Article(id=1241421938598408617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907654666, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907654666, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907654666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907654666, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421938908787127, articleId=1241421938598408617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Numerical Analysis and Experimental Study on Failure Process of Drilling and Blasting in Reinforced Concrete Columns, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In blasting demolition projects of housing buildings, reinforced concrete columns serve as the primary load-bearing structural elements and consequently represent the most frequently targeted components for controlled demolition. The effectiveness of reinforced concrete column demolition through blasting operations plays a pivotal role in ensuring structural instability and controlling the overall collapse mechanism. The evolution of modern reinforced concrete columns, characterized by increased cross-sectional dimensions, higher reinforcement densities, and enhanced material strengths, has significantly elevated the technical complexity of the design of blasting parameters and the protection of flying rocks. The Particle Blasting Method coupled with the Finite Element Method (PBM-FEM) was employed to simulate the dynamic process of explosion impact loading and explosion gas escaping from the borehole through the high-speed motion collision of particles. Full-scale 1∶1 physical model tests were conducted using industrial electronic detonators to accurately replicate the blasting demolition process of high-rise building structural members. The research reveals critical insights into the failure mechanisms and damage propagation characteristics of reinforced concrete columns under controlled demolition conditions. The results show that the explosion gas escapes from the orifice and reduces the utilization rate of explosive energy due to the limited constraint effect of the blocking material on the side of the blast hole. The severity of concrete spalling on the surface of the column is left and right sides > front side > back side. The direction of the minimum resistance line is the main direction to induce concrete damage and throwing.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XIE Xian-qi (1960-), male, professor-level senior engineer, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, mainly engaged in engineering blasting theory and technology research, (E-mail) .
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在房屋类建筑物爆破拆除工程中,钢筋混凝土立柱是主要承载构件,也是拆除爆破工程中面临最多的爆破对象。钢筋混凝土立柱的爆破破坏效果,直接影响承载构件的可靠失稳,进而影响结构的整体倒塌。近年来,钢筋混凝土立柱呈现出尺寸大、配筋多、强度高等特征,对爆破参数设计和飞石防护提出了巨大的挑战。采用粒子爆破法耦合有限元算法(PBM-FEM),通过粒子的高速运动碰撞模拟爆炸冲击荷载和爆生气体逸出炮孔的过程;通过1∶1原尺寸物理模型爆破试验,采用工业电子雷管真实还原了高层楼房承重构件爆破拆除过程,揭示了钢筋混凝土立柱的钻孔爆破破坏过程及其爆破破坏失效机理。研究结果表明:因炮孔侧堵塞材料的约束作用有限,爆生气体会从孔口逸出,降低了炸药能量的利用率。立柱表面混凝土的剥落情况严重程度依次为:左、右两侧>前侧>后侧,最小抵抗线的方向是诱导混凝土发生破坏和抛掷的主要方向。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谢先启(1960-),男,教授级高级工程师,中国工程院院士,主要从事工程爆破理论与技术研究,(E-mail)
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黄小武(1989-),男,高级工程师、工学博士,主要从事工程爆破研究与实践工作,(E-mail)

HUANG Xiao-wu (1989-), male, senior engineer, Ph. D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research and practice work, (E-mail) .

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黄小武(1989-),男,高级工程师、工学博士,主要从事工程爆破研究与实践工作,(E-mail)

HUANG Xiao-wu (1989-), male, senior engineer, Ph. D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research and practice work, (E-mail) .

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黄小武(1989-),男,高级工程师、工学博士,主要从事工程爆破研究与实践工作,(E-mail)

HUANG Xiao-wu (1989-), male, senior engineer, Ph. D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research and practice work, (E-mail) .

