Article(id=1241421935188431766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731254400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907653853, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907653853, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907653853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907653853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421936174093219, articleId=1241421935188431766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Influence of Vibration-reduction Holes on Blast Vibration Mitigation in Underwater Blasting, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Underwater blasting vibration poses significant challenges in mining engineering applications, particularly channel dredging, seaport, and bridge construction. This study investigates the vibration attenuation mechanism and propagation characteristics through damping borehole configurations. The attenuation law of underwater blasting damping holes was studied, and a comprehensive experimental program to analyze the blasting vibration signals and piezoelectric signals was conducted by comparing three scenarios: conventional blasting without damping measures, water-coupled damping holes, and air-coupled damping holes. The optimized borehole parameters included a 2 cm diameter, 5 cm spacing, 4 cm row spacing, and 17 cm depth, positioned 20 cm from the explosive source. Experimental results demonstrated that using underwater blasting damping holes can effectively reduce the peak vibration velocity of blasting. The average damping rate of water-coupled damping holes and air-coupled damping holes is 17.5% and 27.2%, respectively. Time domain analysis revealed a consistent correlation between piezoelectric signals and the peak vibration velocity. The damping mechanism primarily affected vertical vibration components, with effectiveness positively correlated with charge weight. Field validation tests confirmed an 18.1% vibration reduction, establishing the practical efficacy of the proposed damping borehole array.

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XU Shun-xiang (1970-), female, master degree, associate professor, mainly engaged in the research and development of safety engineering and blasting technology, (E-mail).
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爆破振动是水下爆破的有害效应之一,研究水下爆破过程中的振动响应和振动控制对航道疏浚、海港、桥梁建设具有重要意义。研究了水下爆破减振孔的作用机理和传播衰减规律,通过设计水下减振孔模型试验测试了不同药量下无减振孔、水耦合减振孔及空气耦合减振孔爆破振动信号与压电信号,减振孔直径2 cm、孔距5 cm、排距4 cm、孔深17 cm、与爆源相对距离20 cm。测试结果表明:采用水下爆破减振孔能有效降低爆破振动速度峰值,水耦合减振孔平均减振率为17.5%,空气耦合减振孔减振率为27.2%;压电信号峰值与振动速度峰值在时域上具有相似的变化规律;减振孔主要降低竖直方向的振动速度,且减振率随炸药量的增加而增加。现场水下爆破施工试验表明,采用水下减振孔后减振率达到18.1%。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐顺香(1970-),女,硕士研究生、副教授,主要从事安全工程及爆破技术研发,(E-mail)
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万佳伟(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆炸动力学及应用研究,(E-mail)

WAN Jia-wei (2000-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in the research of explosion dynamics and application, (E-mail).

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万佳伟(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆炸动力学及应用研究,(E-mail)

WAN Jia-wei (2000-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in the research of explosion dynamics and application, (E-mail).

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万佳伟(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆炸动力学及应用研究,(E-mail)

WAN Jia-wei (2000-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in the research of explosion dynamics and application, (E-mail).

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Experimental and umerical simulation study on vibration reduction effect of blasting barrier holes[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2020. 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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421935188431766, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of the concrete model

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材料(Material)密度(Density) ρ/(kg·m-3)泊松比(Poisson′s ratio) γ弹性模量(Elastic modulus) E/GPa抗拉强度(Tensile strength) fc/MPa
C30混凝土C30 Contrete2360302.00.15~0.25
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混凝土模型物理力学参数表

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材料(Material)密度(Density) ρ/(kg·m-3)泊松比(Poisson′s ratio) γ弹性模量(Elastic modulus) E/GPa抗拉强度(Tensile strength) fc/MPa
C30混凝土C30 Contrete2360302.00.15~0.25
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List of model schemes

