Article(id=1241421933443601281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732723200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907653436, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907653436, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907653436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907653436, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421934261490571, articleId=1241421933443601281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Optimization of Presplitting Blasting Parameters for Water-adjacent Slopes, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pre-splitting blasting has been widely employed in river channel slope excavation to effectively mitigate damage to the retained rock mass, reduce blast-induced vibrations, and optimize blasting parameters for water-saturated slopes. Investigation of reasonable parameters for pre-splitting blasting in such conditions is important for river channel excavation projects. Based on geometric, physical, and dynamic similarity principles, an experimental model for pre-splitting blasting water-saturated slopes was designed, utilizing concrete as a substitute for red sandstone and detonators instead of emulsified explosives. The quality of pre-split crack formation, slope face shaping, and retained rock mass damage were evaluated under various conditions. The results showed that the pre-split crack formation quality and slope shaping quality significantly improved. The damage to the retained rock mass was reduced by 24.86% when the hole diameter increased from 0.8 cm to 1.2 cm. Field test results indicated that the optimal blasting effect can be achieved with a pre-split hole diameter of 115 mm and a hole spacing of 80 cm in a practical application of pre-splitting blasting for water-saturated slopes when the geological conditions involve medium-hard rocks.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TAO Hao-hao (2000-), male, master candidate, mainly engaged in gas diffusion, explosion and structural blast resistance in urban comprehensive pipeline corridors research, (E-mail) .
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边坡预裂爆破在河道边坡一次成型开挖中有着广泛的应用,可有效减小边坡面保留岩体损伤,降低爆破振动强度,研究涉水边坡预裂爆破的合理参数对河道涉水爆破开挖工程具有重要意义。基于相似原理中的几何相似、物理相似与动力学相似设计了涉水边坡预裂爆破的试验模型,决定采用混凝土替代红砂岩、采用雷管替代乳化炸药进行试验;并对不同工况下的预裂缝成缝质量、边坡坡面成型质量、保留岩体损伤进行监测,结果发现孔径由0.8 cm增加至1.2 cm,预裂缝的成缝质量以及边坡成型质量有明显提升,保留岩体的损伤降低24.86%;现场试验结果表明:在涉水边坡预裂爆破工程实践中,当地质条件为中硬岩石时,采用115 mm的预裂孔孔径以及80 cm的预裂孔孔距,可取得较好的爆破效果。研究结果可为类似工程项目的预裂孔参数优化提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陶好好(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破过程中数字化施工管理及孪生模型构建的研究,(E-mail)
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钟冬望(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事工程爆破、控制爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

ZHONG Dong-wang (1963-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and controlled blasting research, (E-mail) .

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钟冬望(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事工程爆破、控制爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

ZHONG Dong-wang (1963-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and controlled blasting research, (E-mail) .

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钟冬望(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事工程爆破、控制爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

ZHONG Dong-wang (1963-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and controlled blasting research, (E-mail) .

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Summary of model test conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况(Working conditions)预裂孔参数(Pre-splitting hole parameters)
孔径(Diameter)D/mm孔距(Spacing)a/cm孔数(Number)m/个平均单孔雷管数(Average number of detonators per hole)n/发雷管总数(Total number of detonators) nsum/发
10.84.512112
20.86.09110
30.88.0616
41.04.512224
51.04.512112
61.04.5120.56
71.06.0919
81.06.090.55
91.08.0616
101.24.512112
111.24.5120.56
121.26.0919
131.26.090.55
141.28.0616
151.210.05210
), ArticleFig(id=1241439672266707647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933443601281, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验工况汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况(Working conditions)预裂孔参数(Pre-splitting hole parameters)
孔径(Diameter)D/mm孔距(Spacing)a/cm孔数(Number)m/个平均单孔雷管数(Average number of detonators per hole)n/发雷管总数(Total number of detonators) nsum/发
10.84.512112
20.86.09110
30.88.0616
41.04.512224
51.04.512112
61.04.5120.56
71.06.0919
81.06.090.55
91.08.0616
101.24.512112
111.24.5120.56
121.26.0919
131.26.090.55
141.28.0616
151.210.05210
), ArticleFig(id=1241439672384148163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933443601281, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of red sandstone and C30 concrete

