Article(id=1241421937310757271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731600000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907654359, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907654359, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907654359, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907654359, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421938371916199, articleId=1241421937310757271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Safety-controlled Blasting Technology for High-steep Slopes in Open-pit Mines, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The original stope benches of Dahuangshan Open-pit Mine were in disarray, with pumice between benchs and steep slope conditions. Following blasting operations, a crushing system was introduced to improve rock fragmentation efficiency, significantly increasing potential safety risks near high and steep slopes. This study researched safe blasting techniques and protective measures for slopes in open-pit mines to ensure slope safety during blasting construction. Active protection methods were proposed, including limiting instantaneous charge to 200 kg, aligning the blasting direction parallel to the slope, and preserving approximately 5 m of rock wall along the slope edge. Protective infrastructure was enhanced by installing two protective nets on a cleaning platform mid-slope, excavating a 7 m-deep and 20 m-wide stone protection ditch at the foot of the slope, building a 2 m-high stone protection wall using crushed stones outside of the ditch, and erecting a 2 m-high isolation net outside the protection wall. These safety measures were complemented by auxiliary monitoring methods to enhance the safety of blasting operations and protect the crushing system. Field inspections confirmed that the construction methods effectively ensured the stability of the high-steep slopes and minimized risks during blasting.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Yi (1974-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in Mining blasting, (E-mail).
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大皇山露天矿原采场台阶混乱,台阶之间浮石堆积,边坡陡峭,且在距离陡峭边坡山脚约48 m处建有破碎系统,山体爆破开采随时威胁坡脚破碎系统的安全。为保障露天矿山爆破施工过程中高陡边坡周围构筑物的安全,深入开展了紧邻高陡边坡安全爆破施工技术研究,提出了控制单响装药量在200 kg以内、调整爆破方向为平行边坡走向方向以及在边坡边沿预留约5 m岩墙等主动防护方法,在边坡中部清扫平台设置两道防护网、在坡脚开挖深7 m、宽20 m防石沟、在防石沟外侧用碎石修筑高2 m防石墙和在防石墙外侧安装高2 m隔离网等被动防护措施以及辅助监测手段等一系列安全可靠的施工方法和措施,很好地保障了爆破作业时山下破碎系统的安全,可为同类高陡边坡爆破作业提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘翼(1974-),男,硕士、正高级工程师,主要从事矿山爆破,(E-mai1)
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陈晶晶(1982-),男,硕士、正高级工程师,主要从事矿山爆破,(E-mail)

CHEN JING-jing (1982-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in Mining blasting, (E-mail).

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陈晶晶(1982-),男,硕士、正高级工程师,主要从事矿山爆破,(E-mail)

CHEN JING-jing (1982-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in Mining blasting, (E-mail).

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陈晶晶(1982-),男,硕士、正高级工程师,主要从事矿山爆破,(E-mail)

CHEN JING-jing (1982-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in Mining blasting, (E-mail).

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Horizontal distance between each platform and the factory building

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各平台与厂房的水平距离

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露天矿山高陡边坡安全爆破施工技术
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陈晶晶 1 , 林万青 2 , 刘翼 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(2): 105-110
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(2): 105-110
露天矿山高陡边坡安全爆破施工技术
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陈晶晶1 , 林万青2, 刘翼1
作者信息
  • 1.宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,广州 510623
  • 2.北京中科力爆炸技术工程有限公司,北京 100089
  • 陈晶晶(1982-),男,硕士、正高级工程师,主要从事矿山爆破,(E-mail)

    CHEN JING-jing (1982-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in Mining blasting, (E-mail).