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No.试区编号The test area number减振孔Vibration damping holes介质Medium药量/发Dosage/shot
1 A11
2 A21
3 A3空气1
4 A12
5 A22
6 A3空气2
7 A13
8 A23
9 A3空气3
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模型实验方案一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.试区编号The test area number减振孔Vibration damping holes介质Medium药量/发Dosage/shot
1 A11
2 A21
3 A3空气1
4 A12
5 A22
6 A3空气2
7 A13
8 A23
9 A3空气3
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Piezoelectric signal and vibration monitoring results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.工况编号Case numb炸药量/g Amount of explosive压电信号Piezoelectric signal/V振动信号峰值PPV/(cm·s-1)
1#测点1# measuring point2#测点2# measuring point3#测点3# measuring point1#测点1# measuring point2#测点2# measuring point3#测点3# measuring point
1 A11.076.035.191 A11.076.03
2 A21.074.713.812 A21.074.71
3 A31.073.503.113 A31.073.50
4 A12.148.177.444 A12.148.17
5 A22.147.557.065 A22.147.55
6 A32.146.605.036 A32.146.60
7 A13.2112.0310.307 A13.2112.03
8 A23.2110.8910.158 A23.2110.89
9 A33.219.909.618.7522.1918.5818.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241439672174432957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421935188431766, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

压电信号及振动监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.工况编号Case numb炸药量/g Amount of explosive压电信号Piezoelectric signal/V振动信号峰值PPV/(cm·s-1)
1#测点1# measuring point2#测点2# measuring point3#测点3# measuring point1#测点1# measuring point2#测点2# measuring point3#测点3# measuring point
1 A11.076.035.191 A11.076.03
2 A21.074.713.812 A21.074.71
3 A31.073.503.113 A31.073.50
4 A12.148.177.444 A12.148.17
5 A22.147.557.065 A22.147.55
6 A32.146.605.036 A32.146.60
7 A13.2112.0310.307 A13.2112.03
8 A23.2110.8910.158 A23.2110.89
9 A33.219.909.618.7522.1918.5818.00
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水下爆破减振孔对减振效果的影响研究
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万佳伟 1 , 钟冬望 1, 2 , 徐顺香 1 , 何理 1, 2 , 李腾飞 1 , 陶好好 1 , 高晗 1 , 徐潇潇 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2025,42(2): 158-166
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2025, 42(2): 158-166
水下爆破减振孔对减振效果的影响研究
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万佳伟1 , 钟冬望1, 2, 徐顺香1 , 何理1, 2, 李腾飞1, 陶好好1, 高晗1, 徐潇潇1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学,武汉 430065
  • 2.湖北省智能爆破工程技术研究中心,武汉 430065
  • 万佳伟(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆炸动力学及应用研究,(E-mail)

    WAN Jia-wei (2000-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in the research of explosion dynamics and application, (E-mail).

通讯作者:

徐顺香(1970-),女,硕士研究生、副教授,主要从事安全工程及爆破技术研发,(E-mail)
Study on Influence of Vibration-reduction Holes on Blast Vibration Mitigation in Underwater Blasting
Jia-wei WAN1 , Dong-wang ZHONG1, 2, Shun-xiang XU1 , Li HE1, 2, Teng-fei LI1, Hao-hao TAO1, Han GAO1, Xiao-xiao XU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
  • 2.Hubei Province Intelligent Blasting Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan 430065, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.019
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爆破振动是水下爆破的有害效应之一,研究水下爆破过程中的振动响应和振动控制对航道疏浚、海港、桥梁建设具有重要意义。研究了水下爆破减振孔的作用机理和传播衰减规律,通过设计水下减振孔模型试验测试了不同药量下无减振孔、水耦合减振孔及空气耦合减振孔爆破振动信号与压电信号,减振孔直径2 cm、孔距5 cm、排距4 cm、孔深17 cm、与爆源相对距离20 cm。测试结果表明:采用水下爆破减振孔能有效降低爆破振动速度峰值,水耦合减振孔平均减振率为17.5%,空气耦合减振孔减振率为27.2%;压电信号峰值与振动速度峰值在时域上具有相似的变化规律;减振孔主要降低竖直方向的振动速度,且减振率随炸药量的增加而增加。现场水下爆破施工试验表明,采用水下减振孔后减振率达到18.1%。

