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Article(id=1241421939030421945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720454400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907654769, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907654769, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907654769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907654769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=97, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421939470823887, articleId=1241421939030421945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Burn Cut Blasting Technology Combining Long and Short Holes for Small-section Tunnels, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance excavation speed in small-section tunnels and address the limitations of oblique and burn cut blasting techniques, a new burn cut blasting method combining long and short straight holes is proposed based on rock blasting theory, stress wave rock breaking theory, and sacrificial blasting theory. This method improves the burn cut blasting approach with equal resistance lines, eliminating the need for empty holes. The blasting parameters and cavity formation process are discussed in detail. Through field tests and the use of different detonators and cutting layouts, the performance of various cutting methods was evaluated in terms of blasting advance, powder factor, and over-excavation and under-excavation. The results show that the proposed burn cut blasting method is not constrained by tunnel cross-sectional area, allowing for independent hole depth design and optimal delay intervals to achieve staged and layered blasting. This technique enhances the role of free surfaces in the cutting process, reducing the minimal resistance line in deep holes. The resulted cavity is a regular rectangular shape, increasing blast hole utilization from 78.5% to 89.3%. Field tests show that, in small-section tunnel blasting, this method increases the advance from 1.6~2.2 m to 2.2~2.5 m compared to traditional inclined-hole cut blasting. Over-excavation was further reduced by 20%~30% when the displacement of surrounding holes remained within 10cm. The proposed cutting method effectively controls costs, improves operational efficiency, and offers both technical and economic advantages with improved blasting outcomes.

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GAO Yu-fan (1993-), male, born in Xianyang, Shaanxi, Ph. D, mainly engaged in research on tunnelling, underground engineering and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .
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为了提高小断面隧洞掘进速度，克服斜眼掏槽和直眼掏槽的不足，根据岩石爆破理论、应力波破岩理论和殉爆理论，对井巷无空孔渐进等抵抗线平行掏槽方法进行完善改进，提出了一种长短直眼组合掏槽方式，对该方法的参数设计、槽腔形成过程进行了详细的分析介绍。结合现场试验，通过使用不同雷管和掏槽孔布置方式，从爆破进尺、炸药单耗和超欠挖量等几个角度分析了不同掏槽方式爆破效果的优劣。结果表明：长短直眼组合掏槽不受断面面积限制，可自行设计孔深，并采用合理的延时间隔，以实现分层分次爆破；长直眼与短直眼互相配合，增强了自由面在掏槽过程中的作用，减少了深孔最小抵抗线的距离；长短直眼组合掏槽的槽腔形状为规则的长方体，炮孔利用率由78.5%增加到89.3%。现场试验表明：在小断面隧洞爆破掘进中，长短直眼组合掏槽方式相较于传统的斜眼掏槽，爆破进尺由1.6~2.2 m可提升2.2~2.5 m；超挖量受到周边孔内移量和掏槽形式的综合作用，在内移10 cm以内的情况下，长短直眼组合掏槽爆破可额外减少超挖20%~30%。该方法可有效控制成本，提高工效，具有良好的爆破效果和技术经济效益。

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高宇璠（1993-），男，陕西咸阳人，讲师、博士，主要从事隧道与地下工程、爆破工程领域的研究，（E-mail）。
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王磊（1986-），男，陕西汉中人，本科、高级工程师，主要从事铁路、水利建设和管理工作，（E-mail）。

WANG Lei (1986-), male, born in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, bachelor degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in railway, water conservancy construction and management work, (E-mail) .

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王磊（1986-），男，陕西汉中人，本科、高级工程师，主要从事铁路、水利建设和管理工作，（E-mail）。

WANG Lei (1986-), male, born in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, bachelor degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in railway, water conservancy construction and management work, (E-mail) .

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王磊（1986-），男，陕西汉中人，本科、高级工程师，主要从事铁路、水利建设和管理工作，（E-mail）。

WANG Lei (1986-), male, born in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, bachelor degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in railway, water conservancy construction and management work, (E-mail) .

