged in research, formulation, and management of engineering construction standards, (E-mail).

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李昊阳（1998-），男，河北石家庄，硕士、工程师，住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所，主要从事工程建设标准研究、标准编制、标准管理等工作，（E-mail）。

Li Hao-yang (1998-), male, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, master, engineer, Standard Quota Research Institute of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development, mainly engaged in research, formulation, and management of engineering construction standards, (E-mail).

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李昊阳（1998-），男，河北石家庄，硕士、工程师，住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所，主要从事工程建设标准研究、标准编制、标准管理等工作，（E-mail）。

Li Hao-yang (1998-), male, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, master, engineer, Standard Quota Research Institute of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development, mainly engaged in research, formulation, and management of engineering construction standards, (E-mail).

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爆破实验教学虚拟仿真教学平台的设计与应用
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李昊阳 1 , 孙强 2 , 易锦 3 , 陈甜甜 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2025,42(2): 202-210
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2025, 42(2): 202-210
爆破实验教学虚拟仿真教学平台的设计与应用
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李昊阳1 , 孙强2 , 易锦3, 陈甜甜2
作者信息
  • 1.住房和城乡建设部　标准定额研究所，北京　100835
  • 2.中国矿业大学（北京）　土木工程实验中心，北京　100083
  • 3.武汉市汉阳市政建设集团有限公司，武汉　430050

    • 李昊阳（1998-），男，河北石家庄，硕士、工程师，住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所，主要从事工程建设标准研究、标准编制、标准管理等工作，（E-mail）。

    Li Hao-yang (1998-), male, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, master, engineer, Standard Quota Research Institute of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development, mainly engaged in research, formulation, and management of engineering construction standards, (E-mail).

通讯作者:

孙强（1962-），男，浙江常山，博士、副教授，土木工程实验中心主任，主要从事实验室管理以及岩土工程方向教学与科研，（E-mail）。
Design and Application of a Virtual Simulation Teaching Platform for Blasting Experiment Teaching
Hao-yang LI1 , Qiang SUN2 , Jin YI3, Tian-tian CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Standard Quota Research Institute of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development, Beijing 100835, China
  • 2.Civil Engineering Experimental Center, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Wuhan Hanyang Municipal Construction Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430050, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.024
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摘要
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《爆破工程》课程是高校城市地下工程、矿山建设工程专业的核心课程，爆破实验教学是实践教学中必不可少的环节。由于爆破工程具有高危险性的特点，传统的爆破工程实验建设难度大，难以在室内进行，给教学带来了不便，因此越来越多的学校依托虚拟仿真平台进行爆破工程实验教学。本文根据爆破工程虚拟仿真的教学思路及需求搭建了爆破实验教学虚拟仿真教学平台：利用Unity3D作为虚拟仿真系统的开发工具，保证虚拟仿真系统具有可在不同平台运行的高兼容性；使用3DS Max建立模型，并用Maya进行细节渲染，提高了模型的真实感；通过云渲染技术解决了加载速度慢、动画不逼真等问题；并且为了更好地体现实际工程中爆破振动波的传播机理，利用ANSYS模拟爆破振动波在不同岩层中的传播，波场云图以快照的形式保存在虚拟仿真系统，开展爆破振动虚拟仿真实验。实践和应用效果显示，虚拟仿真实验平台可实现学生独立地、深度地参与到爆破工程的教学实验中，提高了学生的实验体验和实践创新能力。

爆破工程  /  虚拟仿真  /  数值模拟  /  教学实践  /  平台搭建

Blasting Engineering is a core course in urban underground engineering and mining engineering in universities, and teaching blasting experiments is an indispensable link in practical teaching. As explosive engineering has a characteristic of great danger, the traditional explosive engineering experiment construction is rugged enough to be carried out indoors, which inconveniences teaching. Therefore, more and more schools rely on virtual simulation platforms. According to the teaching idea and demand of explosive engineering virtual simulation, this paper builds a virtual simulation teaching platform for blasting experiment teaching. Unity3D, a development tool for virtual simulation systems, was utilized to ensure high compatibility when running on different platforms. Meanwhile, the 3DS Max and Maya were applied to build and improve a realistic model. Furthermore, problems like slow loading speed and non-realistic animation through the cloud rendering technology were solved. The software ANSYS was used to simulate the propagation mechanism of blasting vibration waves in different rock layers better to reflect the blasting vibration waves in practical engineering. Finally, the wave field cloud map was saved as a snapshot in the virtual simulation system, and virtual simulation experiments of blasting vibration were carried out. The practice and application results show that the virtual simulation experiment platform can enable students to participate in the experiments of explosive engineering independently and deeply and improve students' experimental experience and practical innovation ability.