水下钻孔爆破  /  水下减振孔  /  振动响应  /  压电信号  /  振动控制

Underwater blasting vibration poses significant challenges in mining engineering applications, particularly channel dredging, seaport, and bridge construction. This study investigates the vibration attenuation mechanism and propagation characteristics through damping borehole configurations. The attenuation law of underwater blasting damping holes was studied, and a comprehensive experimental program to analyze the blasting vibration signals and piezoelectric signals was conducted by comparing three scenarios: conventional blasting without damping measures, water-coupled damping holes, and air-coupled damping holes. The optimized borehole parameters included a 2 cm diameter, 5 cm spacing, 4 cm row spacing, and 17 cm depth, positioned 20 cm from the explosive source. Experimental results demonstrated that using underwater blasting damping holes can effectively reduce the peak vibration velocity of blasting. The average damping rate of water-coupled damping holes and air-coupled damping holes is 17.5% and 27.2%, respectively. Time domain analysis revealed a consistent correlation between piezoelectric signals and the peak vibration velocity. The damping mechanism primarily affected vertical vibration components, with effectiveness positively correlated with charge weight. Field validation tests confirmed an 18.1% vibration reduction, establishing the practical efficacy of the proposed damping borehole array.

underwater blasting  /  underwater vibration-reduction holes  /  vibration response  /  piezoelectric signal  /  vibration control
万佳伟, 钟冬望, 徐顺香, 何理, 李腾飞, 陶好好, 高晗, 徐潇潇. 水下爆破减振孔对减振效果的影响研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 158 -166 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.019
