Article(id=1241421936467702159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907654158, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907654158, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907654158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907654158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=182, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421936845189524, articleId=1241421936467702159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Disposal of Waste Ammunition, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The long burial time, severe corrosion and damage of waste ammunition pose extremely high safety risks. Improper handling or disposal of such unstable ordnance may lead to serious negative impact on society. Taking the disposal work of waste ammunition in Hunan Province as the research object, this paper summarized the main disposal methods, analysed the existing problems, and proposed countermeasures and suggestions to enhance the disposal capabilities. To explore the shortcomings of the current disposal methods, the characteristics of waste ammunition (such as types, age, and conditions) had been analysed by field research and relevant literature. The study reveals that China's waste ammunition disposal system confronts several critical challenges, including: (1) insufficient technical expertise among disposal personnel; (2) inadequate development of specialized storage infrastructure; (3) scarcity of specialized disposal equipment; (4) technological limitations in destruction methodologies; (5) an underdeveloped regulatory framework and institutional mechanisms for disposal operations. To address these challenges, this study proposes a comprehensive set of countermeasures: (1) enhancing specialized personnel training programs to improve technical competencies; (2) upgrading construction standards for dedicated storage facilities to ensure safety and compliance; (3) deploying advanced disposal equipment to increase operational efficiency; (4) developing innovative destruction technologies through targeted research; (5) standardizing disposal mechanisms to establish robust regulatory frameworks. The conclusion indicates that implementing scientific and standardized waste ammunition disposal protocols holds critical importance for mitigating public safety risks and safeguarding civilian lives and property. Future development should prioritize to enhance technological innovation and systematic improve management frameworks. These dual focus areas will collectively elevate operational standards and efficacy in waste ammunition disposal practices.

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废旧弹药由于埋藏时间久、腐蚀破损严重,存在极高安全风险,一旦被不当利用或处置失误,将对社会造成恶劣影响。以湖南省废旧弹药处置工作为研究对象,旨在梳理总结主要处置方法,分析现存问题,并提出提升处置能力的对策建议。研究通过实地调研湖南省废旧弹药处置工作流程,结合相关文献资料,对废旧弹药的品种、年代、性状等特征进行分析,探讨当前处置方法的不足。研究发现:国内废旧弹药处置存在处置人员专业程度不高、专用库房建设不足、处置装备器材缺乏、销毁技术局限以及处置机制和体系不完善等问题。针对这些问题,提出了:加强专业人员培训、完善专用库房建设标准、配备先进处置装备、探索新型销毁技术以及规范处置机制等对策建议。研究结论表明:科学规范的废旧弹药处置工作对于消除社会安全隐患、保障人民群众生命财产安全具有重要意义,未来应进一步加强技术研发和管理体系建设,提升废旧弹药处置的整体水平。

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王森森(1989-),男,湖南平江人,湖南省公安厅治安总队危爆支队副支队长,主要从事爆炸危险物品安全管理工作,(E-mail)

WANG Sen-sen (1989-), male, born in Pingjiang city, Hunan Province, deputy director of the Hunan provincial public security department security corps of Hunan province, mainly engaged in the safety management of explosive and hazardous materials, (E-mai).

, authorsList=王森森)}, authors=[Author(id=1241439640507445257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421936467702159, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=226273618@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241439640931069969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421936467702159, authorId=1241439640507445257, language=EN, stringName=Sen-sen WANG, firstName=Sen-sen, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hunan Provincial Public Security Department Security Corps, Changsha 410001, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241439641291780120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421936467702159, authorId=1241439640507445257, language=CN, stringName=王森森, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=湖南省公安厅 治安总队,长沙 410001, bio={"content":"

王森森(1989-),男,湖南平江人,湖南省公安厅治安总队危爆支队副支队长,主要从事爆炸危险物品安全管理工作,(E-mail)

WANG Sen-sen (1989-), male, born in Pingjiang city, Hunan Province, deputy director of the Hunan provincial public security department security corps of Hunan province, mainly engaged in the safety management of explosive and hazardous materials, (E-mai).

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王森森(1989-),男,湖南平江人,湖南省公安厅治安总队危爆支队副支队长,主要从事爆炸危险物品安全管理工作,(E-mail)

WANG Sen-sen (1989-), male, born in Pingjiang city, Hunan Province, deputy director of the Hunan provincial public security department security corps of Hunan province, mainly engaged in the safety management of explosive and hazardous materials, (E-mai).