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ArticleFig(id=1241439662913409498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design parameters for oblique cut blasting 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称孔深/ cm孔距/ cm孔数/个单孔药量/g起爆时间/ms
掏槽孔28030818000
辅助孔12607081500100
辅助孔226070101200200
底板孔2607661200400
周边孔2605017900600
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663043432932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

斜眼掏槽1爆破设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称孔深/ cm孔距/ cm孔数/个单孔药量/g起爆时间/ms
掏槽孔28030818000
辅助孔12607081500100
辅助孔226070101200200
底板孔2607661200400
周边孔2605017900600
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663198622184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design parameters for oblique cut blasting 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称孔深/ cm孔距/ cm孔数/个单孔药量/g起爆时间/ms
掏槽孔28045618000
辅助孔12707081500100
辅助孔226070101500200
底板孔2607661500400
周边孔2605017900600
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663299285484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

斜眼掏槽2爆破设计参数

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炮孔名称孔深/ cm孔距/ cm孔数/个单孔药量/g起爆时间/ms
掏槽孔28045618000
辅助孔12707081500100
辅助孔226070101500200
底板孔2607661500400
周边孔2605017900600
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663425114609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design parameters for oblique cut blasting 3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称孔深/ cm孔距/ cm孔数/个单孔药量/g起爆时间/ms
掏槽孔28030821000
辅助孔12707071800100
辅助孔22707071800200
底板孔260120，14041800400
周边孔26055，6015900600
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663521583608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

斜眼掏槽3爆破设计参数

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炮孔名称孔深/ cm孔距/ cm孔数/个单孔药量/g起爆时间/ms
掏槽孔28030821000
辅助孔12707071800100
辅助孔22707071800200
底板孔260120，14041800400
周边孔26055，6015900600
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663689355776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Design parameters for combined long and short hole excavation blasting

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炮孔名称孔深/ cm孔距/ cm孔数/个单孔药量/g起爆时间/ms
掏槽浅孔180140512000
掏槽深孔28018051500100
边崩落孔12705081500200
边崩落孔22705061500400
上崩落孔2705061500600
底板孔270120，14041500800
周边孔27055，60159001000
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663802601991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

长短孔组合掏槽爆破设计参数

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炮孔名称孔深/ cm孔距/ cm孔数/个单孔药量/g起爆时间/ms
掏槽浅孔180140512000
掏槽深孔28018051500100
边崩落孔12705081500200
边崩落孔22705061500400
上崩落孔2705061500600
底板孔270120，14041500800
周边孔27055，60159001000
), ArticleFig(id=1241439664003928586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Summary of actual parameters and effects of blasting tests

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试验试验场次炸药单耗/ (kg·m－3)进尺/m超挖/ cm欠挖/ cm
斜眼掏槽112.311.8305
22.351.8276
32.431.9203
42.591.8155
52.652.01010
斜眼掏槽212.521.6288
22.681.7180
32.551.8205
42.761.9149
52.871.8107
斜眼掏槽312.451.8255
22.552.1206
32.601.9150
42.682.0123
52.752.250
长短孔组合掏槽12.362.2206
22.402.2152
32.462.3130
42.512.588
52.552.480
), ArticleFig(id=1241439664117174798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421939030421945, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

爆破试验实际参数及效果总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验试验场次炸药单耗/ (kg·m－3)进尺/m超挖/ cm欠挖/ cm
斜眼掏槽112.311.8305
22.351.8276
32.431.9203
42.591.8155
52.652.01010
斜眼掏槽212.521.6288
22.681.7180
32.551.8205
42.761.9149
52.871.8107
斜眼掏槽312.451.8255
22.552.1206
32.601.9150
42.682.0123
52.752.250
长短孔组合掏槽12.362.2206
22.402.2152
32.462.3130
42.512.588
52.552.480
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小断面隧洞长短直眼组合掏槽爆破技术研究
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王磊 1 , 高宇璠 2 , 傅洪贤 3 , 穆垣宏 1 , 刘研 1 , 左春元 1 , 李庆京 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(2): 97-104
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(2): 97-104
小断面隧洞长短直眼组合掏槽爆破技术研究
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王磊1 , 高宇璠2 , 傅洪贤3, 穆垣宏1, 刘研1, 左春元1, 李庆京1
作者信息
  • 1.中铁三局集团　第五工程有限公司，晋中　030600
  • 2.南华大学　土木工程学院，衡阳　421001
  • 3.北京交通大学　土木建筑工程学院，北京　100044