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2.a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
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2.a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Determinations of HJC constitutive model parameters for normal strength concrete, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241439680164582190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=25, authorNames=徐浩, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐浩. 混凝土动态计算本构新模型[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2013., articleTitle=混凝土动态计算本构新模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241439680269439793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=26, authorNames=XU Hao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Hao. A new computational constitutive model for concrete subjected to dynamic loadings[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2013. 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figureFileBig=vUSbt+RbEC4n8uWYT7zGog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241439664507245089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=CN, label=图14, caption=100 g乳化炸药作用下立柱爆破过程, figureFileSmall=E+dR59tnG8RqZhr2u26n4g==, figureFileBig=vUSbt+RbEC4n8uWYT7zGog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241439666138829353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Crushing effect of column after explosion of 100 g emulsion explosive, figureFileSmall=TMNf26p6P7IZXNFpcUXnWw==, figureFileBig=96F+ke/4YRG7SUTdtjAqjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241439666285629997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=CN, label=图15, caption=100 g乳化炸药爆炸后立柱破碎效果, figureFileSmall=TMNf26p6P7IZXNFpcUXnWw==, figureFileBig=96F+ke/4YRG7SUTdtjAqjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241439666390487602, 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The peak-to-peak stress value of the element under different charge conditions(unit:MPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药量Explosive consumption测点Measuring point
前侧Front sid后侧Rear side左侧Left side
竖直Vertical水平Horizontal竖直Vertical水平Horizontal竖直Vertical水平Horizontal
50 g-7.941.97-8.710.22-12.70.64
100 g-16.001.47-16.100.29-22.70.91
200 g-24.305.41-27.500.70-39.21.46
300 g-34.105.47-37.203.04-56.33.90
), ArticleFig(id=1241439668705743485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同药量条件下单元的应力峰峰值(单位:MPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药量Explosive consumption测点Measuring point
前侧Front sid后侧Rear side左侧Left side
竖直Vertical水平Horizontal竖直Vertical水平Horizontal竖直Vertical水平Horizontal
50 g-7.941.97-8.710.22-12.70.64
100 g-16.001.47-16.100.29-22.70.91
200 g-24.305.41-27.500.70-39.21.46
300 g-34.105.47-37.203.04-56.33.90
), ArticleFig(id=1241439668814795393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main performance indexes of industrial electronic detonator

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规格型号Specification and type延期时间范围Delay time range脚线长度Length of leg wire延时误差Error of delay time
ED-GX1/16000P-B80~16000 ms10 m延时≤150 ms时,误差≤±1.5 ms When delay time is less than or equal to 150 ms,the error is less than or equal to ±1.5 ms.延时>150 ms时,相对误差≤±1% When delay time is greater than 150 ms,the relative error is less than or equal to ±1 %.
), ArticleFig(id=1241439668944818822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

工业电子雷管主要性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规格型号Specification and type延期时间范围Delay time range脚线长度Length of leg wire延时误差Error of delay time
ED-GX1/16000P-B80~16000 ms10 m延时≤150 ms时,误差≤±1.5 ms When delay time is less than or equal to 150 ms,the error is less than or equal to ±1.5 ms.延时>150 ms时,相对误差≤±1% When delay time is greater than 150 ms,the relative error is less than or equal to ±1 %.
), ArticleFig(id=1241439670542848650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The number and length of cracks on column

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药用量Explosive consumption/g前侧Front side后侧Rear side左侧Left side右侧Right side
裂纹数量Crack number/N裂纹总长Total crack length L/cm裂纹数量Crack number/N裂纹总长Total crack length L/cm裂纹数量Crack number/N裂纹总长Total crack length L/cm裂纹数量Crack number/N裂纹总长Total crack length L/cm
5011137.1340.74103.65101.3
1009285.9273.715592.710297.4
20027522.55226.0371010.230782.7
300//9166.32 40.9896.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241439670664483470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

立柱裂纹数量及长度统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药用量Explosive consumption/g前侧Front side后侧Rear side左侧Left side右侧Right side
裂纹数量Crack number/N裂纹总长Total crack length L/cm裂纹数量Crack number/N裂纹总长Total crack length L/cm裂纹数量Crack number/N裂纹总长Total crack length L/cm裂纹数量Crack number/N裂纹总长Total crack length L/cm
5011137.1340.74103.65101.3
1009285.9273.715592.710297.4
20027522.55226.0371010.230782.7
300//9166.32 40.9896.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241439670958084756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Spalling area of concrete from column(unit:cm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药用量/g Explosive consumption/g前侧Front side后侧Rear side左侧Left side右侧Right side
500000
1000000
2003276.70265.6913.2
3008946.36471.910 315.310 056.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241439671113274010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

