Article(id=1241421933930140551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716307200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907653553, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907653553, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907653553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907653553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=140, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421934571869072, articleId=1241421933930140551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Current Situation and Prospect of Intelligent On-site Mixed-loading Vehicles, columnId=1240702073851925013, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since the concept of intelligent blasting was proposed, the on-site mixed explosive vehicles (MEVs) have struggled to meet the evolving demands of the field. Reviewing the development of MEVs abroad reveals that while developed countries have a higher proportion of on-site mixed explosives usage, their levels of automation and intelligence have progressed slowly, with only a handful of civil explosive giants proposing related concepts. In China, to meet the national requirements for intelligent mine construction, some civil explosive enterprises and MEV manufacturers have begun exploring intelligent upgrades and applications for MEVs, achieving notable technological breakthroughs. China Gezhouba Group Explosive Co., Ltd. has developed an intelligent on-site mixed ANFO vehicle featuring precise borehole positioning, automatic blasting design acquisition, one-button charging, and automatic information collection. This article introduces this intelligent ANFO vehicle, detailing its key technologies: high-precision charging metering control systems, intelligent high-precision positioning, and smart loading systems. These advancements offer references for the intelligent development of similar explosive vehicles. The future direction for on-site MEVs is to achieve full intelligence and crewless operation, encompassing capabilities such as unmanned driving, automatic hole targeting, and smart charging. Ultimately, these vehicles aim to integrate seamlessly into the framework of safe and collaborative operations within the mining sector.

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智能爆破提出以来,当前现场混装炸药车已经不能完全满足现场需求。回顾国外现场混装炸药车的发展历程,国外发达国家虽然现场混装炸药应用比例较高,但自动化、智能化水平却发展相对较低,仅有几家民爆巨头提出了相关概念;国内部分民爆企业、混装车制造厂家为了满足国家智能化矿山建设要求,也开始探索研究现场混装车的智能化升级及应用,并取得了一定技术成果。葛洲坝易普力公司基于自身需求和行业要求,研制了智能化现场混装铵油车,实现了精确定位炮孔位置、自动获取爆破设计、一键装药、信息自动采集等功能。本文对该智能化铵油车进行了介绍,详细解读了其中的关键核心技术-高精度输药计量控制系统、高精度智能定位及智能装药系统,为其他类似混装炸药车智能化开发提供了借鉴。最后,基于当前智能化矿山建设需求,重点论述了未来混装炸药车应具备的功能,指出现场混装炸药车的未来是智能化、无人化。而智能化的核心是无人驾驶、自动寻孔、智能装药,其最终将融入矿山整体的安全协同作业。

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安振伟(1984-),男,硕士研究生、副高级工程师,主要从事民爆装备研制开发,(E-mail)

AN Zhen-wei (1984-), male, master's degree, associate senior engineer, mainly engaged in the research and development of civilian explosive equipment, (E-mail) .

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安振伟(1984-),男,硕士研究生、副高级工程师,主要从事民爆装备研制开发,(E-mail)

AN Zhen-wei (1984-), male, master's degree, associate senior engineer, mainly engaged in the research and development of civilian explosive equipment, (E-mail) .

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安振伟(1984-),男,硕士研究生、副高级工程师,主要从事民爆装备研制开发,(E-mail)

AN Zhen-wei (1984-), male, master's degree, associate senior engineer, mainly engaged in the research and development of civilian explosive equipment, (E-mail) .

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智能现场混装炸药车的发展现状与展望
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安振伟 , 张小勇 , 黎勇 , 刘磊
爆破 | 爆破器材 2025,42(2): 140-145
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爆破 | 爆破器材 2025, 42(2): 140-145
智能现场混装炸药车的发展现状与展望
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安振伟 , 张小勇, 黎勇, 刘磊
作者信息
  • 中国葛洲坝集团易普力股份有限公司,重庆 401121
  • 安振伟(1984-),男,硕士研究生、副高级工程师,主要从事民爆装备研制开发,(E-mail)

    AN Zhen-wei (1984-), male, master's degree, associate senior engineer, mainly engaged in the research and development of civilian explosive equipment, (E-mail) .