    • 王磊（1986-），男，陕西汉中人，本科、高级工程师，主要从事铁路、水利建设和管理工作，（E-mail）。

    WANG Lei (1986-), male, born in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, bachelor degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in railway, water conservancy construction and management work, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

高宇璠（1993-），男，陕西咸阳人，讲师、博士，主要从事隧道与地下工程、爆破工程领域的研究，（E-mail）。
Research on Burn Cut Blasting Technology Combining Long and Short Holes for Small-section Tunnels
Lei WANG1 , Yu-fan GAO2 , Hong-xian FU3, Yuan-hong MU1, Yan LIU1, Chun-yuan ZUO1, Qing-jing LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Railway Third Bureau Group No.5 Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030600, China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.012
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摘要
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为了提高小断面隧洞掘进速度，克服斜眼掏槽和直眼掏槽的不足，根据岩石爆破理论、应力波破岩理论和殉爆理论，对井巷无空孔渐进等抵抗线平行掏槽方法进行完善改进，提出了一种长短直眼组合掏槽方式，对该方法的参数设计、槽腔形成过程进行了详细的分析介绍。结合现场试验，通过使用不同雷管和掏槽孔布置方式，从爆破进尺、炸药单耗和超欠挖量等几个角度分析了不同掏槽方式爆破效果的优劣。结果表明：长短直眼组合掏槽不受断面面积限制，可自行设计孔深，并采用合理的延时间隔，以实现分层分次爆破；长直眼与短直眼互相配合，增强了自由面在掏槽过程中的作用，减少了深孔最小抵抗线的距离；长短直眼组合掏槽的槽腔形状为规则的长方体，炮孔利用率由78.5%增加到89.3%。现场试验表明：在小断面隧洞爆破掘进中，长短直眼组合掏槽方式相较于传统的斜眼掏槽，爆破进尺由1.6~2.2 m可提升2.2~2.5 m；超挖量受到周边孔内移量和掏槽形式的综合作用，在内移10 cm以内的情况下，长短直眼组合掏槽爆破可额外减少超挖20%~30%。该方法可有效控制成本，提高工效，具有良好的爆破效果和技术经济效益。

隧洞爆破工程  /  现场试验  /  小断面  /  长短直眼  /  掏槽爆破

To enhance excavation speed in small-section tunnels and address the limitations of oblique and burn cut blasting techniques, a new burn cut blasting method combining long and short straight holes is proposed based on rock blasting theory, stress wave rock breaking theory, and sacrificial blasting theory. This method improves the burn cut blasting approach with equal resistance lines, eliminating the need for empty holes. The blasting parameters and cavity formation process are discussed in detail. Through field tests and the use of different detonators and cutting layouts, the performance of various cutting methods was evaluated in terms of blasting advance, powder factor, and over-excavation and under-excavation. The results show that the proposed burn cut blasting method is not constrained by tunnel cross-sectional area, allowing for independent hole depth design and optimal delay intervals to achieve staged and layered blasting. This technique enhances the role of free surfaces in the cutting process, reducing the minimal resistance line in deep holes. The resulted cavity is a regular rectangular shape, increasing blast hole utilization from 78.5% to 89.3%. Field tests show that, in small-section tunnel blasting, this method increases the advance from 1.6~2.2 m to 2.2~2.5 m compared to traditional inclined-hole cut blasting. Over-excavation was further reduced by 20%~30% when the displacement of surrounding holes remained within 10cm. The proposed cutting method effectively controls costs, improves operational efficiency, and offers both technical and economic advantages with improved blasting outcomes.