explosives engineering  /  virtual simulation  /  numerical simulation  /  teaching practice  /  platform construction
李昊阳, 孙强, 易锦, 陈甜甜. 爆破实验教学虚拟仿真教学平台的设计与应用. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 202 -210 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.024
Hao-yang LI, Qiang SUN, Jin YI, Tian-tian CHEN. Design and Application of a Virtual Simulation Teaching Platform for Blasting Experiment Teaching[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 202 -210 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.024
正文
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实验室是高校开展实验教学、科学研究和社会服务的重要基地，同时也是体现学校教学科研水平、展示高校办学实力的重要标志[1]。近年来科研教育的投入越来越大，实验室设备的数量和质量均有较大程度的提升[2]，对实验教学要求更高，爆破教学实验也不例外。但爆破工程实验不同于其他的教学实验，在实验室中进行爆破工程实验会有较高的危险性[3]，同时爆破工程实验室建设难度大、建设要求高，这就使得室内进行爆破工程实验难以实现，所以设计针对爆破工程虚拟仿真教学系统具有现实意义与教学意义[4-7]。现阶段主要的研究有：钟祥华等建立了露天矿台阶爆破虚拟仿真系统，实现线上线下全过程管理，并设计动态仿真、交互嵌入，为学生带来“身临其境”的体验[8]。张飞燕等借助虚拟仿真、多媒体、人机交互、数据库和网络通信等技术，开展了巷道掘进爆破安全虚拟仿真实验教学平台构建研究[9]。袁俊明等为解决无法为本科生开设爆炸实物实验的难题，以小隔板实验为例开展虚拟仿真实验教学等等，上述研究不足的问题是：对于爆破工程的虚拟仿真系统的应用，大多是数值模拟与静态图像模拟相结合，并没有利用虚拟仿真技术实现爆破工程实验的三维可视化[10,11]，仿真精度有待提升，在利用WebGL技术打包后通过浏览器加载访问时间过长。为了解决上述爆破实验教学中的问题，本论文拟采用虚拟仿真技术构建可视化实验平台；利用实时云渲染技术解决访问时间长的问题；针对爆破振动实验，利用ANSYS模拟爆破振动波在不同岩层中的传播云图，高度还原施工作业中爆破振动的全过程，让学生更好地理解所学知识，提高实验体验和实践创新能力[12]。
1　爆破工程虚拟仿真实验教学平台的建设
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为满足学生上课需要，爆破实验虚拟仿真平台需要呈现高保真模拟动画并兼容各类建模软件，同时还应该具有快速渲染的能力，以便保证平台展示的时效性。具体是；平台应能够根据学生不同的实验操作或者不同的探究行为产生反馈，保证实验结果的真实性与可靠性。并且学生实际参与的实验操作步骤须不少于10步；其次，虚拟仿真实验平台建模工具与常用建模软件不兼容，学生搭建的模型无法导入到虚拟仿真平台正常运行，为了呈现更真实的三维可视化成果，高保真动画的加载展示需要功能强大的开发工具、建模工具和渲染技术。再者，爆破工程实验的过程快时间短，这就意味着计算机接到指令后，要在短时间内给出处理结果。但是传统的离线云渲染技术存在处理时间过长的问题，为在有限的课堂时间中尽可能给学生更真实的体验，需要引入实时云渲染技术满足平台行为展示时效性的要求。同时，由于现阶段爆破振动现场测试实验仅能监测地表振动点的数据，而无法对于爆破振动波在不同岩层间的传播情况进行详细观测。可将ANSYS和虚拟仿真实验平台相结合，对爆破振动波在不同岩层中的传播规律开展研究，从而完善爆破振动虚拟仿真实验，实现爆炸振动波在虚拟仿真实验平台的展示。