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废旧弹药处置研究
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王森森
爆破 | 安全与管理 2025,42(2): 182-187
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2025, 42(2): 182-187
废旧弹药处置研究
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王森森
作者信息
  • 湖南省公安厅 治安总队,长沙 410001
  • 王森森(1989-),男,湖南平江人,湖南省公安厅治安总队危爆支队副支队长,主要从事爆炸危险物品安全管理工作,(E-mail)

    WANG Sen-sen (1989-), male, born in Pingjiang city, Hunan Province, deputy director of the Hunan provincial public security department security corps of Hunan province, mainly engaged in the safety management of explosive and hazardous materials, (E-mai).

Research on Disposal of Waste Ammunition
Sen-sen WANG
Affiliations
  • Hunan Provincial Public Security Department Security Corps, Changsha 410001, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.022
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废旧弹药由于埋藏时间久、腐蚀破损严重,存在极高安全风险,一旦被不当利用或处置失误,将对社会造成恶劣影响。以湖南省废旧弹药处置工作为研究对象,旨在梳理总结主要处置方法,分析现存问题,并提出提升处置能力的对策建议。研究通过实地调研湖南省废旧弹药处置工作流程,结合相关文献资料,对废旧弹药的品种、年代、性状等特征进行分析,探讨当前处置方法的不足。研究发现:国内废旧弹药处置存在处置人员专业程度不高、专用库房建设不足、处置装备器材缺乏、销毁技术局限以及处置机制和体系不完善等问题。针对这些问题,提出了:加强专业人员培训、完善专用库房建设标准、配备先进处置装备、探索新型销毁技术以及规范处置机制等对策建议。研究结论表明:科学规范的废旧弹药处置工作对于消除社会安全隐患、保障人民群众生命财产安全具有重要意义,未来应进一步加强技术研发和管理体系建设,提升废旧弹药处置的整体水平。

废旧弹药  /  弹药识别  /  爆炸物品专用库房  /  激光远距离销毁  /  高能火药燃烧法销毁  /  聚能射流法销毁

The long burial time, severe corrosion and damage of waste ammunition pose extremely high safety risks. Improper handling or disposal of such unstable ordnance may lead to serious negative impact on society. Taking the disposal work of waste ammunition in Hunan Province as the research object, this paper summarized the main disposal methods, analysed the existing problems, and proposed countermeasures and suggestions to enhance the disposal capabilities. To explore the shortcomings of the current disposal methods, the characteristics of waste ammunition (such as types, age, and conditions) had been analysed by field research and relevant literature. The study reveals that China's waste ammunition disposal system confronts several critical challenges, including: (1) insufficient technical expertise among disposal personnel; (2) inadequate development of specialized storage infrastructure; (3) scarcity of specialized disposal equipment; (4) technological limitations in destruction methodologies; (5) an underdeveloped regulatory framework and institutional mechanisms for disposal operations. To address these challenges, this study proposes a comprehensive set of countermeasures: (1) enhancing specialized personnel training programs to improve technical competencies; (2) upgrading construction standards for dedicated storage facilities to ensure safety and compliance; (3) deploying advanced disposal equipment to increase operational efficiency; (4) developing innovative destruction technologies through targeted research; (5) standardizing disposal mechanisms to establish robust regulatory frameworks. The conclusion indicates that implementing scientific and standardized waste ammunition disposal protocols holds critical importance for mitigating public safety risks and safeguarding civilian lives and property. Future development should prioritize to enhance technological innovation and systematic improve management frameworks. These dual focus areas will collectively elevate operational standards and efficacy in waste ammunition disposal practices.