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料(Material)密度(Density) ρ/(kg·m-3)泊松比(Poisson′s ratio) γ弹性模量(Elastic modulus) E/GPa抗拉强度(Tensile strength) fc/MPa
红砂岩(Red sandstone)24590.1828.61.9
C30混凝土(C30 concrete)23500.2130.02.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241439672640000715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933443601281, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

红砂岩与C30混凝土物理力学性质对照表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料(Material)密度(Density) ρ/(kg·m-3)泊松比(Poisson′s ratio) γ弹性模量(Elastic modulus) E/GPa抗拉强度(Tensile strength) fc/MPa
红砂岩(Red sandstone)24590.1828.61.9
C30混凝土(C30 concrete)23500.2130.02.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241439673034265295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933443601281, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pre-split surface flatness grading scale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级Level评价标准Evaluation criteria
1级1 level未形成预裂缝,未达到预裂爆破基本要求Failure to form pre-cracks,failure to meet the basic requirements of pre-splitting and blasting
2级2 leve超挖与欠挖控制不当,有明显超欠挖,试件不完整Improper control of over-excavation and under-excavation,with obvious over-and under-excavation and incomplete specimens
3级3 level超挖与欠挖控制比较得当,半孔率较高,但试件边缘开裂Over-excavation and under-excavation were relatively well controlled,and the half-hole rate was high,but the edges of the specimens cracked
4级4 level超挖与欠挖控制比较得当,半孔率较高,坡面比较美观Over-excavation and under-excavation are more properly controlled,with higher semi-perforation rates and more aesthetically pleasing slopes
5级5 level超挖与欠挖控制得当,半孔率高,坡面美观Proper control of over-excavation and under-excavation,high half-hole rate,and beautiful slopes
), ArticleFig(id=1241439673147511509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933443601281, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

预裂面平整度分级表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级Level评价标准Evaluation criteria
1级1 level未形成预裂缝,未达到预裂爆破基本要求Failure to form pre-cracks,failure to meet the basic requirements of pre-splitting and blasting
2级2 leve超挖与欠挖控制不当,有明显超欠挖,试件不完整Improper control of over-excavation and under-excavation,with obvious over-and under-excavation and incomplete specimens
3级3 level超挖与欠挖控制比较得当,半孔率较高,但试件边缘开裂Over-excavation and under-excavation were relatively well controlled,and the half-hole rate was high,but the edges of the specimens cracked
4级4 level超挖与欠挖控制比较得当,半孔率较高,坡面比较美观Over-excavation and under-excavation are more properly controlled,with higher semi-perforation rates and more aesthetically pleasing slopes
5级5 level超挖与欠挖控制得当,半孔率高,坡面美观Proper control of over-excavation and under-excavation,high half-hole rate,and beautiful slopes
), ArticleFig(id=1241439673235591896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933443601281, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Summary of pre-splitting seam formation indicator data and slope flatness indicator data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件号Specimen number坡面平整度指标(Slope surface smoothness index)
半孔率(Half-hole rate)η/%平整度分级(Smoothness grading)
1#1003
2#702
3#01
4#752
5#752
6#672
7#893
8#01
9#01
10#833
11#672
12#895
13#672
14#01
15#1003
), ArticleFig(id=1241439673353032414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933443601281, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

预裂缝成缝指标数据与坡面平整度指标数据汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件号Specimen number坡面平整度指标(Slope surface smoothness index)
半孔率(Half-hole rate)η/%平整度分级(Smoothness grading)
1#1003
2#702
3#01
4#752
5#752
6#672
7#893
8#01
9#01
10#833
11#672
12#895
13#672
14#01
15#1003
), ArticleFig(id=1241439673470472929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933443601281, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Piezoelectric signal peak attenuation data summary table