1.1　开发工具的选择
虚拟仿真实验中包含的像素远远低于游戏像素，因此可将功能强大的游戏开发引擎作为虚拟仿真的开发平台，就目前而言，常见的游戏引擎有：Unity3D、Cry Engine、Rage Engine、Stdio等十几种游戏引擎。而Unity3D兼容性更强，可将满足要求的外部资源进行修改，同时也可以将生成的产品放到不同的平台运行[13]。此外，Unity3D还具有像素高、技术成熟、应用广的特点。如果不运用Unity3D进行建模，可能会出现不同教学平台间的兼容问题，不能实现平台全覆盖，还会因为在研发过程中不能将大项目分割成小环节同步开发而影响开发进程。因此，将Unity3D作为虚拟仿真系统的开发工具，实现对虚拟仿真系统的开发。
1.2　建模工具的选择
1)3DS Max
Autodesk公司开发的3DS Max是现阶段全球适用范围最广的三维建模软件，该软件可以兼容AutoCAD。3DS Maxd强大的动画制作能力，满足虚拟仿真实验的动画制作条件[14]。3DS Max操作简单极易上手且制作的模型具有极大的弹性，在建筑行业的三维建模中有着无法比拟的优越性。
2)Maya
Maya是Autodesk公司开发的另一款虚拟建模软件，具有制作效率高、真实感强等特点。Maya还能满足三维建模中的细节建立，包括表面光泽渲染、运动碰撞检测等。提高用户的沉浸式体验感[15]。
3)Google Sketchupr
Google Sketchup主要用来制作草图，功能强大但是操作烦琐，建立的模型也比较粗糙，真实感较差，不适合作为虚拟仿真开发工具。现在学校教学平台安装的二维建模软件多为AutoCAD，如果没有运用3DS Max和Maya两款软件进行建模，可能会出现学生建立的二维模型无法导入到虚拟仿真平台上的情况。此外，利用其他软件进行三维建模，可能会出现操作难度大，细节建立缺失等情况，给教学带来了困难。
结合上面的分析，本次爆破工程虚拟仿真实验系统主要采用3DS Max和Maya两款软件进行建设。应用3DS Max强大的建模功能建立高保真模型，运用Maya进行细节渲染，进一步提升模型的真实感。为了保证模型的光泽外观与真实物体接近，还需采用Adobe Photoshop制作模型的外观贴图。
1.3　渲染工具的选择
虚拟仿真实验项目通常利用浏览器直接访问，为方便用户进行访问，很多开发者利用WebGL技术将虚拟仿真项目整体打包，造成了访问时间长等问题[16,17]。目前来说，通常采用云渲染的技术手段解决上述问题[18]。
1)离线云渲染
离线云渲染将程序整体放到云端服务器中，根据用户的指令在云端完成操作，指令结束后用户可自行下载查看渲染结果。离线云渲染技术主要用来保证高画质，每一帧处理时间都很长，因此多用于电影行业[19]。
2)实时云渲染
实时云渲染的基础是云计算和网络串流技术[20]，其技术特点是实时性与互动性。实时云渲染将程序整体放到云端服务器中，根据用户的指令在云端操作，并将渲染结果以数据流的形式通过网络实时传输给用户，用户可自行解码显示[21]。实时云渲染实现了现实世界与虚拟世界的虚实交互，满足虚拟仿真实验的建设要求。
结合上面的分析，离线云渲染技术的处理时间长，与学生实验课时间有限的条件冲突。且实时云渲染具有时间短、实时性与虚实交互的技术特点，很好的契合了工程爆破实验课的要求。如果不采用实时云渲染技术，会造成图像处理时间过长的问题，严重影响上课进度。所以本次爆破工程虚拟仿真实验系统采用实时云渲染技术。
总之，为优化学生上课体验，决定使用Unity3D作为开发平台，Unity3D的强大性能可以满足教学实验的交互性；利用3DS Max和Maya避免建模软件间的非兼容性问题；应用实时云渲染技术解决平台展示时效性的问题。
模型建立的完整过程如图1所示。
2　爆破实验教学虚拟仿真实验教学平台的功能