通讯作者:

刘翼(1974-),男,硕士、正高级工程师,主要从事矿山爆破,(E-mai1)
Safety-controlled Blasting Technology for High-steep Slopes in Open-pit Mines
Jing-jing CHEN1 , Wan-qing LIN2, Yi LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Hongda Blasting Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, China
  • 2.Beijing CAS-Mechanics Blasting Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.013
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大皇山露天矿原采场台阶混乱,台阶之间浮石堆积,边坡陡峭,且在距离陡峭边坡山脚约48 m处建有破碎系统,山体爆破开采随时威胁坡脚破碎系统的安全。为保障露天矿山爆破施工过程中高陡边坡周围构筑物的安全,深入开展了紧邻高陡边坡安全爆破施工技术研究,提出了控制单响装药量在200 kg以内、调整爆破方向为平行边坡走向方向以及在边坡边沿预留约5 m岩墙等主动防护方法,在边坡中部清扫平台设置两道防护网、在坡脚开挖深7 m、宽20 m防石沟、在防石沟外侧用碎石修筑高2 m防石墙和在防石墙外侧安装高2 m隔离网等被动防护措施以及辅助监测手段等一系列安全可靠的施工方法和措施,很好地保障了爆破作业时山下破碎系统的安全,可为同类高陡边坡爆破作业提供借鉴。

高陡边坡  /  爆破开采  /  安全施工  /  主动防护和被动防护

The original stope benches of Dahuangshan Open-pit Mine were in disarray, with pumice between benchs and steep slope conditions. Following blasting operations, a crushing system was introduced to improve rock fragmentation efficiency, significantly increasing potential safety risks near high and steep slopes. This study researched safe blasting techniques and protective measures for slopes in open-pit mines to ensure slope safety during blasting construction. Active protection methods were proposed, including limiting instantaneous charge to 200 kg, aligning the blasting direction parallel to the slope, and preserving approximately 5 m of rock wall along the slope edge. Protective infrastructure was enhanced by installing two protective nets on a cleaning platform mid-slope, excavating a 7 m-deep and 20 m-wide stone protection ditch at the foot of the slope, building a 2 m-high stone protection wall using crushed stones outside of the ditch, and erecting a 2 m-high isolation net outside the protection wall. These safety measures were complemented by auxiliary monitoring methods to enhance the safety of blasting operations and protect the crushing system. Field inspections confirmed that the construction methods effectively ensured the stability of the high-steep slopes and minimized risks during blasting.