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试件(Specimen)压电信号峰值衰减量(Peak attenuation of piezoelectric signal)AOP/V
1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9#10#11#12#13#14#15#
1#4.491.881.040.690.730.540.390.950.480.250.200.190.150.130.10
2#4.331.881.010.650.530.400.290.810.320.260.170.120.200.150.09
3#2.811.070.590.440.320.300.210.690.310.170.130.110.110.080.07
4#6.162.581.270.980.840.530.486.893.191.630.900.781.961.120.85
5#4.471.660.870.690.540.450.360.980.400.300.250.200.180.140.12
6#1.980.810.440.320.230.160.140.530.270.140.090.080.080.060.04
7#3.951.640.760.730.400.310.340.950.300.190.180.170.130.140.10
8#1.990.670.440.320.250.110.170.440.190.140.090.070.080.050.04
9#2.470.970.510.370.290.260.170.550.180.130.090.070.080.060.06
10#3.621.591.010.550.560.490.360.690.340.240.170.120.150.120.09
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13#1.860.730.470.320.210.140.170.380.160.100.070.060.100.090.06
14#2.250.840.540.380.250.230.170.450.140.100.070.070.090.070.05
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涉水边坡预裂爆破参数优化试验研究
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钟冬望 1, 2 , 陶好好 1 , 李琳娜 1 , 李腾飞 1 , 何理 1, 2 , 司剑峰 1, 2, 3 , 万佳伟 1 , 高晗 1
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025,42(2): 31-43
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025, 42(2): 31-43
涉水边坡预裂爆破参数优化试验研究
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钟冬望1, 2 , 陶好好1 , 李琳娜1, 李腾飞1, 何理1, 2, 司剑峰1, 2, 3, 万佳伟1, 高晗1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学 理学院,武汉 430065
  • 2.湖北省智能爆破工程技术研究中心,武汉 430065
  • 3.中铁四院集团 工程运维有限责任公司,武汉 430061
  • 钟冬望(1963-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事工程爆破、控制爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

    ZHONG Dong-wang (1963-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and controlled blasting research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

陶好好(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破过程中数字化施工管理及孪生模型构建的研究,(E-mail)
Experimental Study on Optimization of Presplitting Blasting Parameters for Water-adjacent Slopes
Dong-wang ZHONG1, 2 , Hao-hao TAO1 , Lin-na LI1, Teng-fei LI1, Li HE1, 2, Jian-feng SI1, 2, 3, Jia-wei WAN1, Han GAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
  • 2.Hubei Intelligent Blasting Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan 430065, China
  • 3.China Railway Fourth Institute Group Engineering Operation and Maintenance Limited Liability Company, Wuhan 430061, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.004
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边坡预裂爆破在河道边坡一次成型开挖中有着广泛的应用,可有效减小边坡面保留岩体损伤,降低爆破振动强度,研究涉水边坡预裂爆破的合理参数对河道涉水爆破开挖工程具有重要意义。基于相似原理中的几何相似、物理相似与动力学相似设计了涉水边坡预裂爆破的试验模型,决定采用混凝土替代红砂岩、采用雷管替代乳化炸药进行试验;并对不同工况下的预裂缝成缝质量、边坡坡面成型质量、保留岩体损伤进行监测,结果发现孔径由0.8 cm增加至1.2 cm,预裂缝的成缝质量以及边坡成型质量有明显提升,保留岩体的损伤降低24.86%;现场试验结果表明:在涉水边坡预裂爆破工程实践中,当地质条件为中硬岩石时,采用115 mm的预裂孔孔径以及80 cm的预裂孔孔距,可取得较好的爆破效果。研究结果可为类似工程项目的预裂孔参数优化提供参考依据。

涉水边坡  /  预裂爆破  /  预裂孔参数优化  /  岩体损伤  /  模型试验

Pre-splitting blasting has been widely employed in river channel slope excavation to effectively mitigate damage to the retained rock mass, reduce blast-induced vibrations, and optimize blasting parameters for water-saturated slopes. Investigation of reasonable parameters for pre-splitting blasting in such conditions is important for river channel excavation projects. Based on geometric, physical, and dynamic similarity principles, an experimental model for pre-splitting blasting water-saturated slopes was designed, utilizing concrete as a substitute for red sandstone and detonators instead of emulsified explosives. The quality of pre-split crack formation, slope face shaping, and retained rock mass damage were evaluated under various conditions. The results showed that the pre-split crack formation quality and slope shaping quality significantly improved. The damage to the retained rock mass was reduced by 24.86% when the hole diameter increased from 0.8 cm to 1.2 cm. Field test results indicated that the optimal blasting effect can be achieved with a pre-split hole diameter of 115 mm and a hole spacing of 80 cm in a practical application of pre-splitting blasting for water-saturated slopes when the geological conditions involve medium-hard rocks.