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爆破工程虚拟仿真实验平台涵盖了从实验方案设计、实验设备安装、炸药爆炸动画展示、爆破实验结果展示和实验数据处理分析及爆炸性能评定的全过程。该实验系统最大的特点是高真实度地再现了实验场景，让学生可有身临其境之感。在交互式实验操作过程中，学生通过操作鼠标，真实模拟爆破工程实验的全过程。通过虚拟仿真实验，学生能够充分体会结构实验各个环节在整个实验中所起的重要作用，完成从理论认知到创新应用的质变。
2.1　实验主要步骤及说明
爆破实验教学虚拟仿真实验的整个实验过程如图2所示。
如上图所示，爆破工程虚拟仿真实验的过程为：(1)选择实验内容→(2)实验前准备→(3)人机交互操作和演示→(4)通过动画观察实验现象→(5)读取实验结果→(6)撰写实验报告→(7)实验结束。其中，人机交互操作和动画观察部分是虚拟仿真实验的核心，能够根据学生不同的实验操作或者不同的探究行为产生反馈。为保证实验结果的真实性与可靠性，学生实际参与的交互性实验操作步骤不少于10步。实验过程中系统会把需要操作的仪器用蓝色实线圈出，引导学生进行正确的操作。操作正确会有高仿真动画展示，屏幕的左下角会有相应的文字说明，辅助学生更好的理解每一操作步骤，获得沉浸式体验。
2.2　实体及成绩评定
完成虚拟仿真实验后进行实体实验，学生对实测数据进行分析计算，评定炸药爆炸破坏性能，完成并上传实验报告。爆破工程虚拟仿真实验的最终成绩组成及考核标准。教师根据学生的实验出勤、课堂测试、虚拟仿真实验、实体实验及提交的实验报告进行综合评分。
3　爆破实验教学虚拟仿真教学平台的应用
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爆破实验教学相关实验一共包括两个方面，一方面是在实验室可以进行的实验器材实验，主要研究爆炸的作用机理与爆炸物的基本性质；另一方面为与现场紧密结合的实验。
3.1　爆速测定实验
爆破工程虚拟仿真实验系统已搭载的爆破器材实验包括爆速测定实验、炸药猛度实验、爆破网路实验，下面以爆速测定实验为例，对于虚拟仿真技术在爆破器材实验中的应用进行详细论述。
3.1.1　爆速测定实验虚拟仿真实验框架
爆速测定虚拟仿真实验整体操作框架如图3所示。
虚拟仿真爆速实验由教师操作和学生操作两部分组成：学生负责上机模拟实验，教师负责课堂给予指导及课后检查操作记录、批阅实验报告。图中为体现人机交互性，将爆速测定实验的关键交互过程在右上部分体现，主要为实验参数的设定，具体仪器的连接过程。如图4所示，在实验准备阶段，系统会用蓝色线圈指引学生进行正确操作，辅助学生更好的完成实验。本实验平台新增设正式实验前的安全检查步骤，更真实地还原线下实验的过程，提升了学生的实验安全意识。
3.1.2　爆速测定实验虚拟仿真模型
爆速测定实验的虚拟仿真模型如图5所示。
3.1.3　爆速测定虚拟仿真实验结果
学生利用计算机进行爆速测定实验，爆速测定实验过程如图6所示，爆速测定实验结果如图7所示。
3.2　爆破振动虚拟仿真实验
爆破振动虚拟仿真实验是与现场紧密结合的实验，该实验有助于学生对炸药爆破在实际工程的应用有更为深入的了解。
现阶段针对于爆破振动虚拟仿真实验的研究只是单纯的满足了过程再现，与有限元软件结合也仅仅实现了对地表监测点的爆破数据进行模拟监测。不同岩层间的爆破振动的传播图像一直处于缺失状态，无法展示爆破振动波沿各个岩层间的传播，一直无法展示爆破振动波的传播机理。本实验借鉴武汉理工大学资源与环境工程学院运用数值模拟方法模拟炸药爆破作用，并通过动画模拟爆破对象的破坏过程，达到爆破过程再现的演示功能的研究[22]，在爆破振动虚拟仿真实验中通过对爆破振动波的数值模拟，得到了爆破振动波在不同岩层中的传播云图，将这些传播云图以波场快照的形式将其记录下来，保存在虚拟仿真系统的仿真层中，通过设定不同的爆破地质条件和不同的爆破施工方案，调取相对应的波长快照图，完成实验。
3.2.1　爆破振动虚拟仿真实验框架
爆破振动虚拟仿真实验整体操作框架如图8所示。
如图8所示，虚拟仿真爆速实验同爆速测定一样，由教师操作和学生操作两部分组成。针对现场实验的需求，对爆破场景及参数进行了更改，以便更好的模拟现场实验环境。