waste ammunition  /  ammunition identification  /  dedicated storage facilities for explosives  /  laser remote destruction  /  high-energy propellant combustion destruction  /  shaped charge jet destruction
王森森. 废旧弹药处置研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 182 -187 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.022
Sen-sen WANG. Research on Disposal of Waste Ammunition[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 182 -187 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.022
废旧弹药往往是战争年代遗留下来的,多数由于土建施工从地下挖出或者在生产生活中被发现。这些弹药埋藏时间久、形状多变、腐蚀破损较为严重,一旦受到外力作用,随时有可能爆炸,若被恐怖分子和犯罪分子利用将产生恶劣的社会影响。这些废旧弹药的发掘无法预见,处置难度极大,给人民生命财产和社会生产活动带来严重的安全隐患。近年来,在废旧弹药处置过程中,因操作方法不当造成人员伤亡和财产损失的事件时有发生。因此,科学、规范地做好处置工作,对于消除社会安全隐患、保障人民群众的安全生产具有非常重要的现实意义。
从我省已发现的废旧弹药来看,其主要种类有:航空炸弹、炮弹、手榴弹、水雷、地雷、枪弹、燃烧弹、发烟弹、化学毒气弹等及其他一些爆炸装置。从归属来看,主要包括日军、前苏军、美军、国民党军以及解放前我军自制的爆炸物。湖南省境内先后发生了大大小小的无数次战斗,衡阳、岳阳、长沙都发生过较大规模的保卫战,据不完全统计,仅在长沙,日军就先后出动飞机409架次,在长沙上空轰炸100多次,投弹5000余枚。长期的战乱不仅在当时给湖南人民带来了巨大的灾难,而且战争遗留的废旧弹药至今对湖南人民造成了严重威胁[1]
废旧弹药一般是通过建筑施工、农业耕作、河流清淤等生产生活活动被发现,其一般在地下埋藏了数十年甚至更久,由于年代久远,储存环境恶劣,所以弹体表面锈蚀严重、标识无法准确判读,再加上外形复杂、资料缺失等原因,导致废旧弹药识别难度大,对相关人员的专业知识要求高[2]。弹药的识别工作尤其是对日军遗留的化学弹药的专业识别非常重要,因此所有遗留炸弹都要经过专家识别后,判定为是否是化学弹药后,才能进一步处置[3]
在识别过程中,不仅需要依赖专业人员丰富的经验和专业知识,还需要借助先进的检测设备和技术手段。例如,利用X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪等现代分析仪器,可以对废旧弹药的成分、结构进行精准分析,为识别工作提供科学依据。然而,这些先进设备的普及程度和技术水平在不同地区存在差异,也增加了识别的难度。此外,由于废旧弹药种类繁多,不同种类的弹药在外观、标识等方面存在差异,这也对识别工作提出了更高的要求[4]
废旧弹药内部装药一般为军用猛炸药(以TNT为主),这种炸药化学性能稳定,在存储了几十年后依然具有强大的爆炸杀伤力[5]。废旧弹药多数埋于土中,或藏于池塘、江河、湖泊、浅海底部,有的甚至埋藏在各种建筑物下,遗留的环境恶劣,受长时间自然环境的影响,其各金属部件,如弹体、击发机构等会发生程度不一的锈蚀情况,容易导致保险失效,在外界轻微的触碰下而击发,此外,炸药的起爆性能也可能因为长期埋藏而变得敏感或迟钝。因此,废旧弹药性能极不稳定,其处置需要专业的知识和技能,且存在很高的安全风险,稍有不慎可能引发爆炸事故,国内即曾发生过多次废旧弹药在装运过程中或生产生活中误碰导致爆炸的惨烈事件。
除侵华日军遗留的化学弹药按国家有关规定移交军队处理外,其他废旧弹药都由各地公安机关进行处置。为了规范公安机关处置爆炸物品工作,预防爆炸事故发生,公安部于2010年9月30日颁布了《公安机关处置爆炸物品工作安全规范》。该规范对公安机关没收、收缴、储存、运输、销毁等处置爆炸物品工作进行了详细规定。