water-adjacent slopes  /  pre-splitting blasting  /  parameter optimization  /  rock mass damage  /  model test
钟冬望, 陶好好, 李琳娜, 李腾飞, 何理, 司剑峰, 万佳伟, 高晗. 涉水边坡预裂爆破参数优化试验研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 31 -43 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.004
Dong-wang ZHONG, Hao-hao TAO, Lin-na LI, Teng-fei LI, Li HE, Jian-feng SI, Jia-wei WAN, Han GAO. Experimental Study on Optimization of Presplitting Blasting Parameters for Water-adjacent Slopes[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 31 -43 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.004
涉水边坡预裂爆破在河道开挖工程中能够形成较好的边坡面,研究涉水边坡预裂爆破的合理参数对河道水下爆破开挖工程具有重要意义。预裂爆破是指在爆破主爆区后方钻设一排大密度、大孔径、小装药量的预裂孔,并在主炮孔起爆前进行起爆形成一条预裂缝的爆破施工工艺[1]。预裂爆破可缓冲和反射主爆区产生的爆破应力波,达到降低对周边待保留岩体的破坏以及周边待保护建(构)筑物爆破振动的目的;并且通过合理的设计预裂爆破的爆破参数,可在预裂面上形成较为完整的开挖剖面[2]
影响预裂爆破开挖效果的主要参数有预裂孔孔距[3,4]、孔径[4,5]、不耦合系数[68]、装药结构等。陆上预裂爆破的参数优化得到了众多学者的广泛研究[9],如:陈俊桦等提出了基于岩石爆破损伤理论的预裂爆破参数设计[10],弥补了经验类比法无理论依据的缺陷,通过现场试验验证了该理论的有效性,为后续预裂爆破工程提供了爆破参数理论计算公式;叶海旺等提出将时序控制方法运用于预裂爆破中[11],在现场试验验证中证明该方法可有效降低钻孔工作量和装药量,降低保留岩体损伤;刘连生等研究了基于工程地质分区的预裂爆破参数优化[12],根据不同的工程地质情况采用不同的线装药密度,可有效提高预裂爆破半孔率,降低大块率。上述学者的研究为进行预裂爆破的孔网参数优化提供了方向。此外,预裂爆破待保留建构筑物的损伤与振动也是评价预裂爆破效果的重要指标。陈星艮通过声波测井信号实现对爆后保留岩体的损伤监测[13],进而通过分析得出了不同孔深对应的线装药密度;饶宇等通过对现场试验获取的爆破振动信号进行分析[14],研究发现预裂缝能够有效的阻挡主爆孔的爆破能量的传播,并存在高频滤波效应;李祥龙等对现场试验获取的爆破振动信号进行分析[15],采用预裂爆破的施工方案能够使爆破振动峰值降低38.5%。上述研究说明通过合理的设置预裂爆破的孔网参数能够有效降低待保留岩体的损伤与周边建(构)筑物的爆破振动。
目前学者对涉水边坡预裂爆破的研究还比较少,已有研究主要集中在水下垂直钻孔爆破,如:彭鑫等通过LS-DYNA软件研究了水介质下不耦合装药的预裂缝成缝情况[16];于建新等研究了不同装药位置和多孔起爆下水下深孔爆破的岩石裂纹扩展和损伤规律[17];卫豪通过LS-DYNA有限元模拟了不同起爆方式、水深条件、孔网参数下的爆破岩石响应[18],并通过机器学习得到了最优的爆破孔网参数及起爆方法。此外,在涉水预裂爆破的减振效果方面,张兵文等通过现场试验的爆破振动进行分析表明[19],涉水预裂爆破同样可以有效降低待保护建构筑物的爆破振动。上述学者的研究为进行涉水边坡预裂爆破预裂孔参数优化研究和爆破效果评价提供了理论指导和参考。
以广西平陆运河工程为背景,通过进行涉水边坡预裂爆破模型实验对预裂孔参数进行优化设计,并通过现场试验验证优化后的预裂孔参数的合理性,可为后续涉水边坡预裂爆破的爆破参数取值提供一定的参考。
