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Article(id=1241421933053531005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718726400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907653343, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907653343, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907653343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907653343, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=81, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421934034998152, articleId=1241421933053531005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Crack Propagation Law Induced by Millisecond Delay Blasting with Different Hole Spacing, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A large-area concrete site was prepared to eliminate the boundary effects to investigate the propagation law of detonation-induced cracks in differential blasting under varying hole spacing. Multiple sets of linear three-hole and cross-five-hole model tests were conducted using electronic detonators and detonating cords as the blasting sources. The propagation length, direction, and crack arrest position of detonation cracks were recorded under different blasting parameters. The key factors affecting crack propagation were identified by combining the experimental results with the theory of sequential controlled blasting. The results indicate that in the three-hole model, a through-crack forms between the blast holes when the middle hole detonates first, followed by the two side holes. However, as the hole distance increases, the crack becomes increasingly irregular. When the distance reaches 25 times the hole diameter, the crack fails to penetrate and no longer propagates along the direction of the blast holes. In the cross five-hole model, a through-crack can only form when the spacing is within 20 times the hole diameter. The crack generated by the first blast tends to propagate towards the nearest subsequent hole. Still, it does not follow a straight path, exhibiting deflection due to the influence of the additional holes. Therefore, to achieve straight cracks along the contour surface in practical engineering, it is crucial to adjust the timing and control blasting parameters based on specific hydrogeological conditions to fully utilize the void effect and the detonation timing difference.

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HUANG Jun-hong (1988-), male, Ph. D, Assistant researcher and master supervisor, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, (E-mail).
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为了研究不同炮孔间距下微差爆破诱发爆生裂纹的扩展规律，通过浇筑大面积混凝土场地进行试验来消除边界效应，并以电子雷管和导爆索作为爆源和炸药，开展多组直线三孔模型和十字五孔模型试验研究，记录不同爆破参数下爆生裂纹的扩展长度、方向以及止裂位置，结合时序控制爆破理论，探究影响裂纹扩展的主要因素。结果表明：当三孔模型中间孔先起爆，两边孔后起爆时，炮孔之间会形成贯通裂缝，但会随着炮孔间距的增加越来越不平直，直到炮孔间距达到25倍孔径时裂纹便无法贯通，且裂纹不沿炮孔方向发展；十字五孔模型试验中同样只有在炮孔间距为20倍孔径以内时才能形成贯通的裂缝，且当先爆孔起爆产生的裂纹向四个后爆孔扩展时，最终会优先与相近的炮孔贯通，但是裂纹扩展路径并非一条直线，其会同时受到多个后爆孔的影响而产生一定的偏转效应。因此，实际工程中要想利用空孔效应和起爆时差获得沿轮廓面扩展的平直裂缝，还需根据不同水文地质条件合理调整时序控制爆破参数。

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黄俊红（1988-），男，湖北省武汉市，博士，现任助理研究员、硕士生导师，（E-mail）。
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曹永帮（1999-），男，河南省商丘市，硕士研究生，主要从事岩石动力学方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

CAO Yong-bang (1999-), male, master degree candidate, born in Shangqiu City, Henan Province, mainly engaged in the research of rock dynamics, (E-mail).

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曹永帮（1999-），男，河南省商丘市，硕士研究生，主要从事岩石动力学方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

CAO Yong-bang (1999-), male, master degree candidate, born in Shangqiu City, Henan Province, mainly engaged in the research of rock dynamics, (E-mail).

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曹永帮（1999-），男，河南省商丘市，硕士研究生，主要从事岩石动力学方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

CAO Yong-bang (1999-), male, master degree candidate, born in Shangqiu City, Henan Province, mainly engaged in the research of rock dynamics, (E-mail).