当前,我省一般的做法是,公安收到第一现场当事人发现废旧弹药的报警后,当地派出所会对现场进行封锁,同时通知所在地公安分局分管危爆的干警到达现场,对废旧弹药的种类、年代等进行鉴别,并根据炸药性质、弹药外观等信息初步评估可能存在的爆炸风险。若判定该废旧弹药危险性较大,可报上级机关请求力量支援,对于确实高度敏感、不宜进行挖掘、搬运、转移的废旧弹药,应当根据现场环境组织就地销毁。对于种类明确、危险性较小的废旧弹药,则转运到专用的库房统一、分类储存。废旧弹药的挖掘、搬运、转移,应根据操作规程和专业技术人员的要求进行,废旧弹药的销毁一般委托专业销毁单位承担,采用集中销毁的方式,一般用炸药爆炸法进行。在销毁过程中,公安机关应当邀请有关专业技术人员对销毁方案进行安全评估,并监督销毁单位严格按照销毁方案实施。
废旧弹药的处置程序复杂,安全风险大,处置人员需要有爆炸力学、材料科学、化学、兵器科学与技术等相关学科专业背景。此外,废旧弹药的检查、识别与处置,涉及到多种专业仪器设备的使用。因此,处置人员还需熟练掌握相应的仪器设备[6-9]。据调查,目前国内院校开设此专业的主要集中在几个军队院校,公安院校相关专业仅涉及部分课程,从目前公安负责危爆的干警专业背景调查统计也发现,70%以上都没有相应的专业背景。此外,基层干警岗位轮换频繁,人员流动大,这些都不利于废旧弹药处置工作的开展。因此,在接到废旧弹药报警信号后,大多数派出所民警仅能进行简单的判断,很难准确甄别废旧弹药的种类、性能及稳定性。
按《公安机关处置爆炸物品工作安全规范》要求,没收、收缴的爆炸物品,应当储存在专用库房内,禁止在办公区、宿舍区等人员聚集场所存放爆炸物品。目前专用库房建设数量存在不足,有的地方因没有专用仓库只能将没收、收缴的爆炸物品储存在民爆仓库,甚至还存放在办公区、宿舍区,发生过因储存不当造成爆炸事故。按《公安机关处置爆炸物品工作安全规范》要求,储存爆炸物品的库房应当符合有关技术标准的规定,设置必要的技术防范设施,并配备足够的值班守护人员。没收、收缴的爆炸物品专用库房一般建设在民爆仓库库区内,外部、内部距离等没有专门的技术标准,缺少废旧弹药储存专用库房建设标准、规范。
废旧弹药的处置涉及到其检查、识别、挖掘、搬运、储存、销毁等过程,每一个环节都存在很大的危险性,对人员素质、装备器材保障要求较高[6]。从我省当前的情况来看,废旧弹药的检查识别主要靠公安干警的个人经验,缺乏专门的识别仪器、知识图库和专家系统,从已装备的检查识别仪器设备来看,普遍存在型号老旧、品种单一,不能满足实际需要。很多废旧弹药发现的时候都是埋在土石中的,使其暴露出来需要专门进行挖掘,目前的做法是,对于重量较轻的废旧弹药,基本靠人工进行;重量较大的,一般临时租用民用机械设备进行。民用机械设备针对性差、操作人员缺乏废旧弹药挖掘经验,实际工作中存在很大的安全隐患。此外,在废旧弹药转运环节,目前主要采用租用厢式货车或者民爆物品运输车进行,没有配备专用的弹药运输车。从整个废旧弹药的处置流程来看,多个环节都存在装备器配备缺乏的情况。因此,处置装备器材的严重缺乏,正制约着我省废旧弹药处置水平的进一步提高。
统计发现,废旧弹药大都是随着城市的扩建、人民的生产生活中发现的,大多在人员活动较多、环境较复杂的地方。当前的处置方式主要采用集中爆炸法销毁[7],即危爆民警把遗留的废旧弹药转运到专用仓库,再由上级机关统一安排专业力量或具有相应资质的单位采用爆炸法销毁[10]。爆炸法销毁具有销毁彻底、速度快捷的优点,但是也存在对人员、场地要求高,对周边环境影响大[8],招标程序周期长,安全风险大,处置费用高昂等问题。随着技术的发展,激光远距离销毁、高能火药燃烧法销毁、聚能射流法销毁等很多非接触销毁技术逐渐成熟,这类技术有一个共同的特点,即操作人员不需要触动(接触)废旧弹药[11-14],同时爆炸物以燃烧或弱爆炸的方式销毁[12],从而确保了销毁人员安全、减小了对周边环境的影响。因此,加强新的技术方法研究和应用,转变原来集中销毁的方式,可以大大减少废旧弹药处置环节,从而可以规避相应风险,节约处置经费。
废旧弹药的处置是公安部门的一项经常性工作,存在安全风险大、专业性强等特点,废旧弹药的检查识别、转运、存储、销毁等涉及到各级公安、消防、地方政府以及各专业力量等单位的联动,当前存在各单位职能不够清晰、组织指挥效率低下、沟通协调不够顺畅等情况。