炸药爆炸是一个瞬态高能的过程,其产生的爆炸冲击波是造成炮孔周边岩石破碎区的主要原因。冲击波的传播示意图如图1所示,其中D为冲击波在介质中的传播速度,P0ρ0E0μ0为冲击波波阵面前的介质的压力、密度、内能、质点运动速度,P1ρ1E1μ1为冲击波波阵面后的介质的压力、密度、内能、质点运动速度。
无论是陆上钻孔爆破还是水下钻孔爆破,其冲击波传播规律均满足相同的守恒方程,分别为
质量守恒
动量守恒
能量守恒
联立公式(1)、公式(2)可得
对于陆上爆破或浅水域爆破,通常介质的压力远小于爆破冲击波的压力,因此可将冲击波波阵面前的介质压力忽略。此时,可将公式(4)化简为
此时,若能知道介质压力与密度之间的关系,则可以计算出爆破冲击波传播到某一点的波速、质点运动速度以及内能的变化量。但涉水爆破与陆上爆破对岩石的破坏作用效果不同,主要表现在涉水爆破时炮孔内部为水耦合装药,并且周边岩体处在富水环境中,这会加强爆炸冲击波对周边岩体的破坏。造成这种情况的主要原因是水耦合装药时,爆破冲击波在水-岩石交界面上的耗散更小。爆炸冲击波在介质交界面上的透反射如图2所示。
入射波、透射波、反射波之间的关系如公式(10)所示。
式中:σI为入射应力波,MPa;σR为反射应力波,MPa;σT为透射应力波,MPa;ρa为入射波介质的密度,kg/m3;(Cp)a为入射波介质的纵波波速,m/s;ρb为透射波介质的密度,kg/m3;(Cp)b为透射波介质的纵波波速,m/s。由式(10)不难看出,在入射应力波的强度以及透射波介质的密度和纵波波速的恒定的情况下,入射波介质的密度和纵波波速越大,反射应力波和透射应力波的强度越小。水的密度和纵波波速均大于空气,因此在进行涉水边坡预裂爆破的试验时,预裂孔的药量不同于陆上边坡预裂爆破的药量。
模型试验对标广西平陆运河涉水边坡预裂爆破工程项目,该边坡台阶高度10 m,边坡比1∶2,工程地质主要为红砂岩。因此,基于相似原理进行爆破工程现场的模型试验的设计[20]。对于爆炸动力学模型试验,其需要考虑的相似原理主要包括几何相似、物理相似以及动力学相似。
(1)几何相似
涉水边坡预裂爆破爆破通过在10 m高的台阶上通过预裂爆破形成一个边坡比为1∶2的边坡,边坡坡面角为27°。模型试验为满足几何相似,将现场爆破施工的尺寸进行放缩,得到模型试验所需的几何模型,如图3所示。
模型试验台阶高度30 cm,预裂孔孔深为32 cm,其中超深2 cm,其他详细参数如图4所示。
现场雷管直径约为6 mm,故取预裂孔直径为8 mm、10 mm、12 mm三种工况。根据《水运工程爆破技术规范》(JTS 204—2023)[21],炮孔间距可取孔径的8倍~12倍,硬岩取大值,软岩取小值,红砂岩为中硬岩,可取较大值;且预裂孔深度应略大于主炮孔。故当孔径为8 mm、10 mm等2种工况时,预裂孔孔距取4.5 cm、6.0 cm、8.0 cm等3种工况;当孔径为12 mm时,预裂孔孔距取4.5 cm、6.0 cm、8.0 cm、10.0 cm等4种工况。雷管采用逐孔装药与隔孔装药两种装药方式,当采用逐孔装药时每个孔装1~2发雷管;当采用隔孔装药时装药孔装1发雷管,间隔孔作为导向空孔不装雷管[22]。3种装药结构如图5所示。
通过调整预裂孔的孔距、孔径、单孔装药量,涉水边坡预裂爆破模型试验共有15种工况,每种工况的预裂孔孔网参数设计值如表1所示。
(2)物理相似
试验模型采用与现场涉水边坡预裂爆破岩层主要成分红砂岩物理力学性质极为相似的C30混凝土,红砂岩与C30混凝土物理力学性质如表2所示。
(3)动力学相似
动力学相似是进行爆炸动力学模型试验最重要的相似率,一般的等效试验如落锤试验,无法有效的模拟结构在炸药爆炸时的反应速度快、作用时间短、应力峰值高的特点。因此,本次模型试验采用雷管代替乳化炸药进行试验,可保证模型实验与工程现场施工具有动力学相似。
涉水边坡预裂爆破模型试验试件的浇筑流程如图6所示。