Jia-wei WAN, Dong-wang ZHONG, Shun-xiang XU, Li HE, Teng-fei LI, Hao-hao TAO, Han GAO, Xiao-xiao XU. Study on Influence of Vibration-reduction Holes on Blast Vibration Mitigation in Underwater Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 158 -166 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.019
水下钻孔爆破是航道疏浚、港口码头、桥梁等工程中常用的一种方法,由于其造价低、施工速度快、可靠性高等优点,现阶段被广泛应用于各类生产施工当中。爆破技术的飞速发展,在为社会带来极大的效益与便利的同时,也产生了许多有害效应[1]。爆破振动引起的事故后果十分严重,会对周边建筑物产生损伤及破坏,因此,爆破振动引起的一系列问题受到了研究人员和爆破从业者的广泛关注对于爆破振动的控制主要从爆源、传播过程两个方面进行[2,3]。通过调整相应的爆破参数和起爆方式[4-7],从根源上降低爆破地震波的强度;采用适当的减振防护措施[8,9],以阻断爆破地震波的传播,加快传播过程中爆炸能量的衰减。
为在爆破振动的传播过程中对其进行控制,常通过开挖减振沟和减振孔等措施来减小爆破振动对防护体的危害作用[10-12]。爆破地震波通过减振孔和减振沟时,会发生反射、绕射等现象,从而有效地衰减了地震波的能量。
目前,国内外对爆破减振孔的研究工作,主要是通过实验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法来研究减振孔的减振效应及其影响因素。在试验研究中,张奇考虑了应力波垂直节理入射[13],根据爆破地震波的折射与反射规律,总结出影响爆破地震波折射与反射的因素主要是介质的波阻抗;Hagimor等对减振沟的隔振效应进行了实验研究[14],经反复实验统计,沟槽的减振率可达60%~80%;徐亮进行了减振孔布置对地面振动的实验研究[15],发现设置减振孔可以显著地降低水平切向爆破能量,但对水平向和竖直向的能量分布没有显著的影响。
在数值模拟研究中,赵蕊采用显式动力有限元程序AUTODYN,研究不同减振孔对岩体中爆炸冲击波的传播与衰减及其对临近地下洞室动态响应的影响规律[16],揭示了不同减振孔参数对其减振效果的影响规律;吕江利用LS-DYNA研究了在掌子面布设多排、多孔径减振孔对减振孔的振动控制效果[17],发现采用2排15 cm孔径的减振孔布设方案,既能满足减振要求,又能兼顾岩石破碎效果。
在水下环境中,减振沟中水介质的波阻抗与岩体的波阻抗有较大的差异,爆炸地震波经过减振沟时产生的反射效应,大量吸收振动能量,从而有效地减小振动效果。但是,在深海中,由于静水压的作用,爆破施工变得更加困难,岩体的抛投效果也随之减弱,目前常用增加炸药量来消除水压的不利影响,从而使爆破振动的幅度进一步增大,但是采用传统减振沟的减振措施在水下环境中不适用,特别是在港口码头等近岸区域,水深较大时开挖出一条有效的减振沟并不现实。
随着技术的进步和环境法规的日益严格,水下爆破振动控制显得尤为重要。本文拟开展空气耦合减振孔及常规水耦合减振孔进行水下爆破实验,通过对经过不同形式的减振孔减振后的振动信号进行监测,分析空气耦合减振孔在水下爆破工程中的作用。
为减少爆炸对建筑物的振动影响,在爆炸源处和建筑物间设置减振孔。减振孔的作用是利用应力波的传播特点,引起应力波的反射、透射、绕射等波散效应阻断应力波的传播,从而减小振动幅值,但仍有少部分应力波从减振孔底部和振孔间隙处直接穿过间断裂隙,未能有效降低此部分能量。如图1所示,绕射区的能量密度比绕射前小,能量在该位置分散至其他区域,质点的振速减小。在此基础上,进一步分析单孔对应力波传播的干扰作用。
在爆破过程中,炸药的一部分能量转换为冲击波,随着波继续在介质中传播,由于介质的阻隔作用,冲击波随之过渡为应力波继而衰减为地震波。当地震波由一种介质传播至另一种介质时,由于介质之间的波阻抗不同,地震波在介质的交界面上会产生反射与透射,一部分能量会反射回来,少部分能量发生透射继续传播,如图2所示。