聚能切割技术利用“聚能效应”原理,通过爆炸瞬间生成的高温、高速金属射流,有效切割和破坏引信或直接破坏弹体装药,实现弹药的销毁[14]。这种方法不仅能有效分离弹体与装药,还便于后续的资源回收再利用。射孔弹技术则是通过在弹药上制造小孔,使用导爆索等手段进行控制爆炸,同样实现了弹药的安全销毁。这些技术的应用,显著提高了废旧弹药处理的安全性和环境友好性,为弹药销毁领域提供了新的解决方案。
在此基础上,可以进一步探讨这些技术的发展与应用。黄鹏波等在其研究中详细介绍了聚能切割技术在废弃常规弹药销毁中的应用前景,指出该技术能很好地实现防坦克地雷装药与壳体的有效分离[2]。此外,郗文博等基于聚能装药原理设计了一种小型聚能销毁装置,通过静穿甲和冲击引爆模拟试验验证了其销毁效果,证明了该装置具有可靠性高、使用便捷等优点[14]。这些研究表明,聚能切割与射孔弹技术不仅在理论与设计上取得了进展,而且在实际应用中也展现了良好的效果和潜力。
韩启龙等通过高压射流技术对废旧弹药进行处理,该技术通过高速水流的形式,将高压水或其他介质转换成高速的高能束流[11],对材料产生强烈的冲蚀作用,有效提高了处理废旧弹药的安全性和效率。刘凤芹等的研究进一步阐述了高压射流技术的原理,并探讨了其在废旧弹药处理中的应用前景,尤其是在提高处理过程的安全性和有效性方面。此外,黄鹏波等在综述了废弃常规弹药销毁技术时,也提及了高压射流切割技术的应用,强调了这种技术在减少环境污染和提高资源回收利用方面的优势[11]
高压射流处理技术的核心在于其能够在相对较低的温度下进行操作,这一点与热等离子体处理技术不同,后者需要高温运行,对设备材料的要求更为苛刻。高压射流技术的另一个优势在于其对环境的影响较小,便于资源的回收再利用,这对于处理具有潜在危险性的废旧弹药尤为重要。
通过韩启龙等的研究,可以看出高压射流处理技术在处理废旧弹药方面具有明显的技术优势和应用潜力。这些研究不仅展示了高压射流技术的应用范围和处理效果,还为未来的研究方向提供了宝贵的参考[11]。综上所述,高压射流处理技术为废旧弹药的安全、环保处置提供了一种有效的技术途径,具有重要的研究价值和应用前景。
快速碳酸化技术是一种新兴的危险废物处理技术,其通过利用高浓度的二氧化碳在特定的化学反应条件下,使有害废物的有害成分在高温作用下分解,转化成非有毒或低毒的物质,从而达到减少环境污染和保障人类健康的目的。这种技术主要应用于矿产行业以提升资源的利用率,但随着技术的不断进步,其在危险废物处理上的应用也逐渐增多。
陈艳红的研究展示了快速碳酸化技术在处理具有毒性、腐蚀性、感染性、爆炸性等特征的危险废物中的应用[15-17]。通过对废物进行分类和鉴定,确定废物的特性和数量,再配合二氧化碳注射装置和其他必要的设备,如反应器、温度计、压力计等,可以有效地进行危险废物的无害化处理。在操作过程中,通过控制反应器内的温度和压力,确保了处理过程的顺利进行,并通过等待一定时间后的检查来确认废物的处理效果。此外,经过处理的废物中可回收物质被提取回收利用,而无法回收的废物则进行适当的分类处置。
此外,还有其他的技术研究也对快速碳酸化技术的发展和应用提供了重要的补充。例如,等离子气化技术和热处理技术等也能有效地减少危险废物的危害性,但它们各有特点和适用范围[15]。等离子气化技术通过高温处理,可以将有害废物转化为无害气体,实现废物的减容减量和无害化,同时还可以实现废物气体的资源化利用。而热处理技术则通过高温处理改变废物的化学性质,分解有机物和无机物,消除有害物质,其中包括热解、焚烧和高温加压水解等方式。
快速碳酸化技术作为一种有效的危险废物无害化处理技术,在理论研究和实际应用中均显示出了良好的应用前景。随着技术的不断发展和完善,有望在未来得到更广泛的应用,为实现危险废物的安全、环保处理提供更多的技术选择。
该技术通过将有害废物固定在一种惰性的、不透水的基质中,有效降低了有毒有害污染物的溶解性、迁移性及毒性,从而减少了对环境的潜在风险。陈艳红在其研究中提到,稳定化/固化技术能够有效地降低重金属含量至国家标准以下,实现无害化处理[17]。通过选择合适的化学稳定剂,可以将危险废物转化为难溶性物质,从而提高其稳定性并防止污染扩散。
随着技术的发展,固化稳定化技术也在不断进步,如快速碳酸化技术和等离子气化技术等。这些技术不仅能有效地减少废物的危害性,还能促进废物的资源化利用。谢毅和郝海松在对我国危险废物处置技术的研究中提到,通过物理化学法、固化法及高温焚烧等手段,可以实现危险废物的无害化处理和资源化[6]