tunnel blasting engineering  /  field test  /  small-section tunnel  /  long and short straight holes  /  cut blasting
王磊, 高宇璠, 傅洪贤, 穆垣宏, 刘研, 左春元, 李庆京. 小断面隧洞长短直眼组合掏槽爆破技术研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 97 -104 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.012
Lei WANG, Yu-fan GAO, Hong-xian FU, Yuan-hong MU, Yan LIU, Chun-yuan ZUO, Qing-jing LI. Research on Burn Cut Blasting Technology Combining Long and Short Holes for Small-section Tunnels[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 97 -104 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.012
正文
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钻爆法对工程地质条件的适应性较强且成本相对低，被广泛运用于煤矿竖井、隧道开挖和地下车站等建设项目[1－3]。近年来，随着我国国民经济快速发展，隧洞开挖面临的问题也越来越多，例如开挖安全、快速施工以及如何降低喷射混凝土消耗量等问题。其中，小断面隧洞的掏槽爆破在整个爆破过程中起到形成槽腔，为后续炮孔爆破创造自由面，同时为岩石破碎提供补偿空间的作用，是整个爆破的关键步骤，其破岩成腔质量将直接影响到后续炮孔的爆破效果[4]。
常见的掏槽方式可分为直眼掏槽、斜眼掏槽和组合掏槽[5,6]。斜眼掏槽易产生有效自由面，岩石抛掷效果好，但由于存在夹角，在小断面隧道施工时，炮孔倾斜角度和深度会受到断面宽度的限制，进而制约了爆破进尺[7]。直眼掏槽的炮孔深度不受断面宽度限制，但由于掏槽起爆时只有一个自由面，四周岩石的夹制力很大，相较其余炮孔受到的夹制作用最为明显，且这种作用随隧道埋深的增加而增加，容易导致爆破槽腔较小，炸药单耗大，地质条件较差时容易造成挂口、岩石破碎不完全的现象。因此，研究合理的掏槽方式和掏槽参数，使岩石完全破碎并抛出，从而获得较高的炮孔利用率，对于指导小断面隧洞安全快速的爆破施工有重要意义。
近几十年来，针对上述问题，许多学者提出了掏槽爆破的改进方法。张天锡等人提出了一种专门针对小断面隧道的深度渐增的直眼掏槽方法[8]。单仁亮等人结合直眼掏槽和斜眼掏槽的优点提出了准直眼掏槽方式[9]，该方法简单易行，掏槽效率高，实用性较强。李刚等人采用准直眼掏槽方式进行中深孔爆破[10]，并结合钻装机组提出了硬岩巷道快速掘进技术，有效缩减了工序时间。王雁冰等人研究了掏槽孔超深与炮孔利用率对掘进的影响[11]，发现当超深深度为400 mm时，炸药爆破能量利用率最高。龚敏等人研究了岩巷掘进中各爆破参数对掘进速度的影响程度[12]，发现掏槽中心孔爆破是影响硬岩掘进速度的关键因素。张召冉等人以大直径空孔直眼掏槽为例[13,14]，提出了掏槽爆破参数的设计方法，在此基础上推导了爆生裂纹长度和空孔处片裂区长度的计算公式，并结合工程实践验证了可靠性。张宪堂等人通过模型试验和数值模拟方法[15]，研究了高围压条件下空孔直径对直眼掏槽爆破效果的影响。倪昊等人针对竖井爆破施工的受限问题[16]，提出了二氧化碳“二阶二段”筒形掏槽爆破技术，并与直眼掏槽爆破效果进行了对比。满轲等人在相同条件下分别进行了直眼掏槽、单楔形掏槽、双楔形掏槽的光面爆破试验，从硐室成型、岩石破碎和爆生振动几个角度分析了不同掏槽类型的优劣[17]。