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Dynamic caustics study of influence of delayed initiation on crack propagation between boreholes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241439675957695227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933053531005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=76, pageEnd=79, 95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=21, authorNames=叶春雷, 郑德明, 戴春阳, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶春雷, 郑德明, 戴春阳, 等. 复杂环境下数码电子雷管在土石方爆破工程中的应用[J]. 爆破, 2019, 36(4): 76-79, 95., articleTitle=复杂环境下数码电子雷管在土石方爆破工程中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241439676427457281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933053531005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=76, pageEnd=79, 95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=22, authorNames=YE Chun-lei, ZHENG De-ming, DAI Chun-yang, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YE Chun-lei, ZHENG De-ming, DAI Chun-yang, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Application of Digital Electronic Detonator in Soil-rock Blasting Engineering in Complex Situation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241439676658144004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933053531005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=5, pageStart=3, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=23, authorNames=龚敏, 吴昊骏, journalName=爆炸与冲击, refType=null, unstructuredReference=龚敏, 吴昊骏. 隧道爆破现场高速图像采集与精确控制爆破参数研究[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2019, 39(5): 3-12., articleTitle=隧道爆破现场高速图像采集与精确控制爆破参数研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241439676754613000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933053531005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=5, pageStart=3, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=24, authorNames=GONG Min, WU Haojun, journalName=Explosion and Shock Waves, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONG Min, WU Haojun. High-speed photography image acquisition system in tunnel blasting and parameters study on precisely controlled blasting[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2019, 39(5): 3-12. (in Chinese), articleTitle=High-speed photography image acquisition system in tunnel blasting and parameters study on precisely controlled blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241439676830110476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933053531005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=74, issue=null, pageStart=119, pageEnd=130, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=25, authorNames=QIU Xian-yang, SHI Xiu-zhi, GOU Yong-gang, journalName=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU Xian-yang, SHI Xiu-zhi, GOU Yong-gang, et al. Short-delay blasting with single free surface: Results of experimental tests[J]. 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Shock and Vibration, 2019: 1828313., articleTitle=Analysis of the cavity formation mechanism of wedge cut blasting in hard rock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241439677408924445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421933053531005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=28, authorNames=CHEN Bao-bao, LIU Chang-you, YANG Jing-xuan, journalName=Shock and Vibration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Bao-bao, LIU Chang-you, YANG Jing-xuan. Design and application of blasting parameters for presplitting hard roof with the aid of empty-hole effect[J]. 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Mechanical parameters of the specimen

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密度/(g·cm－3)抗压强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比
2.7040.8029.300.23
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试件力学参数

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密度/(g·cm－3)抗压强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比
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不同炮孔间距下微差爆破诱发爆生裂纹扩展规律研究
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曹永帮 1a , 黄俊红 1b, 2 , 王自旭 1a , 陈洋龙 1a , 张腾胜 1a, 2 , 李新平 1a, 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(2): 81-87
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(2): 81-87
不同炮孔间距下微差爆破诱发爆生裂纹扩展规律研究
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曹永帮1a , 黄俊红1b, 2 , 王自旭1a, 陈洋龙1a, 张腾胜1a, 2, 李新平1a, 2
作者信息
  • 1.a.武汉理工大学　土木工程与建筑学院，武汉　430070
  • 1.b.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
  • 2.武汉理工大学　三亚科教创新园，三亚　572025

    • 曹永帮（1999-），男，河南省商丘市，硕士研究生，主要从事岩石动力学方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

    CAO Yong-bang (1999-), male, master degree candidate, born in Shangqiu City, Henan Province, mainly engaged in the research of rock dynamics, (E-mail).

通讯作者:

黄俊红（1988-），男，湖北省武汉市，博士，现任助理研究员、硕士生导师，（E-mail）。
Study on Crack Propagation Law Induced by Millisecond Delay Blasting with Different Hole Spacing
Yong-bang CAO1a , Jun-hong HUANG1b, 2 , Zi-xu WANG1a, Yang-long CHEN1a, Teng-sheng ZHANG1a, 2, Xin-ping LI1a, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.a.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 1.b.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya 572025, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.010
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摘要
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为了研究不同炮孔间距下微差爆破诱发爆生裂纹的扩展规律，通过浇筑大面积混凝土场地进行试验来消除边界效应，并以电子雷管和导爆索作为爆源和炸药，开展多组直线三孔模型和十字五孔模型试验研究，记录不同爆破参数下爆生裂纹的扩展长度、方向以及止裂位置，结合时序控制爆破理论，探究影响裂纹扩展的主要因素。结果表明：当三孔模型中间孔先起爆，两边孔后起爆时，炮孔之间会形成贯通裂缝，但会随着炮孔间距的增加越来越不平直，直到炮孔间距达到25倍孔径时裂纹便无法贯通，且裂纹不沿炮孔方向发展；十字五孔模型试验中同样只有在炮孔间距为20倍孔径以内时才能形成贯通的裂缝，且当先爆孔起爆产生的裂纹向四个后爆孔扩展时，最终会优先与相近的炮孔贯通，但是裂纹扩展路径并非一条直线，其会同时受到多个后爆孔的影响而产生一定的偏转效应。因此，实际工程中要想利用空孔效应和起爆时差获得沿轮廓面扩展的平直裂缝，还需根据不同水文地质条件合理调整时序控制爆破参数。