立柱混凝土剥落面积统计表(单位:cm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药用量/g Explosive consumption/g前侧Front side后侧Rear side左侧Left side右侧Right side
500000
1000000
2003276.70265.6913.2
3008946.36471.910 315.310 056.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241439671281046177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Dynamic peak-to-peak strain value of column element(unit:με)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药量Explosive consumption测点Measuring point
前侧Front side后侧Rear side左侧Left side
竖直Vertical水平Horizontal竖直Vertical水平Horizontal竖直Vertical水平Horizontal
50 g//////
100 g-494.9853.91-160.6664.08-199.8873.68
200 g-920.7687.89-328.8786.12-560.36185.61
300 g-452.3555.40-131.9184.54-282.6461.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241439671721448107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421938598408617, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

立柱单元的动态应变峰峰值(单位:με)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药量Explosive consumption测点Measuring point
前侧Front side后侧Rear side左侧Left side
竖直Vertical水平Horizontal竖直Vertical水平Horizontal竖直Vertical水平Horizontal
50 g//////
100 g-494.9853.91-160.6664.08-199.8873.68
200 g-920.7687.89-328.8786.12-560.36185.61
300 g-452.3555.40-131.9184.54-282.6461.52
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钢筋混凝土立柱钻孔爆破破坏过程数值分析与试验研究
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黄小武 1 , 谢先启 1, 2a, 2b , 贾永胜 1, 2a, 2b , 刘昌邦 1 , 姚颖康 2a, 2b , 伍岳 1
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025,42(2): 1-12
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025, 42(2): 1-12
钢筋混凝土立柱钻孔爆破破坏过程数值分析与试验研究
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黄小武1 , 谢先启1, 2a, 2b , 贾永胜1, 2a, 2b, 刘昌邦1, 姚颖康2a, 2b, 伍岳1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉爆破有限公司,武汉 430056
  • 2.a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 2.b.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 黄小武(1989-),男,高级工程师、工学博士,主要从事工程爆破研究与实践工作,(E-mail)

    HUANG Xiao-wu (1989-), male, senior engineer, Ph. D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research and practice work, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

谢先启(1960-),男,教授级高级工程师,中国工程院院士,主要从事工程爆破理论与技术研究,(E-mail)
Numerical Analysis and Experimental Study on Failure Process of Drilling and Blasting in Reinforced Concrete Columns
Xiao-wu HUANG1 , Xian-qi XIE1, 2a, 2b , Yong-sheng JIA1, 2a, 2b, Chang-bang LIU1, Ying-kang YAO2a, 2b, Yue WU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Wuhan Explosion & Blasting Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2.a.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2.b.Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.001
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在房屋类建筑物爆破拆除工程中,钢筋混凝土立柱是主要承载构件,也是拆除爆破工程中面临最多的爆破对象。钢筋混凝土立柱的爆破破坏效果,直接影响承载构件的可靠失稳,进而影响结构的整体倒塌。近年来,钢筋混凝土立柱呈现出尺寸大、配筋多、强度高等特征,对爆破参数设计和飞石防护提出了巨大的挑战。采用粒子爆破法耦合有限元算法(PBM-FEM),通过粒子的高速运动碰撞模拟爆炸冲击荷载和爆生气体逸出炮孔的过程;通过1∶1原尺寸物理模型爆破试验,采用工业电子雷管真实还原了高层楼房承重构件爆破拆除过程,揭示了钢筋混凝土立柱的钻孔爆破破坏过程及其爆破破坏失效机理。研究结果表明:因炮孔侧堵塞材料的约束作用有限,爆生气体会从孔口逸出,降低了炸药能量的利用率。立柱表面混凝土的剥落情况严重程度依次为:左、右两侧>前侧>后侧,最小抵抗线的方向是诱导混凝土发生破坏和抛掷的主要方向。

爆破拆除  /  钢筋混凝土  /  钻孔爆破  /  破坏失效  /  数值模拟

In blasting demolition projects of housing buildings, reinforced concrete columns serve as the primary load-bearing structural elements and consequently represent the most frequently targeted components for controlled demolition. The effectiveness of reinforced concrete column demolition through blasting operations plays a pivotal role in ensuring structural instability and controlling the overall collapse mechanism. The evolution of modern reinforced concrete columns, characterized by increased cross-sectional dimensions, higher reinforcement densities, and enhanced material strengths, has significantly elevated the technical complexity of the design of blasting parameters and the protection of flying rocks. The Particle Blasting Method coupled with the Finite Element Method (PBM-FEM) was employed to simulate the dynamic process of explosion impact loading and explosion gas escaping from the borehole through the high-speed motion collision of particles. Full-scale 1∶1 physical model tests were conducted using industrial electronic detonators to accurately replicate the blasting demolition process of high-rise building structural members. The research reveals critical insights into the failure mechanisms and damage propagation characteristics of reinforced concrete columns under controlled demolition conditions. The results show that the explosion gas escapes from the orifice and reduces the utilization rate of explosive energy due to the limited constraint effect of the blocking material on the side of the blast hole. The severity of concrete spalling on the surface of the column is left and right sides > front side > back side. The direction of the minimum resistance line is the main direction to induce concrete damage and throwing.