上述关于掏槽爆破方法改进的研究多是建立在煤矿岩巷爆破开挖的基础上，同样的方法可以延伸至普通的小断面隧道或输水隧洞建设当中，但仍然存在孔底岩石抛掷困难，单循环进尺小，工作效率不能满足要求的问题[18]。此外，随着数码电子雷管的兴起以及普及，其延时精准和延时时间可以根据需要设置的特点使多段别微差爆破得以实现，这在一定程度上减小了掏槽爆破的振动危害，缓解了小断面隧洞深孔掏槽效率问题，为实现小断面隧洞较大进尺快速爆破施工提供了基础[19,20]。
小断面隧道爆破进尺小、超挖大，是共性问题。为了解决这个难题，在总结前人研究成果的基础上，对井巷无空孔渐进等抵抗线平行掏槽方法进行完善和改进，提出了一种长短直眼组合掏槽方法。该方法克服传统掏槽方法炮眼利用率低，井巷无空孔渐进等抵抗线平行掏槽方法各炮眼深度不同难于操作的缺点。研究成果已在滇中引水二期小断面隧洞爆破中使用，具有较好的参考价值和工程实用价值。
1　长短眼组合掏槽
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1.1　长短眼组合掏槽技术原理
该方法在继承直眼掏槽优点的基础上，增强了对岩石夹制作用的处理。通过长短眼把掏槽区岩石分为深浅两个部分，采用合理的延时间隔和孔间距，浅孔先爆，为深孔爆破提供更加良好的掏槽环境。长短眼组合掏槽的示意图见图1。
图1(a)中1~5号孔为浅孔，6~10号孔为深孔，一短一长搭配，共分为5组，所有掏槽孔均为孔底连续装药且平行垂直于掌子面。横向孔间距为a，竖向孔间距为b，每组深浅孔的间距为c。其中，b的大小应满足相邻两孔中的炸药不发生殉爆。浅孔深度应尽量接近最佳埋深，使爆破时岩石处于破碎冲击状态，形成体积最大的爆破漏斗，为深孔爆破提供更大的自由面，新自由面能减少岩石的抗爆能力和最小抵抗线，避免了深孔直眼掏槽爆破后残孔过长，孔底岩石难以抛出的问题。深孔设计时需预留足够的孔内空间，即下半部分装药，上半部分为空孔，为浅孔爆破提供碎胀和补偿空间。每组长短眼掏槽的爆破过程如图1(b)所示，首先1~5号孔起爆，6~10号孔的上部相当于5个空孔；1~5号孔起爆后，使周围岩体破碎抛出，形成新自由面，为6~10号孔的起爆提供更有利的条件，同时在孔底余留部分已破裂但未抛出的岩体；6~10号孔爆破主要起到增加爆破进尺和扩展槽腔体积的作用，爆破能量会优先向距离自由面最近的方向传递，将1~5号孔的孔底残余岩体破碎抛出，使各孔的爆破漏斗连接形成规则的槽腔。
长短眼组合掏槽的破岩能力如图2所示：OA表示岩石的抗爆能力，O1A1表示浅孔爆破后岩石的抗爆能力。BC表示炸药的破岩能力。图2(a)中BC位于OA上方时表示可以有效破碎岩石并抛掷，OA位于BC上方时表示岩石处于弹性变形状态：当炸药距离自由面较远，爆炸产生的能量仅能使岩石弹性变形，当爆炸载荷卸载后，岩石会释放储存的弹性势能恢复到原有状态，不会发生破坏。图2(b)中假设浅孔爆破时BC完全位于OA上方，则会产生新的抗爆曲线O1A1，后续深孔爆破时BC会位于新的抗爆曲线O1A1上方，即可以有效破碎岩石并抛掷形成更大的槽腔。
1.2　长短眼组合掏槽设计参数
炸药在深孔中起爆产生的岩体破坏可以分为两部分。一是邻近自由面时，最小抵抗线W小于临界最小抵抗线WC，岩体受到拉伸破坏并抛出，形成爆破漏斗；二是距离自由面较远时，应力波衰减导致自由面附近的岩体难以破碎，爆炸能沿药卷径向形成爆腔和各类破坏区。