high-steep slope  /  mining blasting  /  safe construction  /  active protection and passive protection
陈晶晶, 林万青, 刘翼. 露天矿山高陡边坡安全爆破施工技术. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 105 -110 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.013
Jing-jing CHEN, Wan-qing LIN, Yi LIU. Safety-controlled Blasting Technology for High-steep Slopes in Open-pit Mines[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 105 -110 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.013
爆破作为一种岩石开挖手段,在露天采矿工程中应用广泛[1-3]。在爆破所产生的高温高压气体作用下,岩石瞬时破碎解体,呈现为松散状态,有利于岩石开挖,大大缩短了工期,提高了施工效率。然而,随着露天矿坑不断延伸,边坡不断加深加陡,随之产生了大量的高陡边坡。当以爆破作为主要开挖手段时,在提高露天采矿效率的同时也会对高陡边坡稳定性产生重大影响,甚至导致边坡滑坡。因此,在爆破开挖作业条件下如何保障高陡边坡稳定,已成为当前露天采矿工程作业中不可忽视的施工难题。
目前,针对露天矿山高陡边坡安全爆破施工技术已有学者展开了一系列研究,刘礼福综合现场测试、理论计算及数值模拟等方法对爆破振动作用下龙王洞矿山边坡稳定性进行分析[4],得到了矿山边坡边部是边坡破坏的主要区域。唐毅等以漳州核电一期场地平整开挖边坡工程为例[5],对复杂工况条件下高边坡预裂爆破技术的重点环节施工工艺进行了详细设计,经实际工程验证,爆破效果较好。贾新昆、卢邦飞基于高陡边坡稳定性分析相关理论[6],根据实际工程地质条件,建立了相应的边坡稳定性分析模型,得到了矿山高陡边坡力学响应规律,为露天矿山开采扰动的预测预警提供了参考依据。
目前已有研究成果多是研究爆破作用下高陡边坡破坏机理,归纳了矿山高陡边坡力学响应规律,尚未结合实际工程项目提出确切的保障高陡边坡稳定性的防护措施,本文在已有研究基础上,以大皇山露天矿山施工为研究对象,提出露天矿山高陡边坡安全爆破施工技术,以期为同类工程施工提供借鉴。
大皇山矿位于舟山市定海区岑港街道桃夭门社区大皇山,年产砂石骨料约3000万t,由于原业主无序开挖形成最终高陡边坡,山体最高标高+248.7 m,开采最终海拔高度+6 m,向上每15 m一个台阶,每隔三个开采台阶45 m设一个清扫平台,其余为安全平台。清扫平台设计宽度8 m,安全平台设计宽度5 m。各平台由于原施工单位施工原因及后期自然作用,造成平台宽度宽窄不一,安全平台大部分宽度在2~5 m之间,清扫平台宽度在5~8 m之间,且部分平台中断,未与运输道路连通。
高陡边坡周围环境复杂,东南方向是原有砂石骨料生产线,北侧下方是新建设的砂石骨料生产线,其传送廊道距离矿区高陡边坡底口线最小距离不足10 m,成品库距离矿区高陡边坡底口线最小距离也不足20 m,各施工平台最近边缘距离厂房48~254 m不等,各平台与厂房的水平距离如表1所示。根据安全施工要求,爆破施工时不能因为产生震动、飞石、滚石等给生产线及施工、管理人员造成任何人身及财产损失,对爆破安全施工技术要求非常高。因此,深入开展了紧邻高陡边坡安全爆破施工技术研究,从主动防护、被动防护和辅助监测手段进行综合安全施工。工程开采范围平面图及边坡北侧新建设的骨料生产线如图1所示。
主动防护方法,是从滚石和飞石的产生源头上采取措施,杜绝滚石和飞石产生的可能。高陡边坡施工时主动防护采用了机械清除和人工清除边坡浮石相结合,以及采用控制爆破方法。
矿区已经多年露天开采,相对较规范的形成了设计的终了边坡,从+36 m到+201 m形成了11个平台。露天开采作业完成后形成平台宽度4~11 m,台阶坡面角60~65°,局部因崩塌坡面角可达70°。在石料开采的过程中,靠近工业广场侧临近边坡施工对工业广场的人员设施安全造成一定影响,是风险管控的重中之重,根据现场生产情况,对于滚落到边坡平台上的浮石需不定期的进行清理。对于宽度不够的安全平台上的浮石,挖掘机无法通过,采用人工清理安全平台的浮石。人工清理浮石时,需系安全绳操作,安全绳固定在上一台阶平台上的锚杆上。对于清扫平台上的浮石,采用小挖掘机直接装车拉走清理,图2为清理边坡浮石现场图。