固化稳定化技术在废旧弹药的环境友好型处置中发挥着重要作用,不仅能有效地减少环境污染,还能为危险废物的最终处置或综合利用提供技术支持。未来,随着新技术的不断涌现,预计固化稳定化技术将在环境保护和资源循环利用方面发挥更大的作用。
微生物处理技术利用微生物的代谢活动来分解和转化危险废物中的有害成分,从而达到减少环境污染的目的。这项技术以其成本较低、环境友好且能有效处理某些类型的危险废物的特点,成为了当前研究的热点。日本在废弃物处理技术政策发展历程中,已经将微生物处理技术作为一种有效的环境友好型处置技术进行探索和应用。另外,谢毅和郝海松的研究中也提到了微生物处理技术在危险废物处置中的应用潜力[6]
微生物处理技术在危险废物的处理和处置方面展现出了巨大的潜力和实际应用价值。未来的研究可以进一步探索该技术在不同类型危险废物处置中的应用,以及如何提高该技术的处理效率和降低成本。
现有的处置技术包括物理法、化学法和生物法等,各有其适用场景和技术难点。例如,物理法中的聚能切割与射孔弹技术能够在无需使用化学物质的情况下进行处置,但其应用范围受限于弹药类型和结构的复杂性;化学法的快速碳酸化技术和固化稳定化技术能有效中和弹药中的有害物质,但需要严格控制化学物质的使用和处理过程的安全性;生物法则展示了通过生物降解实现无害化处置的潜力,尽管目前还面临着效率和稳定性的挑战。
在实际应用方面,案例分析显示,尽管现有技术能够处理一定量的废旧弹药,但在技术实施过程中仍存在诸多安全难点。例如,爆炸法在处理某些类型的高风险弹药时具有一定的应用潜力,但其安全性需要通过严格的工程设计和操作规程来保证;而对于非爆炸性弹药,当前的技术可能无法完全解决安全和环境风险问题。
未来的研究方向应当关注技术的智能化与自动化发展,以提高处置过程的效率和准确性,同时降低人为操作的安全风险[18]。此外,新材料与新技术的探索也是未来研究的重点,比如开发更安全、更环保的化学处理剂,或者利用纳米技术和生物工程改进现有的生物降解过程,以实现更加高效和环境友好的废旧弹药处置方法[19-24]
研究表明,尽管现有的物理法、化学法和生物法等处置技术在某些方面取得了一定的进展,但在实施的安全性、经济性以及对环境的综合效益等方面仍面临诸多挑战。特别是在智能化与自动化技术的融入,为废旧弹药的安全高效处置提供了新的可能性。
智能化与自动化的趋势主要体现在以下几个方面:首先,通过智能化的监控和控制系统,可以实现对处置过程的实时监控,及时调整处置参数,确保处置过程的安全性和有效性。其次,自动化技术的应用可以减少操作过程中的人工干预,降低作业风险,同时提高处置效率和精确度。此外,结合物联网、大数据分析等技术,可以对大量的处置数据进行分析处理,优化处置工艺,减少环境风险[19]
未来的研究方向应当重点关注智能化与自动化技术的深入开发与应用,特别是在提高处置过程的智能化程度、减少操作复杂度、提升处置效率和安全性方面。同时,也需要探索新型材料和新技术在废旧弹药处置中的应用,以实现更加环境友好和经济高效的处置方案[20]。此外,政策制定者和相关企业也应当关注这些新技术的研发与推广应用,为废旧弹药的安全处置提供更多的支持和保障。
未来的研究方向应当集中于以下几个关键点。
首先,新材料的开发是提升现有处置技术性能的关键。例如,开发具有更高能量密度和更低环境排放的推进剂,或者研发能够更安全、更有效地处理含有重金属和有机物的弹药残骸的新型材料。
其次,新技术的探索是实现废旧弹药安全处置的必要途径。例如,利用纳米技术改善化学法处置的效率和安全性,或者探索利用人工智能和机器学习优化物理法处置过程。
最后,智能化和自动化技术的融入将极大提升处置过程的效率和安全性。通过智能化设计,可以实现对处置过程的精确控制和优化,同时降低人力成本和操作风险。
综上所述,未来废旧弹药处置技术的研究,应当重点关注新材料与新技术的开发,同时结合智能化和自动化技术的应用,以实现更为安全、经济和环保的处置方案。
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.022
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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