(1)岩体内部破坏
对于单个药包而言，爆炸的作用区间可分为粉碎区、裂隙区和震动区，其中粉碎区岩体主要受压缩破坏，裂隙区岩体主要受拉伸和剪切破坏。基于岩石爆破破坏准则，不耦合装药情况下柱状炸药周围的爆炸粉碎区和裂隙区的半径理论公式为[21]
式中：R1、R2分别为粉碎区和裂隙区半径；α和β为荷载衰减指数；ρ0为炸药密度；De为炸药爆速；rb为炮孔半径；μd为动泊松比，可取为静态泊松比的0.8倍；B为侧向应力系数；K为不耦合系数；n为爆轰产物压力增大系数；le为装药轴向不耦合系数；γ为爆轰产物膨胀绝热系数；σcd和σtd为岩体动态单轴抗压和抗拉强度；σR为粉碎区与裂隙区分界面上的径向应力。
为使各组炮孔间的裂隙顺利贯通，同时保证组内长短孔爆破不互相影响，则炮孔间隔应满足R2≤a≤2R2，R1<b，R2≤c≤2R2。
(2)自由面附近的破坏
炸药在岩体中爆炸时传给岩石的能量和速度取决于岩石性质、炸药性能和药卷几何参数等因素。根据Livingston的爆破漏斗理论，当炸药距自由面较近时，炸药起爆会在岩体中形成爆破漏斗，存在一个最佳埋深值WZ使形成的爆破漏斗体积最大，如图3所示[22]。漏斗体积随着相对埋深增加呈先增后减的趋势。其中，相对埋深指实际埋深与临界最小抵抗线的比值。
对于柱状炸药而言，埋深与炸药量以及岩石性质的关系为
式中：ER为岩石变形能系数，可通过临界深度试验测得；Q为炸药量；ΔI为最佳深度比，与岩石种类和性质相关，对于大多数岩石，最佳深度比ΔI＝0.45~0.55，其中脆性岩石偏小，塑性岩石偏大。
短孔炸药的埋深和装药量应该满足最佳深度比要求，以形成能给长孔爆破提供最大自由面的标准爆破漏斗。标准抛掷爆破单位体积用药量K与最佳深度比ΔI的关系如下式所示
(3)殉爆距离
殉爆是指被发炸药在主发炸药爆炸产生的冲击波、爆炸气流和高速飞散物的作用下，内部温度升高，最先受到冲击的部位快速发生反应，进而产生稳定爆轰的现象。国内外学者通过一系列的殉爆试验，得出了各种炸药殉爆距离与装药量、炸药威力、爆速、炮眼直径等参数的关系式[23]，但这些公式都是建立在空气介质或单炮孔分段装药条件下的，不适用于炸药分别在两个紧邻孔内的情况。
对于不耦合装药，当径向不耦合系数较小时，在工程允许的误差范围内，可将爆炸性气体的膨胀视为等熵膨胀，则爆轰产物碰撞到炮孔壁时，炮孔壁上的爆炸峰值压力可用下式计算[24]
式中：PH为炮孔壁峰值压力；ρ0为炸药初始密度；D为炸药爆轰速度；γ为等熵指数，通常取为3；dc、db分别为药卷直径和炮孔直径；ls为轴向不耦合装药系数；n为增压比，与径向不耦合系数呈高度线性关系，对于乳化炸药，n＝5.38db/dc－5.31。
根据上述研究，当短孔炸药的爆炸冲击波通过岩体介质传播至长孔炸药时，冲击波峰值压力应为
式中：r为每组长短孔的间距；rb为炮孔半径；a为压力衰减指数，在冲击波作用区a＝2＋μ/(1－μ)，在应力波作用区a＝2－μ/(1－μ)。
根据爆炸冲击波压力殉爆理论，当Pr大于等于炸药临界起爆压力时，长孔中的炸药将会被引爆。对于1#岩石乳化炸药而言，通过悬吊法测得的无约束条件下的殉爆距离为4 cm，炸药的临界起爆压力可按照无约束条件下殉爆距离处的冲击波压力进行计算[25,26]
式中：Pf为冲击波阵面的峰值压力；P0为标准大气压，约为0.1 MPa；ΔPf为空气冲击波峰值超压；A1、A2和A3都是常数，可通过试验测得。
当炸药距离较近时，装药形状对超压的影响很大，上述公式是在球形装药试验中总结出来的，对于柱状炸药，相同比例距离下的超压值应增大约1.7倍[26]。
1.3　长短眼组合掏槽爆破工程