blasting demolition  /  reinforced concrete  /  drilling and blasting  /  structure failure  /  numerical simulation
黄小武, 谢先启, 贾永胜, 刘昌邦, 姚颖康, 伍岳. 钢筋混凝土立柱钻孔爆破破坏过程数值分析与试验研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.001
Xiao-wu HUANG, Xian-qi XIE, Yong-sheng JIA, Chang-bang LIU, Ying-kang YAO, Yue WU. Numerical Analysis and Experimental Study on Failure Process of Drilling and Blasting in Reinforced Concrete Columns[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.001
拆除爆破属于工程爆破专业的三大分支之一,是安全高效拆除高层楼房、高耸烟囱、冷却塔和大型桥梁等单体建构筑物及大规模建筑群的首选技术[1,2],在城市更新和工业改造等国民经济建设活动中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。钢筋混凝土立柱是建构筑物的主要承载构件,也是拆除爆破工程中面临最多的爆破对象。其爆破破坏效果,直接影响承载构件的可靠失稳,进而影响被爆建构筑物的整体失稳倒塌。目前,钢筋混凝土立柱呈现出尺寸大、配筋多、强度高等特征,对爆破参数设计和飞石防护提出了巨大的挑战。因此,钢筋混凝土立柱的爆破破坏是拆除爆破领域的基础性问题,研究其爆破破坏失效机理并改进控制爆破技术,对提升爆破拆除技术的安全性与可靠性具有重要的理论与实践意义。
在钢筋混凝土立柱钻孔爆破计算理论与数值仿真研究方面,张馨等分析炸药爆轰过程和介质的破坏运动过程[3],构建了孔壁压力的简化计算模型;并将爆破过程分为炸药爆轰炮孔升压、炮孔初步弹性膨胀、孔壁裂纹张开且气体流入和介质剥离抛掷且气体逸出4个阶段,可用于理论分析或数值模拟中爆破荷载的取值。Z L Wang等对钢纤维混凝土(SFRC)爆破成坑特征进行了数值模拟分析[4],通过引入拉伸应力和失效应变两个侵彻准则,较好地模拟了爆炸荷载作用下SFRC的爆破破坏特征。Koji Uenishi等开发了用于模拟固体中应力波传播和裂纹扩展的三维有限元差分程序[5],并用于研究混凝土结构爆破拆除过程,结果表明简单的拉伸断裂准则可以准确地再现爆破试验的断裂模式。孙金山等结合部分工程的数值模拟经验[6],讨论了结构失稳倒塌模拟过程中钢筋混凝土构件的建模方式和材料参数选择的基本原则及方法。目前,数值仿真技术在精准化预测钢筋混凝土立柱钻孔爆破破坏过程方面依然存在不足,主要困难表现在炸药爆轰过程的复杂性,爆轰产物与空气、炮泥、钢筋和混凝土等多介质之间的耦合作用,以及炮泥堵塞为非刚性边界条件等几个方面。因此,亟须进一步发展爆炸动力学基础理论和创新数值仿真计算方法。
钢筋混凝土立柱钻孔爆破试验研究主要集中在工程爆破领域,Kazunori Fujikake等通过多组RC柱试件爆破试验[7],定量研究了损伤特征与炸药量、配筋率和混凝土强度的关系,研究表明RC柱试件的爆破损伤可通过纵筋的承载能力来表征,且其受箍筋影响较大。Yu Yan等开展了一系列不同纵筋、箍筋和钢筋间距的立柱爆破试验研究了RC柱的爆破损伤机理[8],结果表明箍筋比纵筋对立柱的损伤响应影响更显著。司剑峰等选用电子雷管起爆系统[9],运用高速摄影观测和动态应变测试手段分析了混凝土边坡模型单孔爆破和逐孔爆破条件下的破坏过程,综合考虑了新自由面形成时间和应力波残余量两方面的影响,建议孔间最佳延期时间为10~15 ms。