在进行涉水边坡预裂爆破模型试验时,需保证模型试验与施工现场具有基本相同的水环境与边界条件,如图7(a)所示。对混凝土试件进行周围进行回填,保证具有与现场涉水边坡预裂爆破相同的边界条件;采用钢尺对水位进行测量,保证各个试件具有相同的水深条件。完成后,将8#工业数码电子雷管置于预制炮孔中,并使用炮泥进行堵塞。在进行预裂孔爆破之后,对预裂孔前端的岩体采用爆破和人工机械破碎混合施工的方式进行清除。并将残留的碎石冲刷干净,留出破碎后的边坡表面便于观察与统计爆破效果指标。试件预裂孔爆破后的效果如图7(b)所示。
共对15个模型试件进行涉水边坡预裂爆破测试,有12个模型试件呈现完整的预裂缝,有4个模型(3#工况、8#~9#工况、14#工况)未出现预裂缝。呈现出完整预裂缝的模型的边坡坡面效果如图8所示。
对爆后试件的预裂缝成缝、边坡面质量以及保留岩体损伤进行统计。目前,在预裂爆破效果评价指标选择中,裂缝宽度已不再强调,只要裂开成缝就行。边坡坡面质量采用预裂面半孔率η以及不平整度ω进行表征。保留岩体损伤通过监测保留岩体爆前及爆后的压电陶瓷信号峰值衰减量进行表征。
由于爆破现场无激光扫描设备,且采用钢尺对坡面不平整度进行统计难度较大,因此,预裂爆破形成的预裂面的不平整度采用人工定性的统计方法,共分为5级,标准如表3所示。
对各个工况涉水边坡预裂爆破所形成的预裂面的半孔率进行统计,预裂面上的炮孔连续、孔痕清晰且长度超过炮孔总长度的3/4则记为一个半孔;并对预裂面的平整度按照边预裂面平整度分级表进行分级。其中,由于3#工况、8#工况~9#工况、14#工况未形成完整预裂缝,不符合预裂爆破效果要求,故不对其进行边坡坡面质量统计。
监测得到的预裂缝宽度l、预裂缝高度h、半孔率η以及边坡坡面的平整度分级数据如表4所示。
在进行涉水边坡预裂爆破模型试验保留岩体的压电信号监测前,先在混凝土试件的两侧用红色记号笔画上便于压电传感器定位的方格,压电信号采集测点位置如图9所示。
在进行信号监测时将压电信号传感器与混凝土试件之间涂上耦合剂,从而降低压电信号在发射与接收过程中的能量损失。压电信号采集设备如图10所示。
压电信号采集获取的典型波形如图11所示。在进行预裂爆破后,对同一点所监测的压电信号的峰值及主频均有下降,说明在进行爆破过程中保留岩体受爆炸应力波作用下,保留岩体内部发生了损伤。对所有试件的所有测点所监测的爆前和爆后的压电信号峰值的衰减量进行统计,以此表征不同预裂孔参数下岩体内部的损伤,统计结果如表5所示。
不同孔径、孔距下逐孔装药与隔孔装药的涉水边坡预裂爆破模型试验的边坡坡面成型情况如图12所示。
由于设置导向空孔对提高涉水边坡预裂爆破装药孔的裂纹拓展效果有限,因此由图12可以看到逐孔装药的半孔率以及平整度分级均明显高于间隔装药。对于逐孔装药,在小孔距(孔距为4.5 cm)的情况下,小孔径(孔径为0.8 cm)的半孔率及边坡平整度较好;而在大孔距(孔距为6.0 cm)的情况下,大孔径(孔径为1.2 cm)工况的半孔率及边坡平整度较好。这与陆上边坡预裂爆破设计过程中依据孔径的大小设计不同的孔距的规律具有一致性。因此,在涉水边坡预裂爆破工程实践中,建议对于小孔径爆破设计,可适当考虑减小预裂孔孔距,而对于大孔径爆破设计,则需要适当增加预裂孔孔距。
当孔距较小时,在炸药的作用下能够使炮孔之间的裂纹贯通从而形成较好的半孔率;但随着孔距的减小,总装药量也相应的增多,这会对坡面上的保留岩体造成损伤。因此,当孔距取4.5 cm时,虽然半孔率普遍较高,但坡面平整度分级却普遍小于6 cm的工况。
将不同工况下各测点的爆前爆后的压电信号峰值的衰减量进行统计,如图13所示。
图13可以看到,由于炸药爆炸对保留岩体的损伤作用有限,因此,随着测点距预裂孔的水平距离增加,压电信号峰值衰减量逐渐减小。并且这种衰减呈现出一种指数函数的性质,即当测点距预裂孔的距离较小时,这种衰减非常明显;当测点距预裂孔距离逐渐增大时,这种衰减逐渐减弱。由于4#工况与15#工况为每孔2发雷管的间隔装药,预裂孔中部的雷管爆炸导致这两种工况下的第二排、第三排压电信号峰值衰减量明显大于其他工况。
由于预裂爆破预裂孔的装药量对保留岩体的损伤影响较大,因此由图13(a)不难看出,采用隔孔装药的6#工况、8#工况、11#工况、13#工况压电信号峰值衰减量明显小于逐孔装药工况。同样的,对于逐孔装药,随着预裂孔的孔距增加,预裂孔的孔数将减少,总装药量也随之减少,因此保留岩体的损伤也将减少。这种现象当孔距为8.0 cm时较为明显,孔距为8.0 cm的3#工况、9#工况、14#工况相对于孔距为6.0 cm的2#工况、7#工况、12#工况的1#测点的压电信号峰值衰减量分别减少了54.30%、59.80%、64.12%。