基于上述理论，设计浅孔长度1.8 m，深孔长度2.8 m。防止相邻炮孔之间产生殉爆，深浅孔相距10 cm。0 ms时5个一段掏槽浅孔同时起爆，爆破后岩石产生裂隙所需的时间为1~2 ms，脱离母岩一般所需时间在8~68 ms。为确保浅孔爆出的岩石完全抛出，并为深孔爆破创造良好的临空面和足够的补偿空间，第二段深孔的起爆时间设为100 ms。
200 ms时掏槽深孔破碎的岩石已经完全被抛出形成深度约2.7~2.8 m的槽腔，此时起爆8个三段扩槽孔，进一步扩大槽腔体积；400 ms时扩槽孔内部岩石被抛出，起爆6个四段边崩落孔；600 ms时掌子面下部岩石基本全部破碎抛出，起爆上方6个崩落孔，至此掌子面轮廓线以内的岩体处理完毕；800 ms时同时起爆4个底板孔，破碎底部残余岩体；1000 ms时降低单孔装药量同时起爆15个周边眼，形成比较光滑的轮廓面，爆破进尺可以从1.6~2.0 m增加到达到2.5 m以上。
2　现场试验
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2.1　工程概况
以滇中引水二期工程红河施工段绿荫塘隧洞为工程背景。隧洞全长2029 m，其中Ⅳ类围岩1317.85 m，Ⅴ类围岩452.55 m，Ⅲ类围岩258.6 m，存在断层，开挖施工难度较大。隧洞采用圆拱直墙形断面，隧洞断面尺寸3.8 m×3.2 m，铺设方式采用洞内埋管，洞内施工受空间局限性较大。
采用钻爆法的方式进行开挖，主洞开挖采用移动式操作平台，YT28风钻钻孔，人工装药爆破，扒渣机装渣至电动自卸汽车，运至弃渣场堆放；Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级围岩采用全断面法开挖，Ⅴ级围岩、洞口及浅埋段采用微台阶法开挖，以机械开挖为主，辅以弱爆破。
2.2　爆破试验
在Ⅲ类围岩段共进行12次爆破测试，为了探索不同掏槽方式的破岩效果差异，基于钻孔设备和工人情况，分别采用三种斜眼掏槽和长短孔组合掏槽，炮孔布置如图4所示。试验均采用电子雷管和不耦合连续装药方式，孔径42 mm，药卷直径32 mm，爆破实际参数见表1~表4。
其中，斜眼掏槽1和斜眼掏槽2为传统楔形掏槽，炮孔布置形式类似，掏槽孔的数量和竖向间距，以及各类炮孔的单孔药量略有不同。斜眼掏槽3考虑了传统方法掏槽区岩体破碎抛掷困难、爆堆块度较大的问题，在掏槽区中间增设两个2.5 m深的空孔来辅助掏槽。斜眼掏槽3和长短孔组合掏槽靠近底角的4个周边孔间距为60 cm，其余周边孔间距为55 cm。三种斜眼掏槽的电子雷管起爆时间皆为0 ms、100 ms、200 ms、400 ms、600 ms。长短眼组合掏槽的起爆时间共分为7段，总爆炸时间延长400 ms。每种爆破试验都采集了5次数据，炸药皆选用1号岩石乳化炸药，掏槽孔深度2.8 m，总炮孔数量分别为49个、43个、43个和49个，总装药量分别为60.9 kg、62.1 kg、62.7 kg和63 kg。
3　试验结果分析
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爆破试验的部分现场钻孔情况和爆破效果如图5所示，其中(b)为额外进行的槽腔成型试验，长短眼组合掏槽的槽腔形状为较规则的长方体，槽腔深度可达2.45 m。对试验数据进行统计分析，总计20场爆破试验的各类数据范围分别为：隧道爆破开挖断面面积11.7~12.58 m2，循环进尺1.6~2.5 m，爆破石方21.22~26.69 m3，单位体积岩体炸药消耗2.29~2.75 kg/m3，超挖深度5~30 cm，欠挖长度0~10 cm。
具体每次试验对应的爆破效果总结如表5所示。可以发现，斜眼掏槽方案的爆破进尺通常不大于2 m，而使用长短孔组合掏槽时，爆破进尺都在2 m以上，最大可达到2.5 m，炸药单耗也相对较低，可以满足工程降耗高效掘进的需求。