黄小武等采用高速摄影观测了导爆管雷管作用下钢筋混凝土立柱的爆破破坏过程[10],在高段位孔内雷管的名义延期时间误差(±150 ms)的影响下,立柱不同破坏位置的起始时刻有明显的先后顺序,飞石抛掷初速度为10~20 m/s。明胜等对立柱的钻孔爆破过程进行了高速摄影与应变监测[11],研究了钻孔爆破过程中炮孔远区的爆炸荷载作用特征,认为采用三角形爆炸荷载函数可比较准确地模拟炮孔远区的爆炸荷载。威世众开展了16组不同混凝土强度、炸药单耗、轴压等条件下试件的爆破试验[12],探究了立柱的爆后形态特征,得到了爆破作用下承载立柱炮孔周边动态应变的演化规律。目前,钢筋混凝土立柱爆破试验主要采用缩尺寸试件,无法真实地模拟楼房承载构件的爆破破坏过程。且考虑到爆破试验的危险性,几乎没有近距离捕捉立柱的爆破破坏过程影像。
本研究在动力学有限元方法中引入粒子爆破法,更加真实地模拟了钢筋混凝土立柱在钻孔爆破条件下的破坏过程。结合1∶1足尺物理模型试验,采用工业电子雷管起爆2#岩石乳化炸药爆破破碎钢筋混凝土立柱,分析了立柱表面的裂纹扩展和发育规律,并监测了立柱的动力学响应特征,揭示了钢筋混凝土立柱在钻孔爆破条件下的破坏机制。
目前,模拟炸药爆炸冲击的数值计算主要有多物质组任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法(MM-ALE)结合流固耦合算法(FSI)、光滑粒子法(SPH)、粒子爆破法(PBM)和离散元法(DEM)等方法[13]。其中,ALE算法应用广泛,兼具了Lagrange算法和Euler算法的优点,能够处理爆炸冲击作用导致的网格严重变形问题,从而精准描述结构之间的滑移与接触。但是,为提高计算精度,通常需要建立大量的空气单元,从而降低计算效率,算法中的接触问题也容易造成计算不收敛。因此,国内外学者开发了SPH和PBM等基于粒子的算法来提高计算效率和稳定性。相比ALE算法而言,SPH算法能够更加形象地模拟爆轰效果,并且有效控制能量泄漏。PBM算法的计算精度更好,计算效率更高,经过近几十年的发展与改进,该算法已经应用成熟。本文基于PBM算法耦合有限元法(FEM)开展钢筋混凝土立柱爆破破坏的数值计算。
根据爆轰产物分子量的不同,每克产物的分子量级可达1022~1023。为建模方便,提升计算效率,需要对基于分子动力学理论对粒子做如下假设:(1)粒子视为刚性球体;(2)每个粒子代表许多分子,分子数量根据应用场景来设定;(3)每个粒子的平动动能Wt和转动动能Ws之间的平衡关系由γCp/Cv确定。CpCv分别表示恒定压力和恒定体积下的热容。
式中:Ws是每个粒子总的标量变量,粒子没有分配任何转动/振动自由度。当粒子撞击移动的结构时,Wt将发生变化,而Ws则假定不受影响。因此,WtWs之间的值将发生改变。当2个粒子碰撞时,他们之间的能量将重新分配以维持WtWs之间比值的恒定,以确保总能量和动量平衡。
钢筋混凝土立柱的截面尺寸为800 mm×1000 mm,高度为120 cm。混凝土设计标号为C30;配筋材质为HRB400,主筋为24 ϕ 25,箍筋为ϕ 12@200。立柱截面尺寸和配筋情况,如图1所示。
根据立柱的边界情况,立柱底部约束三个方向的位移并设置无反射边界,模拟立柱基座;顶部约束Y方向位移并设置无反射边界,模拟立柱的轴向空间;前、后、左、右4侧全部为自由边界。混凝土和炮泥的网格尺寸为2 cm×2 cm×2 cm,单元总数为121760。钢筋(纵筋与箍筋)的网格尺寸为2 cm,单数总数为6888。钢筋混凝土立柱单孔爆破有限元模型,如图2所示。
有限元计算模型中主要包含2#岩石乳化炸药、混凝土、炮泥、钢筋和空气5种介质。其中,乳化炸药采用JWL状态方程进行描述,材料参数参考文献[14]进行赋值。钢筋与混凝土采用分离式有限元模型来描述两者的力学行为,通过耦合相邻节点自由度,将钢筋单元约束在混凝土单元中,并使其协调变形[15]。混凝土和炮泥选用SOLID单元,钢筋(纵筋与箍筋)选用BEAM单元,均采用Lagrange算法。考虑药包与炮孔径向之间存在间隙(不耦合系数D=1.25),炸药与空气采用爆炸粒子法(PBM)[16],设置空气粒子包裹炸药粒子。其中,粒子数量根据炸药的质量进行调整,综合考虑计算成本,设置炸药粒子密度为200个/g,空气粒子定义为300个/g。