随着预裂孔孔径增加之后,不耦合度也随着增加,此时炸药爆炸产生的应力波作用在岩石上导致的裂隙区半径减小,因此保留岩体的损伤将减小。其中预裂孔孔径为1.2 cm的10#工况、12#工况、14#工况相对于预裂孔孔径为0.8 cm的1#工况、2#工况、3#工况的压电信号峰值衰减量分别减少了24.08%、17.39%、24.86%。可以看到,各工况的第二排、第三排压电信号峰值衰减量的变化与第一排具有较为一致规律,但由于第三排测点距预裂孔内的雷管的距离较远,压电信号衰减量普遍较小,受杂波作用明显,因此在小药量工况下,压电信号的衰减量变化无明显规律。
对预裂缝成缝质量、边坡坡面成型质量以及保留岩体损伤进行综合分析,建立综合评价模型,如公式(11)所示。
式中:G为不同工况下的预裂爆破效果综合评价得分;QpcQsfQrd分别为不同工况下的预裂缝成缝、边坡坡面成型质量以及保留岩体损伤的归一化评分;α1α2α3分别为对应的权重系数。通过3.1~3.2节分析不难看出,间隔孔装药相对于逐孔装药在预裂缝成缝质量、边坡坡面成型质量上没有明显的优势,因此最优预裂孔的参数分析仅针对逐孔装药的工况。取α1=0.3、α2=0.5、α3=0.2,得到的不同工况下的爆破效果评分如图14所示。
图14不难看出,当预裂孔孔径取1.2 cm,预裂孔孔距取6 cm左右时,爆破效果最好。此时预裂孔的孔径为较大的工况,并且预裂孔孔距约为孔径的5~7倍。在实际预裂爆破施工中预裂孔孔径通常由90 mm与115 mm两种钻头可供选择,根据模型试验的结果选择较大的炮孔孔径(115 mm),预裂孔孔距为孔径的5~7倍,可取80 cm。
采用LS-DYNA显示动力学软件按照模型试验的试件尺寸建立有限元模型,如图15所示。其中堵塞长度设置为6 cm;单个雷管装药段长度8 cm,圆柱半径0.3 cm,装药量1.2 g。岩石模型除上端及前端自由面外,其他部分均施加固定约束的边界条件。为了避免反射波的影响,在水及岩石模型的底部和周围设置无反射边界条件,上表面为自由边界。岩石采用Lagrange算法,空气、炸药采用欧拉算法,固体材料及流体材料之间采用流固耦合算法,计算时间设置为100 μs。
以孔距为4.5 cm,孔径为0.8 cm,逐孔装药1发工况的混凝土试件的损伤演化过程进行损伤演化分析。混凝土试件的损伤演化过程如图16所示。
雷管在5 μs时起爆,炮孔周边的岩石开始出现损伤。由于雷管为柱状装药,雷管爆炸产生的冲击波为椭球形的冲击波,因此在5~25 μs时刻内,岩石的演化过程为在炸药附近以椭球形逐渐向外扩散。可以看到,由于孔空效应,虽然在20 μs时,炸药附近的岩石损伤还没有扩展到两个炸药之间的空孔位置,但此时空孔附近已经开始出现了损伤。到25 μs时,两个炸药之间的岩石的损伤开始出现贯通。直到40 μs,炸药对岩体的损伤不仅在炸药的附近以椭球形发展,并且开始逐渐沿着边坡面发展。如80 μs时所示,上部的炸药对岩石的损伤向下方发展,下部的炸药对岩石的损伤向上方发展,并在100 μs时贯通,此时岩石的损伤基本演化完成。此外,由于上部的炸药接近上方的临空面,因此在上部炮孔的前方形成了垂直于临空面的裂缝,这与模型试验过程中的现象具有一致性。
通过模型试验可知,采用隔孔装药时,大部分工况无法形成有效的预裂面;而采用逐孔装药两发雷管时,对保留岩体的损伤过高。因此,在数值模拟部分只选用逐孔装药一发的工况研究不同孔距、孔径下的边坡坡面效果。不同孔距、孔径下的边坡坡面效果如图17所示。
图17进行纵向对比来看,随着孔距的增大,由于雷管爆炸产生的能量有限,边坡坡面上的损伤由孔距为4.5 cm时的能够产生完全的损伤贯通,到孔距为6.0 cm时的能够产生比较明显的损伤贯通,再到孔距为8.0 cm时的损伤无法在预裂面上贯通。该结果与模型试验中的工况3#、工况8#、工况14#无法形成预裂面具有一致性。将图17横向对比来看,随着不耦合系数的增大,炸药在爆炸过程中的对岩体造成的粉碎区范围将减小,因此边坡面上雷管周围岩石的损伤有明显的下降;但是,在整个预裂面上的损伤范围变化不大。因此,随着预裂孔孔径的增加,预裂面上的保留岩体的损伤将会更小,边坡半孔率与平整度也随之增加。