超挖控制方面主要考虑掏槽形式和周边孔位置的影响。在周边孔间距和角度不变的情况下，试验场次1~5的周边孔依次从隧道外轮廓线内移了0 cm、3 cm、5 cm、8 cm和10 cm。从表5数据可以看出，欠挖量无明显规律，但超挖量呈显著的下降趋势。当内移距离超过5 cm后，超挖量减少值可达10~20 cm；内移10 cm后，超挖量平均约减少64%。因此，当围岩较软弱破碎时，周边眼开孔位置可以选择从隧道轮廓线向内移动5~10 cm，以减小超挖量。
另外，四种掏槽形式的爆破超挖量也各有差异。斜眼掏槽1超挖量10~30 cm，斜眼掏槽2超挖量10~28 cm，斜眼掏槽3超挖量5~25 cm，长短孔组合掏槽超挖量8~20 cm。可以发现，斜眼掏槽3和长短孔组合掏槽的超挖量相对较低，这两种掏槽方法在起爆时存在应力集中和初始自由面，更加有利于岩石破碎和后续炮孔起爆。而如斜眼掏槽1和2这种减少掏槽孔排数的方法对超挖量无明显影响。
4　结论
收起
基于小断面隧洞破岩要求，在现有掏槽方式的基础上，提出了长短直眼组合掏槽方式，丰富了小断面隧洞掏槽爆破技术，为小断面隧洞中深孔爆破提供了新的途径和方法。主要得出以下结论：
1)长短直眼组合掏槽采用了内圈短掏槽孔先爆、外圈长掏槽孔后爆的延时顺序，槽腔岩石有100 ms的初次破碎和裂纹扩展时间，有利于槽腔岩石的破碎和抛掷。
2)基于应力波破坏理论和殉爆距离分析了长短直眼组合掏槽的参数设计和槽腔形成过程，确定了长短眼组合掏槽各组长短孔横向和纵向的间距，各组内长短孔的间距，炸药埋深和装药量等参数的最佳取值范围，说明了长短直眼组合掏槽设计具有合理性和科学性。
3)将长短直眼组合掏槽方式在小断面隧洞施工现场进行应用，与传统斜眼掏槽方法相比，爆破进由1.6~2.2 m增加到2.5 m左右。超挖量受到周边孔内移量和掏槽形式的综合作用，在内移10cm以内的情况下，长短直眼组合掏槽爆破可额外减少超挖20%~30%。
长短直眼组合掏槽技术的理论基础尚不够完全清楚，有待进一步深入研究，以便更好地为工程建设服务。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U1934210)
  • 高速铁路隧道服役安全性能演化及智能控制
  • 轨道交通安全协同创新中心项目(2022JBXT007)
  • 轨道交通运营隧道服务安全与智能维护
文献
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.012
  • 接收时间：2024-07-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-09
基金
国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U1934210)
高速铁路隧道服役安全性能演化及智能控制
轨道交通安全协同创新中心项目(2022JBXT007)
轨道交通运营隧道服务安全与智能维护
作者信息
    1.中铁三局集团　第五工程有限公司，晋中　030600
    2.南华大学　土木工程学院，衡阳　421001
    3.北京交通大学　土木建筑工程学院，北京　100044

通讯作者:

高宇璠（1993-），男，陕西咸阳人，讲师、博士，主要从事隧道与地下工程、爆破工程领域的研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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