三孔模型  /  五孔模型  /  空孔效应  /  微差爆破  /  裂纹扩展

A large-area concrete site was prepared to eliminate the boundary effects to investigate the propagation law of detonation-induced cracks in differential blasting under varying hole spacing. Multiple sets of linear three-hole and cross-five-hole model tests were conducted using electronic detonators and detonating cords as the blasting sources. The propagation length, direction, and crack arrest position of detonation cracks were recorded under different blasting parameters. The key factors affecting crack propagation were identified by combining the experimental results with the theory of sequential controlled blasting. The results indicate that in the three-hole model, a through-crack forms between the blast holes when the middle hole detonates first, followed by the two side holes. However, as the hole distance increases, the crack becomes increasingly irregular. When the distance reaches 25 times the hole diameter, the crack fails to penetrate and no longer propagates along the direction of the blast holes. In the cross five-hole model, a through-crack can only form when the spacing is within 20 times the hole diameter. The crack generated by the first blast tends to propagate towards the nearest subsequent hole. Still, it does not follow a straight path, exhibiting deflection due to the influence of the additional holes. Therefore, to achieve straight cracks along the contour surface in practical engineering, it is crucial to adjust the timing and control blasting parameters based on specific hydrogeological conditions to fully utilize the void effect and the detonation timing difference.