由于工程环境复杂,因此只考虑入射波垂直入射时,应力波界面发生反射与透射,透射应力、反射应力与入射应力的关系为
式中:σI为入射应力波,MPa;σR为反射应力波,MPa;σT为透射应力波,MPa;ρa为入射波介质的密度,kg/m3;(Cp)a为入射波介质的纵波波速,m/s;ρb为透射波介质的密度,kg/m3;(Cp)b为透射波介质的纵波波速,m/s。
由式(1)可知,地震波传播至减振孔时会产生反射与透射,透射系数与减振孔内介质的波阻抗相关。爆炸应力波经过减振孔时可以简化为由岩石传播至减振孔介质(水、空气),在此期间会产生一次反射与透射;而后从减振孔介质(水、空气)中传播至岩石再次产生反射与透射。以水下钻孔爆破现场材料属性进行计算:取岩石密度ρ岩石=2360 kg/m3,岩石纵波波速(Cp)岩石=3800 m/s;空气密度ρ空气=1.29 kg/m3,空气纵波波速;(Cp)空气=340 m/s;水密度ρ=1000 kg/m3,水纵波波速(Cp)=1500 m/s。经计算,通过空气耦合减振孔的爆炸应力波强度仅为原入射应力波的1.96×10-4倍;通过水耦合减振孔的爆炸应力波强度仅为原入射应力波的0.491倍。表明空气耦合减振孔和水耦合减振孔均能降低应力波强度,但空气耦合减振孔的应力波削减效果明显比水耦合减振孔的效果强。
以保护对象和爆破对象作为参考,减振孔相对较小,可类比为非完全固结界面,在界面模型中,减振孔被看作具有位移间断性质的半空间弹性接触面,并且定义界面上的节理刚度为界面处的应力和界面两侧的位移间断值的比值。由于减振带由多个减振孔组成,几何形状与介质不均匀带来的复杂工况,在实际应用中难以实现准确的计算,爆破产生的P波(纵波)对建构物的振动更为明显,常常将携带能量较大的P波作为主要研究对象,因此将减振带两侧的爆炸地震波均简化为P波。P波传播至减振孔时的情况如图3所示。
假设减振孔的孔壁处应力连续,则有
由节理刚度定义,可得
引入截面位置的应力计算式
得到P波穿过减振带的衰减公式
λir为反射系数,λit为透射系数。
由式(6)可知,应力波穿过减振孔时,反射系数,透射系数,减振孔可对爆炸地震波起到隔振效果。入射应力波的圆频率会影响透射波的振幅。若入射应力波的圆频率相当大,则透射波的振幅会变得非常小,这说明了减振孔能在很大程度上过滤掉爆炸地震波中的高频成分。
浇筑尺寸为300 cm×300 cm×60 cm的混凝土模型,如图4所示,其中混凝土板净尺寸为200 cm×200 cm×30 cm,试件内部留有10 cm高度用以储蓄水来模拟水下环境,在试件中心位置预留直径为12 mm、高150 mm的炮孔,减振孔直径2 cm、孔距5 cm、排距4 cm、孔深17 cm、与爆源相对距离20 cm。模型的物理力学参数如表1所示。
混凝土养护好后,在试件台阶上用油漆标记3个测点,振动传感器及压电传感器放置在同一位置,测点1、2、3与炮孔水平距离分别为110 cm、125 cm、140 cm,垂直距离分别10 cm、20 cm、30 cm,测点布置如图4所示。
振动监测系统由爆源、传感器、采集仪、计算机组成。试验过程中,先用石膏粉将NuBox-8016型爆炸测振仪三向振动速度传感器和压电陶瓷传感器布设在测点上。其中振动速度传感器X方向指向炮孔方向、Z方向垂直地面朝上、Y方向与XZ方向垂直。
试验先后共布置水介质与空气介质两种减振孔,与无减振孔工况进行对比。布置参数如表2所示。采用8#工业数码电子雷管作为爆炸源,单发雷管的等效TNT当量为1.07 g,在试件内注入10 cm深的水以模拟水下爆破环境,如图5所示。
分别利用振动监测传感器与压电陶瓷监测系统,对爆破过程中进行振动速度及压电信号的监测,图6图7分别为三种工况下1#测点Z方向上典型振动波形和压电信号,表3给出了3种工况下各测点的振动速度及压电信号峰值。