Current Situation and Prospect of Intelligent On-site Mixed-loading Vehicles
Zhen-wei AN , Xiao-yong ZHANG, Yong LI, Lei LIU
Affiliations
  • China Gezhouba Group Explosive Co, Ltd, Chongqing 401121, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.017
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智能爆破提出以来,当前现场混装炸药车已经不能完全满足现场需求。回顾国外现场混装炸药车的发展历程,国外发达国家虽然现场混装炸药应用比例较高,但自动化、智能化水平却发展相对较低,仅有几家民爆巨头提出了相关概念;国内部分民爆企业、混装车制造厂家为了满足国家智能化矿山建设要求,也开始探索研究现场混装车的智能化升级及应用,并取得了一定技术成果。葛洲坝易普力公司基于自身需求和行业要求,研制了智能化现场混装铵油车,实现了精确定位炮孔位置、自动获取爆破设计、一键装药、信息自动采集等功能。本文对该智能化铵油车进行了介绍,详细解读了其中的关键核心技术-高精度输药计量控制系统、高精度智能定位及智能装药系统,为其他类似混装炸药车智能化开发提供了借鉴。最后,基于当前智能化矿山建设需求,重点论述了未来混装炸药车应具备的功能,指出现场混装炸药车的未来是智能化、无人化。而智能化的核心是无人驾驶、自动寻孔、智能装药,其最终将融入矿山整体的安全协同作业。

智能  /  无人驾驶  /  自动寻孔  /  协同作业

Since the concept of intelligent blasting was proposed, the on-site mixed explosive vehicles (MEVs) have struggled to meet the evolving demands of the field. Reviewing the development of MEVs abroad reveals that while developed countries have a higher proportion of on-site mixed explosives usage, their levels of automation and intelligence have progressed slowly, with only a handful of civil explosive giants proposing related concepts. In China, to meet the national requirements for intelligent mine construction, some civil explosive enterprises and MEV manufacturers have begun exploring intelligent upgrades and applications for MEVs, achieving notable technological breakthroughs. China Gezhouba Group Explosive Co., Ltd. has developed an intelligent on-site mixed ANFO vehicle featuring precise borehole positioning, automatic blasting design acquisition, one-button charging, and automatic information collection. This article introduces this intelligent ANFO vehicle, detailing its key technologies: high-precision charging metering control systems, intelligent high-precision positioning, and smart loading systems. These advancements offer references for the intelligent development of similar explosive vehicles. The future direction for on-site MEVs is to achieve full intelligence and crewless operation, encompassing capabilities such as unmanned driving, automatic hole targeting, and smart charging. Ultimately, these vehicles aim to integrate seamlessly into the framework of safe and collaborative operations within the mining sector.