基于模型试验和数值模拟研究结果,确定以115 mm的预裂爆破炮孔孔径和80 cm的预裂爆破炮孔孔距开展现场试验,验证参数优化效果。该工程实例为平陆运河项目第七标段某一级坡(涉水边坡)爆破成型工程。该一级坡边坡比为1∶2,边坡高度10 m,在进行爆破施工时约有8 m位于水平面以下,属于涉水边坡。预裂爆破现场试验段总长度8 m,预裂孔个数10个。图18为爆破后预裂面爆破效果,可以看到预裂面具有较好的平整度,并且半孔率达到了80%。
由平陆运河涉水边坡预裂爆破工程,依据相似准则设计涉水边坡预裂爆破模型试验。通过监测、分析不同预裂孔孔径、孔距、装药方式下的预裂缝成缝质量、边坡坡面成型质量、保留岩体损伤情况以及工程现场的实际运用,得出如下结论:
(1)逐孔装药下的预裂缝成缝质量明显高于隔孔装药,在一定范围内,可通过提高预裂孔孔径从而提升预裂缝成缝质量。
(2)逐孔装药下的边坡坡面成型质量明显高于隔孔装药;当孔径较小(0.8 cm)时,应采用小孔距(4.5 cm),当孔径较大(1.2 cm)时,应当采用较大孔距(6.0 cm),从而提高边坡坡面成型效果。
(3)保留岩体的损伤随着距预裂面的距离增加成指数衰减。提高预裂孔孔径或孔距均可有效降低保留岩体损伤。
(4)在涉水边坡预裂爆破工程实践中,当地质条件为中硬岩石时,采用115 mm的预裂孔孔径、0.8 m的预裂孔孔距的工况下,预裂面具有较好的平整度,半孔率可达80%。
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA084)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52274136)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金项目(2022CFB594)
  • 武汉科技大学研究生创新创业基金(JCX2021064)
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.004
  • 接收时间:2024-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-28
基金
National key research and development program of Hubei province(2020BCA084)
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA084)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274136)
国家自然科学基金(52274136)
Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2022CFB594)
湖北省自然科学基金项目(2022CFB594)
Graduate Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Foundation of Wuhan University of Science and Technology(JCX2021064)
武汉科技大学研究生创新创业基金(JCX2021064)
作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学 理学院,武汉 430065
    2.湖北省智能爆破工程技术研究中心,武汉 430065
    3.中铁四院集团 工程运维有限责任公司,武汉 430061

通讯作者:

陶好好(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破过程中数字化施工管理及孪生模型构建的研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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