提取钢筋混凝土立柱爆破过程(图3),药包自中心起爆后200 μs左右,炸药粒子开始朝孔外飞散,并伴有混凝土的损伤破坏。爆炸粒子在炮孔中高速运动,并与混凝土、炮泥单元碰撞,很好地模拟了爆炸荷载对混凝土的损伤破坏作用。
通过设计不同单孔装药量,分别建立不同装药量的有限元模型,计算得到50 g、100 g、200 g和300 g四种单孔药量条件下,钢筋混凝土立柱前、后、左、右4个侧面的损伤劣化情况,如图4~图7所示。
观察上述组图,可以看出钢筋混凝土立柱的损伤劣化程度及范围与单孔药量密切相关,装药量越大,立柱损伤破坏的程度越深,范围越广。立柱四个侧面的几何中心处,即距离装药中心最近处的损伤最为严重。通过损伤云图表征立柱表面的裂纹情况,发现裂纹都是从药包的中心向四周扩展,裂纹方向以竖向和斜向为主。因为炸药粒子在孔内受到炮泥的短暂约束后就朝孔外飞散,因此造成立柱前侧(炮孔侧)与后侧的损伤情况差异较大,主要表现为前侧孔口范围的损伤突出,后侧的损伤范围比前侧更广;而立柱表面左侧与右侧的损伤严重,范围基本近似。
沿着炮孔方向剖分立柱横向装药中心面的损伤劣化情况,如图8所示。因为炮孔的影响,立柱截面前后两侧的损伤情况有明显差异,柱状药包爆炸后,炮孔一侧的爆轰产物得到释放,因此损伤情况稍弱;而炮孔底部受到约束,沿着爆轰方向的损伤情况严重。随着装药量增加,由于立柱四个侧向自由面的影响,爆炸应力波在自由面进行传播和反射后,造成了立柱左侧和右侧的拉伸破坏,以及斜向的拐角破裂现象。
选取单孔装药量为200 g的计算工况,依次选取立柱底部前侧、后侧和左侧3个方向中心处(与爆源的垂直距离为58 cm)的代表性单元E93308、E47167、E99619,绘制3个单元的水平(X方向)和竖直(Y方向)的应力时程曲线,如图9所示。读取不同药量条件下,各代表性单元的应力时程曲线的峰峰值,如表1所示;并绘制单孔药量与应力之间的曲线图,如图10所示。
对比立柱3个位置的代表性单元的应力时程曲线,单元的竖直方向的应力基本为负值,水平方向的应力基本为正值,且竖向应力幅值较大。其中,左侧的竖向应力最为突出。说明在内爆炸荷载作用下,混凝土单元受压力作用较大,尤其是距离爆源中心的区域,而拉应力则相对较小。混凝土单元的应力时程曲线在490 μs时出现明显的二次冲击振动,结合爆炸粒子的运动过程,分析是由于爆炸粒子摆脱炮泥的约束后从炮孔冲出的瞬间所导致的二次动载。
结合不同药量条件下混凝土单元的应力峰峰值,立柱3个侧面的竖直方向应力峰峰值均明显大于水平方向的应力峰峰值。左侧单元竖直方向的压应力最为突出,因此损伤最为严重。前侧单元的水平方向的拉应力最为明显,并明显高于后侧,是后侧单元拉应力的1.8~9.0倍。
炸药量在100 g及以下,代表性混凝土单元承受的竖直方向的压应力和水平方向的拉应力基本低于混凝土材料的破坏强度,爆炸荷载不足以使混凝土破碎,仅局部区域会产生裂隙。炸药量在200 g及以上,代表性混凝土单元承受的竖直方向的压应力和水平方向的拉应力总体高于混凝土材料的破坏强度,爆炸荷载可以实现混凝土的破碎和抛掷,立柱表面将产生大量裂隙。
为验证单个炮孔的爆破破坏效果,在野外试验场浇筑了多根钢筋混凝土立柱,选用工业电子雷管和2#岩石乳化炸药作为爆破器材,开展立柱在不同装药条件下的爆破破坏试验。立柱的截面尺寸为800 mm×1000 mm,高度为3.0 m,底部固定、顶端自由。立柱主筋为24 ϕ 25,箍筋为ϕ 12@200,配筋情况如图11所示。混凝土设计标号为C30,回弹仪实测强度为46 MPa。