3.2.2　爆破振动虚拟仿真实验结果
实例：隧道正穿七层框架结构楼房，埋深16 m，从上到下土层结构为素填土(3 m)、强风化岩石(5 m)、微风化岩石(12 m)。采用2号岩石炸药，掏槽眼单段最大炸药量8 kg，采用光面爆破。爆破施工方案如图9所示。
当爆炸发生时产生的能量，一部分被用于促使炮眼周围的岩体破碎，另一部分则以波的形式向外扩散。在爆炸近区，能量波处于应力波状态，爆炸发生以后应力波以爆源为中心向外传播。当时间处于0.0004~0.00145 s时，地震波在微风化岩石中传播，由于比较接近爆炸近区，一部分能量波还处于应力波状态，随着时间的推进，爆破地震波的衰减逐渐减弱。0.0016 s时，爆破地震波已经完全进入强风化岩石地层，以层理状慢慢向上进行传播。0.0021 s时，爆破地震波已经进入素填土层且几乎没有衰减。0.0025 s时，爆破地震波达到地面，爆破地震波达到地面以后会被反射回来，反射回来的爆破地震波发生大规模衰减，然后一层层向下进行反射。爆破地震波在不同岩层的应力云图如图10所示。
利用爆破振动虚拟仿真实验输出结果如图11所示。
4　结语
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从虚拟仿真教学需求出发，利用Unity3D、3DS Max和Maya等工具，依据课程要求对爆破实验教学的虚拟仿真实验教学平台进行了建设，实现了对整个爆破流程高保真的再现，采用第一视角的主场景方式，为学生带来现场体验；利用实时云渲染技术解决了渲染图像模型时间过长的问题；针对现阶段爆破振动虚拟仿真实验仅能反映爆破振动监测点的爆破振动速度的情况，利用ANSYS模拟爆破地震波在不同岩层中的传播云图，使学生在实验中学习了解爆破振动波在不同岩层间的传播特征。
虚拟仿真实验教学平台的建设不仅要考虑高保真性，还要考虑流畅性，高保真性和流畅性一起为学生带来沉浸式体验。虚拟仿真实验教学平台使用室内计算机操作代替传统的爆破工程实验室实验，确保爆破工程实验课的师生安全，也让学生快速掌握课堂内容，提高学习兴趣和积极性。搭建的虚拟仿真教学平台可为高校虚拟仿真实验室建设提供新的思路。
基金
收起
  • 中国矿业大学（北京）改善本科实践教学条件建设项目(R2000037; R2000038)
文献
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2025年第42卷第2期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.024
  • 接收时间：2024-01-14
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2025-06-01
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2024-01-14
基金
China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing) Improvement of Undergraduate Practical Teaching Conditions Construction Project(R2000037; R2000038)
中国矿业大学（北京）改善本科实践教学条件建设项目(R2000037; R2000038)
作者信息
    1.住房和城乡建设部　标准定额研究所，北京　100835
    2.中国矿业大学（北京）　土木工程实验中心，北京　100083
    3.武汉市汉阳市政建设集团有限公司，武汉　430050

通讯作者:

孙强（1962-），男，浙江常山，博士、副教授，土木工程实验中心主任，主要从事实验室管理以及岩土工程方向教学与科研，（E-mail）。
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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