intelligent  /  unmanned driving  /  automatic hole targeting  /  collaborative operation
安振伟, 张小勇, 黎勇, 刘磊. 智能现场混装炸药车的发展现状与展望. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 140 -145 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.017
Zhen-wei AN, Xiao-yong ZHANG, Yong LI, Lei LIU. Current Situation and Prospect of Intelligent On-site Mixed-loading Vehicles[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 140 -145 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.017
现场混装炸药车是一种集原材料运输、炸药混制、炮孔装填于一体的机电一体化高科技产品[1],相对于人工装填包装炸药具有安全、高效、经济、环保等优点,被广泛应用于大型露天爆破工程中。伴随着现场混装炸药车市场的不断成熟,我国现场混装炸药产量也逐年提升[2],截止2022年我国现场混装炸药产量占工业炸药总产量的比例已达到34%。但随着“云大物移智链”新一代信息技术发展,特别是“智能爆破”[3]、智能化矿山建设被提出以来,我国当前的现场混装炸药车已经不能完全满足智能化矿山的建设要求,亟需升级更新。
现场混装炸药车最早出现在20世纪50~60年代的美国、加拿大等采矿发达国家,美国埃列克公司等最早研制出了现场混装粒状铵油炸药车。随着混装车技术的发展,浆状炸药车、乳化炸药车、重铵油炸药车等相继问世。到目前为止,美洲、澳洲、欧洲大部分工业炸药生产都采用了现场混装生产技术。澳大利亚90%以上的工业炸药采用现场混装车生产,由混装车将炸药原材料运输至爆破现场混制、装填[4]。虽然国外混装炸药车的应用比例很高,除澳大利亚ORICA公司等少数民爆巨头外,多数国外混装车的自动化和智能化水平较低。
美国TREAD公司生产的BULK TRUCKS,可搭载4种不同的控制系统,分别是proBlast3、DCC+、DC3以及SCS,智能化程度依次降低,其中proBlast3可以收集车辆的作业参数及信息,并配置了自我诊断功能等;DYNO NOBEL公司的Bulk Delivery Truck,其搭载的处理器可通过网络信息接收炮孔及孔壁岩石的信息,通过分析地质特性的变化,控制发泡剂的流速,进而调整炮孔的装药密度,如存在水孔信息,还可手工输入相关信息[5];南非AEL MINING公司于2008年公布了一项专利,现场混装车通过搭载GPS单元和炮孔识别处理器接收炮孔位置信息、孔深孔径等,计算装药量,并控制装药机构进行自动装药[6]。澳大利亚民爆巨头ORICA公司最新技术产品BULKMASTERTM7,搭载LOADPlusTM Pro控制系统,与BlastIQTM深度融合,极大提高了其装药作业的自动化与智能化程度,可以根据炮孔岩性不同,实时调整装填炸药密度,进而实现炸药与岩石的匹配,并已经在西澳大利亚资源丰富的皮尔巴拉地区等地投入运营,有效提高了生产力,降低了矿山运营成本。见图1
经国家相关部门批准,1986年由山西惠丰特种汽车有限公司(原长治矿山机械厂)引进美国埃列克公司的粒状铵油炸药混装车、乳化炸药混装车、重铵油炸药混装车相关技术[7],随后通过由原机械部和冶金部联合组织的成果鉴定,自此我国的混装炸药车技术实现了质的飞跃。特别是在2005年国防科工委民爆局组织召开了大力推广混装车和散装炸药研讨会后,我国现场混装炸药车生产企业也由山西惠丰特种汽车有限公司、江苏澳瑞凯板桥矿山机械有限公司两家企业发展到北京北方诺信科技有限公司、石家庄成功机电有限公司、北京北矿亿博科技有限责任公司、湖南金聚能科技有限公司、深圳市金奥博科技有限责任公司等多家共同参与的局面。经过近四十年的改革创新,特别是各种传感器、电磁阀、流量仪表等在混装车上的应用,与液压系统、电控系统等的融合创新,实现了混装车运行过程中设备转速、流量、温度、压力等关键参数的实时监控,具备了异常状态报警、超限自动停机等安全联锁功能[8-11],自动化、信息化水平大幅提升。