表3可以看出,在相同爆心距位置,采用减振孔措施后,测点峰值明显降低,1#测点处采用空气耦合减振孔振动幅值降低24.2%,采用水耦合减振孔振动幅值降低13.4%;2#测点处采用空气耦合减振孔振动幅值降低22.9%,采用水耦合减振孔振动幅值降低21.1%;3#测点处采用空气耦合减振孔振动幅值降低34.6%,采用水耦合减振孔振动幅值降低18.1%。采用减振孔减振措施后,能有效降低爆破振动对保护区域的振动影响,应力波经过减振孔区域时,会产生反射、透射与绕射等波散现象,能量在该位置分散至其他区域,质点的振速减小。由于空气耦合减振孔的反射系数大于水耦合减振孔的反射系数,采用空气耦合减振孔相较于水耦合减振孔的减振效果更好,空气耦合减振孔减振率比水耦合减振孔减振率平均高10.8%。
为进一步研究减振孔减振机理,分析了压电信号及振动峰值的相关性,在相同药量下,采用压电被动监测和振动监测信号的关系。应力波作用在压电陶瓷传感器上会使其产生电位差(正压电效应),通过压电信号可表征应力波强度。振动信号峰值同为爆炸能量的一种表征方式,将压电信号峰值和爆破振动峰值进行拟合,找到振动信号峰值与压电信号峰值的联系。如图8所示,在相同药量情况下,各测点压电信号及振动信号变化趋势相同。测点1爆心距最小,振动与压电信号峰值最大,测点3振动与压电信号峰值次之,测点2振动与压电信号峰值最小,这是因为各测点之间存在高程差,导致在地形变化较大情况下,产生鞭梢效应,导致振动与压电信号变大,而随着爆心距的变大,使得压电信号及振动信号随之减小。
通过对振动峰值与压电峰值进行拟合,如图9所示。压电峰值与振动峰值呈现出显著的线性关系(PPV=2.16 V,R2=0.95),说明振动信号与压电信号峰值变化规律相同,采用压电信号用来研究减振孔减振规律是可行的,减振孔减振原理是因为减振孔可以有效阻止应力波的传播,吸收大部分能量,从而降低保护区域的振动,进而对被保护区进行保护作用。
为进一步研究不同药量下减振孔对减振效果的影响规律,分析了在不同药量的情况下,采用不同减振孔介质对水平方向、切向方向、垂直方向振动控制效果的区别。如图10所示,在不同药量下,水耦合减振孔、空气耦合减振孔在1#测点各方向上都有明显减振效果,且空气耦合减振孔的减振效果比水耦合减振孔的减振效果强。采用水耦合减振孔和空气耦合减振孔在Z方向的减振率均最大,平均减振率分别为18.3%、29.4%;X方向次之,平均减振率分别为14.4%、22.7%;Y方向最低,平均减振率分别为9.4%、16.8%,减振孔主要降低Z方向的应力波。在方向相同的情况下,随着炸药量从1 g逐步提升至3 g,水耦合减振孔在Z方向的减振率分别增加6%、2.7%;空气耦合减振孔在Z方向的减振率分别增加5%、5.7%。随着炸药量的提升,会相对产生较多的高频能量,而减振孔能有效地削减高频能量,因此随着炸药量逐步提升,减振孔的减振效果逐渐提高。
将不同工况的振动信号进行FFT处理得到振动信号的频谱图。如图11所示,未采用减振孔时,振动信号频率主要集中在1200~2300 Hz,主频为1789 Hz,采用水耦合减振孔时振动信号频率主要集中在750~1500 Hz,主频为1195 Hz,采用空气耦合减振孔时,振动信号频率主要集中在400~1000 Hz,主频为724 Hz。
小波包分析作为小波多分辨率分析方法的扩展,可以有效地解决多分辨率分析中高频分辨能力较弱、低频分辨能力较弱等不足。在此基础上,采用多层次划分方法,对未再细分的高频部分进一步分解,以提高信号的时频分辨率,通过对爆炸振动信号处理中常见的小波函数的误差分析,最后选定db8波基为本次实验的最佳基值[18]。为进一步研究减振孔减振机理,采用不同减振孔形式对不同分段频率的能量分布,通过Matlab软件对振动速度信号进行小波包能量计算,得到的各频带能量百分比。
图12可以看出采用水耦合减振孔后,中低频带(0~800 Hz)能量占总能量的百分比由6.1%上升至10.4%,中高频带(800~1600 Hz)能量占总能量的百分比由35%上升至46%,极高频带(大于1600 Hz)能量占总能量的百分比由58.9%下降至47.9%;而采用空气耦合减振时中低频带(0~800 Hz)能量占总能量的百分比上升至36%,中高频带(800~1600 Hz)能量占总能量的百分比上升至40%,极高频带(大于1600 Hz)能量占总能量的百分比下降至24%,采用减振孔能够过滤高频能量,且空气耦合减振孔过滤高频能量的能力比水耦合减振孔的能力强,空气耦合减振孔通过过滤高频信号,从而只有少部分低频能量通过减振孔。