沿着立柱长边方向均匀钻凿4个炮孔,孔径ϕ 40 mm,为避免先爆炮孔对后爆炮孔及剩余立柱的损伤破坏影响,将炮孔间距扩大至60 cm。装药时,药包布置在立柱截面的形心位置处;电子雷管置于药包的中心。按照药量从小到大的顺序,依次爆破50 g、100 g、200 g和300 g的药量(图11),电子雷管在4次爆破中的延期时间统一设定为10 ms,并分别采集动态影像和应变数据。爆破过程中,采用高速摄影机记录每个炮孔的爆破过程,采用动态应变监测仪监测立柱表面混凝土单元的动态应变特征。爆破后,记录立柱表面的破坏情况。
试验采用工业电子雷管,全部为前进民爆股份有限公司生产的产品,主要性能指标如表2所示。炸药为2号岩石乳化炸药,药卷直径为ϕ 32 mm,堵塞材料为黏土。
通过对高速摄影影像进行分幅分析,得到钢筋混凝土立柱在50 g、100 g、200 g和300 g乳化炸药爆炸作用下的破坏过程,以及最终的破碎效果。
图12~图13所示,在高速摄影的视角下,可以看到50 g药包在炮孔中起爆后,炮泥在10 ms内自炮孔向外冲出,立柱侧面未发现明显的裂纹发育过程。经爆后检查,发现立柱的混凝土保护层受到了一定的损伤。孔口附近留有11条长度为3.7~23.2 cm的发散状裂纹;立柱左、右两侧的裂纹数量次之,后侧的裂纹数量最少。
图14~图15所示,在高速摄影的视角下,可以看到100 g药包在炮孔中起爆后,炮泥在10 ms内自炮孔向外冲出,立柱侧面未发现明显的裂纹发育过程。经爆后检查,发现立柱的混凝土保护层受到了损伤。左侧裂纹数量最多,有15条长度为7.6~117.5 cm的裂纹;前侧和右侧裂纹数量次之,后侧的裂纹数量最少。
图16~图17所示,200 g药包在炮孔中起爆后,炮泥在10 ms内也基本全部自炮孔向外冲出。在爆生气体作用下,炮孔侧的混凝土保护层在大约10 ms之后被剥落并向外抛掷,立柱侧面发现明显的裂纹发育过程。经爆后检查,发现立柱的混凝土保护层受到了严重的损伤。其中,前侧有7525.7 cm2的混凝土保护层被剥落,并伴有26条长度为3.6~50.8 cm的裂纹;左侧和右侧的裂纹数量次之,后侧的裂纹数量最少。
图18~图19所示,300 g药包在炮孔中起爆后,炮泥也会自炮孔向外冲出。在爆生气体作用下,炮孔侧的混凝土保护层会被剥落并向外抛掷,立柱侧面发现明显的裂纹发育及混凝土抛掷过程。因为炸药爆炸的能量足够大,立柱的混凝土得到充分破碎。除立柱的前侧外,左侧、后侧和顶部均有混凝土剥落现象并被向外抛掷。经爆后检查,发现立柱的混凝土保护层基本被全部剥落和抛散。其中,前侧的混凝土被完全剥落,左侧和右侧的效果次之,后侧的混凝土剥落面积为6471.9 cm2,并伴有9条长度为8.3~39.4 cm的裂纹。对上述4种药量下的裂纹总长度L和混凝土剥落面积S进行统计,如表3表4所示,并绘制如图20所示的多因子组柱状图。
分析钢筋混凝土立柱在4种不同炸药量爆破作用下的破碎情况,结合裂纹长度和混凝土剥落面积的统计结果,可以发现如下规律:
(1)4种工况中都出现了炮泥冲出炮孔的现象,说明堵塞材料的约束作用极其有限,堵塞段相比于其他三侧始终是炸药爆炸冲击的最弱面,孔口附近的混凝土最易遭受破坏。爆生气体不可避免地会从孔口方向逸出,从而导致部分爆生气体没有用于破碎混凝土,降低了炸药能量的利用率。
(2)随着装药量增大,立柱表面裂纹的数量和长度明显增大,混凝土剥落量也明显提高,说明装药量是影响立柱爆破效果的关键因素。
(3)立柱表面前侧的破坏情况比后侧严重,且先于后侧发生破坏,前、后两侧混凝土的损伤破坏情况呈现明显的非对称性特征,据此应该充分考虑堵塞段对爆炸能量释放过程的影响。
(4)立柱表面左、右两侧的裂纹数量和长度,以及混凝土剥落量基本相等,但是总体呈现左侧损伤破坏程度比右侧严重的现象。分析可能是因为工人钻孔角度偏左,导致左侧的抵抗线比右侧小,同时也受到混凝土材料的非均质特性的影响。
通过钢筋混凝土立柱单孔爆破,采集50 g、100 g、200 g和300 g不同药量爆破条件下,立柱底部表面单元的动态响应特征。其中,50 g药量爆破时,由于监测设备故障,没有采集到有效数据。得到另外3种药量条件下的动态应变-时间历程曲线,如图21所示。