近年来,国家相继推出一系列产业政策和指导意见,提出民爆行业生产向少(无)人化及自动化、智能化方向发展,推进矿山信息化、智能化装备和机器人研发及应用,并对智能钻爆提出了具体要求。
为了提升现场混装炸药车的自动化、智能化水平,国内相关从业人员、部分企业也开始探索、研究智能化现场混装炸药车的关键技术及应用。郭文馨对露天矿山炸药车智能装药的关键技术进行了研究[12],探索了智能炸药车装药的总体设计思路,提出智能混装车应能够自动识别每个炮孔的精确位置,并按照自动装药控制系统发出的指令完成精准装药;李萍丰等研制的智能现场混装乳化炸药车实现了自动寻孔、遥控对孔、智能装药、故障智能排查、数据远程管理等功能[2],提升了炸药现场混装技术的自动化、智能化水平;吴晓峰等提出一种乳化炸药生产用混装车的远程控制系统[13],混装车通过搭载传感器、网络控制器、无线AP等,采用5G网络通讯,实现混装车,实现上料、运输、混装等作业的全流程智能化管控;梁锋等提出采用无线遥控装置控制混装车上的PLC系统[14],进而控制现场混装炸药车的液压阀组、执行机构的动作,达到无线遥控的目的;谭炜琦等提出一种自动对孔装药混装车[15],在装有车辆定位装置的车辆底盘上安装伸缩臂架,臂架端部安装有对孔机构以及位置传感机构,位置传感机构用于获取炮眼的位置信息,对孔机构用于根据位置传感机构获取的炮眼的位置信息调节输药软管的输药端的位置,实现混装车的自动对孔。
中国葛洲坝集团易普力股份有限公司基于自身需求与行业要求,研制了ESM-BCLH-15G型智能化现场混装铵油炸药车,开发了智能化控制系统及APP,依托高精度定位手持智能终端,实现了精确定位炮孔位置、自动获取爆破设计、一键装药、信息自动采集等功能,并通过了工业和信息化部组织的科技成果鉴定。本文对中国葛洲坝集团易普力股份有限公司研制的智能化现场混装铵油炸药车进行介绍,为其他类似混装炸药车智能化开发提供借鉴。
该智能化现场混装铵油炸药主要由汽车底盘、动力输出系统、硝酸铵料仓、工艺油箱、螺旋输送系统、油料输送系统、液压电控系统、数据上报系统等组成。见图2图3
该智能化混装铵油炸药车与地面辅助设施(地面站)配套使用,地面站的柴油储罐及计量泵送装置将燃油泵入混装车工艺油箱内;硝酸铵上料塔或上料螺旋把多孔粒状硝酸铵输送至混装铵油炸药车硝酸铵料仓内;待混装车驶入爆破现场,开启车载智能终端,启动取力器,发动机通过汽车变速箱和取力器驱动主油泵,产生的高压油驱动各液压马达使螺旋系统旋转;操作手持智能终端,自动读取该爆区爆破设计;手持智能终端与PLC进行交互,摆动顶螺旋将出料口对准炮孔;手持智能终端精准定位炮孔并智能读取爆破设计中该炮孔作业参数,一键启动装药完成装药工作的同时将作业数据采集。
该智能化现场混装铵油炸药车总重量32 000 kg,装载重量15 000 kg,其中可搭载多孔粒硝酸铵14 000 kg,工艺柴油1000 kg;装药效率100~450 kg/min,装药精度≤±2%;顶螺旋摆动角度330°,覆盖范围5~8 m;定位精度≤±2 cm;操作定员2人,1人驾驶车辆,1人操作手持智能终端装药。
现场混装铵油炸药车的计量精度主要受物料配比精度、物料输送精度两方面影响,均与输送的主物料-多孔粒状硝酸铵的输送精度高度相关。当前,多孔粒状硝酸铵的输送计量主要依靠定量底螺旋来进行计量,通过计算底螺旋每圈的排量,将预设的装药量换算成底螺旋的转数,通过控制底螺旋的转数来控制装药量。底螺旋每旋转一圈的排量稳定性,直接影响螺旋输送的计量精度,其影响因素主要包括物料的理化性质、螺旋输送机构的结构参数、螺旋转速、控制系统、填充率等[16]。螺旋叶片与筒体的间隙越小,其输送稳定性越好;液压系统运行越稳定,其输送精度越高;螺旋轴上霍尔传感器精度越高,其单孔装药量越精确。
ESM-BCLH-15G型智能化现场混装铵油炸药车,在保证螺旋叶片与筒体不产生干涉的前提下,尽量降低了间隙,同时采用变螺距技术,有效改善了料仓内的死区现象[17];采用负载敏感与压力补偿液压系统,保证了螺旋在高效率、大负载、大流量情况下的输送精度及质量,且其关键电液比例阀采用了带压力补偿功能的组合阀,通过保持阀两侧压力差恒定来稳定系统的流量,避免了液压系统因流量不足造成最高负载端运动停止的情况,进一步保证了系统的稳定性;在螺旋轴端加装高精度转速传感器,通过模糊-PID智能算法,辅以芯片式车载称重传感器组网,将单孔装药量计量精度控制在±2%,降低整个作业区域内装药误差至50 kg。