控制爆破方法主要是控制单响装药量来最大限度减少爆破振动对边坡的影响、调整爆破方向来控制爆破飞石以及采用预留岩墙防止边坡滚石。
开采台阶高度15 m,孔径115 mm,钻孔超深1.5 m,钻孔角度根据岩层分布、裂隙、走向的不同控制在75°~90°之间,装药长度12.5~12 m,填塞长度4~4.5 m,孔、排距根据岩石裂隙情况不同在6.2~6.8 m×3.4~3.2 m之间调整。混合使用药卷直径90 mm和70 mm两种2#岩石乳化炸药,起爆使用数码雷管,将上述爆破参数按照式(1)计算爆破所需装药量。
式中:Q为倾斜孔每孔装药量,kg;q为炸药单耗,kg/m3W为最小抵抗线,m;a为孔距,m;L为斜孔(不包括超深)长度,m。
当:q取0.42 kg/m3W取3.3 m;a取6.5 m;钻孔角度80°时,L为15.23 m,Q为147 kg。
根据式(1)计算结果及现场施工情况,对不同生产线距离平台分别采用单孔单响、两孔一响或者三孔一响的爆破方式,单响药量控制在200 kg以内。
爆破飞石是指爆破作业过程中从爆破点抛掷到空中或沿地面抛掷的杂物、泥土、砂石等物质,是爆破作业过程中造成人员伤亡的主要因素之一[7,8]。为定量评估爆破飞石危险性,确定合理的爆破爆破飞石控制措施,以经验公式式(2)计算爆破飞石最小安全距离[9]
式中:Rf为爆破作业中飞石距离,m;Kτ为常数值,是与爆破方式、填塞长度、地质与地形条件有关的系数,取值范围一般为1.0~1.5;q为炸药单耗,kg/m3D为炮孔直径,mm。
当:Kτ取1.1;q取0.42 kg/m3D为115 mm时,Rf为53 m。
将上述爆破参数代入式(2)计算可得,爆破产生个别飞石距离可达53 m,考虑到矿山处于沿海地区,多季风气候,当风向与爆破方向相同时,安全距离还应增加25%~50%。由于大皇山高陡边坡坡底与厂房距离最小距离仅48 m,小于爆破飞石最小安全距离,按照上述爆破参数进行爆破作业时,难以保证坡底厂房正常运转,故考虑砂石骨料生产线与爆破区域的位置关系,现场采用与砂石骨料位置相垂直的面西背东方向爆破,这样可以避免爆破飞石直接飞向边坡,而且爆破的前冲力或后坐力对生产线的影响最小,现场爆破方向示意图如图3所示。
在调整爆破方向的基础上,为降低爆破作业过程中飞石危险性,在爆破作业过程中还优化了爆破设计,确保了坡底厂房的正常运转,主要控制措施包括以下几项:
(1)控制前排孔抵抗线。在临空面石渣清理干净以后布孔,钻孔时从后往前依次钻孔,前排孔安排在最后钻而且要在白天施工,这样既能根据现场空间位置和台阶岩面情况调整抵抗线,又便于观察周边环境,保证钻机及作业人员安全。
(2)控制前排孔装药量。装药前先检查前排孔的抵抗线状况,根据每孔各部位抵抗线的不同采取正常装药、底孔装药、上下分段装药、上部装药等不同的装药方式,也可以采用局部减少药量的装药方式来控制飞石。
(3)控制填塞长度和填塞质量。根据《爆破安全规程》的规定,炮孔填塞长度不得小于20~30倍的炮孔直径,当炮孔直径115 mm时填塞长度为2.3~3.45 m,现场控制填塞长度为4~4.5 m。填塞物采用钻屑或者黏土,密实填塞。这样既保证爆破石料级配,又不会冲孔产生飞石。
爆破时可根据岩石风化程度不同,采取两种不同的岩墙预留方式。如岩石风化程度大,破碎锤能够破碎,则在沿高陡边坡方向预留3~5 m的岩墙,采用机械破碎方式开挖。如岩石较为坚硬,破碎锤破碎困难,则在距边坡线3~5 m位置钻孔,然后降低单孔装药量,控制装药量为正常孔装药量的1/3左右,对岩体进行松动爆破,开挖时采用机械破碎开挖。预留岩墙的方式可避免大量石渣和大石块滚落坡底,降低飞石对人员及物品的危害。
被动防护方法,是万一在爆破过程中产生了滚石和飞石,有措施可防止其砸坏厂房或伤害人员。被动防护方法主要有在边坡与生产线厂房之间从上到下设置防护网、防石沟、防石墙和隔离网等被动防护措施[10]
安装防护网。在+96 m和+51 m两个清扫平台上分别安装安全防护网,防止大石块直接滚落山下。
开挖防石沟。在+6 m坡脚与生产线之间开挖一条深7 m、宽20 m左右的沟槽。沟槽既能减少爆破对生产线的震动,又能防止山体开挖时滚落的块石对生产线造成危害。
修筑防石墙。在防石沟外侧用土或者碎石修筑一条高2 m、上口宽1.5 m、底口宽3.5 m的防石墙。防止滚落的石头弹出防石沟对生产线造成危害。