万州港区地处三峡库区腹心地带,下距宜昌321 km,上距重庆327 km,炸礁区域共有2个区域:区域1炸礁范围位于18#码头外侧港池,炸礁面积为8658.66 m2,炸礁计算断面工程量为23 810.70 m3,边坡1∶1;区域2炸礁范围位于长江上游,16#码头架空斜坡道左侧,炸礁面积2068.38 m2,炸礁计算断面工程量为22 395.56 m3,边坡1∶4。
炸礁1区距离19#码头桩基最近约53 m、距离18#码头桩基最近约26 m;炸礁2区距离16#码头桩基最近约26 m。由于炸礁区域距离码头桩较近,为降低码头桩受到的爆破振动影响,采用在炸礁区和码头桩之间钻孔并在孔中放置空气立柱的方式进行爆破振动控制。
现场施工采用CQGN165M型潜孔钻机穿孔,根据设计成孔直径为145 mm,合理选择140 mm钻头,一次凿岩成孔。
(1)布孔、钻孔及补孔
布孔由工程测量技术人员组织进行,布孔放线须使用RTK测量仪来放样,布孔完成后(图13),由工程测量技术人员逐炮孔确定高程(孔深);钻孔作业人员严格按照现场既定高程进行钻孔作业;因现场钻孔作业条件发生改变(如边帮局部垮塌导致中、下部抵抗线发生改变、特殊区域炮孔缺失或布置不到位)可以进行补孔作业,由现场负责人确定,详细记录补孔的相关参数,补孔作业必须在装药前完成。
(2)护孔
成孔后,需对炮孔采取保护措施,炮孔30 cm范围内不得存在石块、散料和其他杂物。
(3)装管
空气耦合减振孔钻好后,采用起吊机将空心钢管缓慢放置减振孔内,操作过程应确保空心钢管呈垂直状态防止放置过程中出现空心钢管无法沉入孔底。
为控制水下爆破振动对周边构建物的损害效应,在爆区与岸边斜坡道中间采取钻一排孔距0.4 m、孔径145 mm的空气耦合减振孔的方式进行爆破振动的控制。在斜坡道上测量有空气耦合减振孔与无空气耦合减振孔时的爆破振动,如图15所示,将两组数据对比发现,采用空气耦合减振孔后,相比未采用空气耦合减振孔时斜坡道振动有明显降低,平均减振率达到18.1%。将斜坡道上的振动控制在2.5 cm/s以下,有效保护了斜坡道的正常运作。
通过模型试验测试不同药量下无减振孔、水耦合减振孔及空气耦合减振孔爆破振动与压电信号,研究了减振孔减振机理及控制效果,对振动信号和压电信号分析,得出以下结论:
(1)采用减振孔能有效降低爆破振动,水耦合减振孔减振率17.5%,空气耦合减振孔减振率27.2%。
(2)压电峰值与振动峰值存在线性关系(PPV=2.16 V,R2=0.95),具有良好的相关性,减振孔可以有效阻止应力波的传播,吸收大部分能量,从而降低保护区域的振动,进而对被保护区进行保护作用。
(3)减振孔主要降低竖直方向的应力波,随着炸药量的增加,空气耦合减振孔和水耦合减振孔的减振率均有所提升。
(4)采用减振孔能够过滤高频能量,且空气耦合减振孔过滤高频能量的能力比水耦合减振孔的能力强,减振孔通过过滤高频信号,导致只有少部分低频能量通过减振孔进行降低振动影响。
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.019
  • 接收时间:2024-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274136)
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(52274136)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51904210)
国家自然科学基金青年资助项目(51904210)
作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学,武汉 430065
    2.湖北省智能爆破工程技术研究中心,武汉 430065

通讯作者:

徐顺香(1970-),女,硕士研究生、副教授,主要从事安全工程及爆破技术研发,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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