系统以PLC为核心控制单元,通过车载智能终端和手持智能终端实现人机交互、远程操控、数据传递以及实时监控管理,采用温度传感器等实现在线实时监测、安全报警及联锁等。
控制系统硬件部分主要由PLC、传感器、智能网关、控制箱以及车载智能终端、手持智能终端等组成;控制系统软件部分由PLC控制系统及智能控制系统组成。
PLC控制系统是铵油车控制系统的执行部分,通过控制程序实现螺旋、柴油泵及散热器等动作控制,实现制药、输药、计量控制、安全连锁等功能,以及与车载智能终端及手持智能终端进行数据交互等;智能控制系统架构主要以手持智能终端通过内置的软件与车载PLC控制系统数据互联,获取云端爆破设计中的炮孔数据及装药参数,以图形化界面控制炸药车实现人机交互、数据传递、远程操控、实时监控、安全连锁等功能;手持智能终端具备高精度定位功能,通过搭载自主开发的APP,可精确、快速定位炮孔位置,自动获取云端爆破设计参数后,一键实现输药、计量、混药、装药、信息采集等工作。实现智能一键装药。
通过该系统,可将此次作业信息导出,可以减少人工手动填报工作量同时杜绝了作业信息误填误报的可能。见图4
随着无人驾驶通用技术的发展,无人驾驶运输在露天矿山封闭作业场景中得到了快速应用推广与发展[18]。基于高精度定位技术和无线通信技术[19],无人智能化钻机也在南芬露天矿、新疆五彩湾、鞍钢集团齐大山铁矿等落地应用[20]。但受行业政策、法规影响,以及新能源电池冬季不稳定、热失控等的限制[21],危险品运输车辆的发动机仍为压燃式,现场混装炸药车还暂时无法实现无人驾驶。未来,借助无人驾驶汽车领域成熟可靠的安全冗余设计思路、在线控系统安全冗余设计(线控控制器、传感器、执行套件)、无人驾驶技术(硬件、软件)方面深入研究[21],加强动力电池热失控机理和安全风险的研究[22];融合使用多种传感器,提高整车环境感知能力,对获得的海量信息采用大数据技术进行处理,优化算法模型,以期尽早在现场混装炸药车上应用无人驾驶技术。
当前传统的现场混装炸药车,受底盘型式、上装结构、输药方式、控制算法等的限制,大部分还无法实现自动寻孔功能。后续,通过集成高精度GNSS定位系统、视觉图像处理系统,优化装药结构与方式,融合智能化矿山无人机三维激光扫描布孔、自动钻孔、随钻采集岩石参数、智能爆破设计系统等新技术,实现混装炸药车的自动寻孔、智能装药等功能,真正实现矿山钻爆挖运的无人化。
当前国内部分矿山虽然已经实现了无人驾驶矿卡、无人智能化钻机正常运行,但因分属不同的单位,其智能化底层业务数据格式也不尽相同,在没有统一的综合管控平台管理下,其安全管理仍处于割裂状态;再加之未来的智能化混装车等,协同作业、安全管理、统一调度的必要性更加凸显。为幅提升劳动生产效率、资源综合利用率,统一智能化底层业务数据格式,融合构建以物联网、大数据、无线通信、自动控制、智能调度、管理信息系统等为集成的综合管控平台,势在必行。
当前矿山爆破现场,除爆破施工外其他工序均已实现了智能化、无人化,只有爆破作业依旧采用机械化,甚至人工的方式在操作,这离国家及行业发展方向、指导意见还相去甚远。我国已经在智能化、无人化相关方面作了大量研究,部分企业也在积极探索智能化在混装车研制中的应用,这些都为混装车的智能无人化发展奠定了坚实的基础。
实现现场混装车智能化的最终目的是为了建设智能化矿山,打通钻、爆、挖、运间的信息壁垒、平台壁垒,需要混装车能够实现自主规划行驶路径、自动驾驶、智能自动寻孔、智能装药等核心功能,并主动融入矿山的安全协同作业。
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.017
  • 接收时间:2024-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-22
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    中国葛洲坝集团易普力股份有限公司,重庆 401121
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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