安装隔离网。在防石墙外侧安装一带高2 m的隔离网,防止人员、设备进到边坡坡脚,避免因落石给人员、设备造成伤害,安全防护网及隔离网现场图片如图4所示。
大皇山边坡风化强烈,覆盖层较厚,实施爆破开采时,除了要防止爆破飞石、滚石对生产线和厂房造成破坏外,还要避免爆破振动对边坡造成的累积效应破坏,从而造成岩体塌落甚至滑坡事故。为此,现场采用雷达监控系统对高陡边坡进行全方位不间断监测[11]图5为安全监测点布置示意图。
边坡雷达监控系统采集间隔设置为9 min,每天采集160组监测数据,共采集数据1120组。图6为边坡变形量云图。
图6可知,边坡变形活跃位置为1、2、3区域。活跃变形区域1位于+190 m,面积约为250 m2,最大累计变形量17.54 mm,最大变形速度0.9 mm/d。活跃变形区域2位于+130 m,面积约为225 m2,最大累计变形量12.36 mm,最大变形速度为0.68 mm/d。活跃变形区域3位于+195 m,面积约为311 m2,最大累计变形量为16.41 mm。
从监测数据结果可知,区域1、2、3变形量相对较小,且变形趋势平缓,无加速变形趋势,基本处于稳定状态。结合现场的实际工程地质条件,通过边坡雷达监测的预警方法,速度未达到预警值,未产生不可接受面积预警值,趋势未发现加速状态,边坡处于稳定状态。
大皇山露天矿高陡边坡爆破施工实践表明,在露天矿山高陡边坡爆破施工过程中,该爆破施工技术能有效预防爆破飞石危害和降低爆破振动作用,爆破作业后边坡位移变形及变形速度均未超过预警值,露天矿山边坡整体处于稳定状态。爆破作业后,爆堆松散、块度均匀、大块率较低,提高了挖装效率。基于上述工程实践,可得到以下结论:
(1)调整爆破作业方向、控制前排孔抵抗线、控制前排孔装药量、控制填塞长度和填塞质量等爆破方法能有效降低爆破飞石危害。
(2)在边坡与生产线厂房之间从上到下设置防护网、防石沟、防石墙和隔离网等组成的立体防护体系进行爆破滚石防护,实践证明安全可靠。
(3)控制爆破作业过程中单响装药量能有效降低爆破作业对露天矿山高陡边坡的振动作用。当单响装药量控制在200 kg以内时,边坡变形活跃位置最大累计变形量为17.54 mm,满足边坡安全稳定要求。
(4)通过主动防护、被动防护综合运用和辅助雷达监测系统对边坡变形进行实时监测,有效保证了爆破作业效果,降低了爆破作业对高陡边坡的爆破振动作用,减少了爆破飞石的产生,保障了爆破作业的质量和安全,为同类高陡边坡爆破作业提供经验,具有很好的借鉴意义。
  • 非煤露天矿山安全智能开采国家矿山安全监察局重点实验室开放基金资助(非煤露天矿山节理化高陡边坡爆破累积损伤特性及缓冲减损机理)(2024-K09)
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.013
  • 接收时间:2024-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-15
基金
Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Safety Intelligent Mining in Non-coal Open-pit Mines, National Mine safety Administration (Accumulated Damage Characteristics and Buffering Loss Mechanism of Jointed High Steep Slopes in Non-coal Open-pit Mines During Blasting)(2024-K09)
非煤露天矿山安全智能开采国家矿山安全监察局重点实验室开放基金资助(非煤露天矿山节理化高陡边坡爆破累积损伤特性及缓冲减损机理)(2024-K09)
作者信息
    1.宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,广州 510623
    2.北京中科力爆炸技术工程有限公司,北京 100089

通讯作者:

刘翼(1974-),男,硕士、正高级工程师,主要从事矿山爆破,(E-mai1)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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