读取每条动态应变时程曲线的幅值,可以得到不同药量条件下钢筋混凝土立柱单元的应变峰峰值,如表5所示。
分析钢筋混凝土立柱底部表面单元的动态应变特征,可以发现以下规律:
(1)在钻孔爆破爆炸荷载及爆生气体作用下,单元的竖直方向的应变基本呈现负值,水平方向的应变基本呈现正值;说明单元在竖直方向主要承受压应力作用,在水平方向主要承受拉应力作用。
(2)同一测点竖直向的应变值均大于水平向的应变值,竖直向的应变峰峰值达到450~920 με,水平向的应变峰峰值达到53~185 με,竖直向的应变峰峰值是水平向的1.5~10.5倍。
(3)相比立柱单元左侧和后侧的应变特征,前侧的竖向应变在所有的监测结果中均表现为幅值最高且波动最大。这很好地解释了立柱爆破后的破坏特征差异化的原因,也从侧面反映出,爆生气体从炮孔中逸出的过程中,会给立柱前侧的混凝土单元造成除爆炸荷载以外的损伤。
结合数值模拟和1∶1足尺物理模型试验,揭示了钻孔爆破爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土立柱的破碎特征,从爆炸荷载冲击、应力波传播和爆生气体作用等方面研究了立柱爆破破碎机制。采用粒子爆破法模拟了立柱的爆破损伤破坏过程,结合物理模型试验对立柱破坏过程和爆破效果进行了分析,可以得到如下结论:
(1)粒子爆破法耦合有限元算法(PBM-FEM)通过粒子的高速运动碰撞,可以模拟爆炸冲击荷载和爆生气体逸出炮孔的过程,与立柱现场钻孔爆破试验现象更加贴近。钢筋混凝土采用HJC材料和分离式有限元模型,较好地模拟了立柱的爆破损伤破坏状态和裂纹的产生、发展特征。
(2)炮孔侧因为堵塞材料的约束作用非常有限,炸药在炮孔内爆炸后产生的爆生气体会不可避免地从孔口逸出,从而导致部分爆生气体没有用于破碎混凝土,降低了炸药能量的利用率。
(3)立柱表面前侧的混凝土剥落情况比后侧严重,且先于后侧发生破坏,前、后两侧混凝土的损伤破坏情况呈现明显的非对称性特征。立柱左、右两侧的裂纹数量、长度和混凝土剥落量基本相当,且都比前后两侧严重,最小抵抗线的方向是诱导混凝土发生破坏和抛掷的主要方向。
  • 中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2023XZ35)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52478525)
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.001
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
基金
Strategic Research and Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(2023XZ35)
中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2023XZ35)
National Natural Science Foundation Project(52478525)
国家自然科学基金项目(52478525)
作者信息
    1.武汉爆破有限公司,武汉 430056
    2.a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
    2.b.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056

通讯作者:

谢先启(1960-),男,教授级高级工程师,中国工程院院士,主要从事工程爆破理论与技术研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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