three-hole model  /  five-hole model  /  empty hole effect  /  millisecond delay blasting  /  crack propagation
曹永帮, 黄俊红, 王自旭, 陈洋龙, 张腾胜, 李新平. 不同炮孔间距下微差爆破诱发爆生裂纹扩展规律研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 81 -87 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.010
Yong-bang CAO, Jun-hong HUANG, Zi-xu WANG, Yang-long CHEN, Teng-sheng ZHANG, Xin-ping LI. Study on Crack Propagation Law Induced by Millisecond Delay Blasting with Different Hole Spacing[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 81 -87 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.010
正文
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地下隧道开挖时，钻爆法因其适应性强、开挖成本低而被广泛采用[1,2]。然而，传统的钻爆技术存在一些问题，比如裂纹扩展不规则和爆炸能量利用率低等，这些问题容易导致岩体超欠挖和支护结构破坏等情况的发生[3－5]，因此优化爆破方案，提高爆破过程中的能量利用，确保裂纹的定向扩展，是提高工程爆破经济性和安全性的关键。
隧道往往需要采用精细爆破的方式开挖，比如切槽炮孔、切缝药包、聚能管等均能引导爆生裂纹沿炮孔连线方向扩展[6,7]。Wang发现切缝药包对爆炸冲击波和爆生气体均有导向作用[8]，且切缝药包的不耦合系数为1.67时最有利于爆生裂纹扩展；何满潮等通过现场试验证明了聚能爆破对裂纹扩展的定向引导作用[9]。这些方法虽然可以在一定程度上引导爆生裂纹沿炮孔连线方向扩展，但都需要在原有炮孔基础上增加额外的施工工序，提高了经济成本和时间成本。
通过研究发现，爆破时通过选择适当的起爆时差，可以减少爆破振动，改善岩石破碎效果和优化炸药单耗。爆炸引起的应力波的传播和叠加受到起爆时差的显著影响，起爆时差主导着炮孔间裂纹的形成和聚结[10]。近年来，人们从实验、数值模拟和理论分析等方面研究了起爆时差对岩石破碎的影响。比如，杨仁树等采用新型数字激光动态焦散线实验系统进行了微差爆破裂纹试验[11]，验证了延时时间对爆生裂纹扩展有显著影响。岳中文等通过实验研究发现[12]，当爆破参数相同时，同时起爆的爆生裂纹成壁质量比微差起爆的质量好，认为宜采用同时起爆的方法来提高定向断裂控制爆破的效果。叶春雷等则通过现场试验验证了数码电子雷管精确控制炮孔延迟起爆的可行性[13]。龚敏和吴昊骏提出了隧洞爆破开挖过程中更为精确的微差降振起爆时差[14]；Qiu等人指出只有当延迟间隔小于新自由面的形成时间时[15]，才可能形成一个共同的爆破坑。此外，Hashemi and Katsabanis利用有限元分析软件LS－DYNA进行数值模拟[16]，模拟结果支持了岩石破碎时延时时间的重要性，指出延时起爆为裂纹的发展提供了足够的时间。
本文重点研究微差爆破时不同间距炮孔对裂纹扩展行为的影响规律，首先对微差爆破时后爆孔的应力集中效应进行分析，然后以一定配合比的混凝土为模型材料，建立以中间孔为先爆孔，周边不同间距炮孔为后爆孔的模型试验，分析了炮孔之间裂纹扩展的机理，比较了爆破时炮孔间距对爆破效果的影响。
1　后爆孔的应力集中效应
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微差爆破是一种有效控制爆生裂纹扩展路径的方法，其主要是利用炸药在先爆孔中爆炸后，炸药能量以应力波的形式在岩石介质中传播，应力波在传播过程中会发生反射现象，导致后爆孔附近的应力集中，这种现象被称为空孔的应力集中效应，其作用是使岩石在爆破作用下的应力分布不均，从而有效控制裂纹的传播方向。
如图1所示，A孔为先爆孔，B孔为后爆孔，A孔起爆后爆炸产生的应力波会在B孔周围产生应力集中。
炸药起爆后在岩石中形成的应力波可以分解为径向应力σr和切向应力σθ，其表达式如下[17]
式中：P为透射入炮孔孔壁的压力峰值；r1为岩石中任一点至先爆孔A中心的距离；rA为先爆孔A半径；λ为炮孔壁的侧向应力系数；α为应力波传播的衰减系数。
当爆炸应力波传到后爆孔孔壁时，会出现空孔的应力集中效应。根据弹性力学理论可知，后爆孔附近单元应力状态为[18]
式中：σrr、σθθ为后爆孔空孔应力集中效应下岩石中的径向应力和切向应力；τrθ为后爆孔空孔应力集中效应下的剪切应力；θ为岩石中任意计算点到先爆孔中心连线与先后爆孔连线的夹角；k为比例系数；rB为后爆孔B半径；r2为岩石中任一点至后爆孔B中心的距离。
在后爆孔孔壁处，即rB＝r2，σrr＝0，τrθ＝0，代入(2)式可得
由(3)式可知，当θ＝±π时，即先爆孔与后爆孔连心线方向出现切向应力最大值σθθ max，其表达式为
将(1)式代入(4)式，得到最大切向应力如式(5)所示
若在后爆破孔孔壁产生应力集中后再进行起爆，裂纹很可能会沿着应力最大的区域扩展。因此，为了在爆破后形成沿爆孔连线方向扩展的初始裂纹，需要合理控制先后爆孔的直径和间距，以达到预期的效果。
2　先后爆孔时序控制爆破试验
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在工程爆破中，通常面对不均匀且不连续的脆性岩体，考虑到混凝土试件的抗压强度及其他特性与岩石相似，因此选择混凝土作为本次试验的模拟材料。模型试件采用强度等级为42.5的普通硅酸盐水泥，原料配合比为水泥∶砂∶石∶水＝1∶1.94∶3.59∶0.40，为了尽可能降低边界效应对爆破效果的影响，现场浇筑一个4 m(长)×2 m(宽)×0.2 m(厚)的试验场地(如图2)，浇筑完成后养护28 d。
为了测量混凝土力学特性，以同样配比的混凝土浇筑数个100 mm×100 mm×100 mm的立方体试件，浇筑完成后养护28 d，然后测量其力学参数，立方体抗压强度试验过程如图3所示，测得力学参数如表1所示。
试验分为两个部分，分别为单孔起爆和微差爆破。单孔起爆试验采用直线三孔模型，炮孔直径d＝10 mm，深度h＝100 mm，炮孔间距为100 mm，试验时中间孔作为起爆孔，放置1个电子雷管，两边为空孔。
微差爆破试验共有五种工况，记试验编号分别为试验MB1~MB5，其中试验MB1~MB4为直线三孔模型，试验时中间孔作为先爆孔，两边为后爆孔，炮孔间距分别为100 mm、150 mm、200 mm、250 mm，炮孔直径d＝10 mm，深度h＝100 mm，试验MB1~MB4炮孔布置如图4所示。
试验MB5为十字五孔模型，试验时中间孔作为先爆孔，编号为P，另外4个炮孔作为后爆孔，编号分别为A、B、C、D，炮孔P与炮孔A、B、C、D的距离分别为100 mm、150 mm、200 mm、250 mm，炮孔直径d＝10 mm，深度h＝100 mm，炮孔间的相对位置及炮孔编号如图5所示。
试验时，每个工况分别做两组重复试验。为了防止各试验工况之间的炮孔相互影响，将每个试验安排在各自划分的区域进行，区域划分如图6所示。
微差爆破的核心是确定合理的孔间延迟间隔时间，本文采用爆炸后产生的应力波穿至自由面并返回的时间作为孔间延迟时间，应力波在混凝土中的纵波速度约为4070 m/s，确定微差爆破试验中炮孔间距为100 mm、150 mm、200 mm、250 mm的最佳延期时间分别为49 μs、73 μs、98 μs、122 μs。
微差爆破试验时在先爆孔内放置一个电子雷管作为爆源，四个后爆孔均通过导爆索与先爆孔内的电子雷管进行连接，并在后爆孔内放置10 cm长的导爆索作为炸药。为能达到试验所需的控制时间，通过不同导爆索(6500 m/s)长度来进行延时，最终确定后爆孔与先爆孔之间的导爆索长度分别为32 cm、47 cm、64 cm、80 cm。为了限制炸药爆炸产生的初始爆轰波和爆生气体的径向运动，试验时炮孔口用泡泥进行堵塞，时序控制爆破试验系统如图7所示。
3　试验结果和分析
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3.1　单孔起爆试验裂纹扩展分析
图8为单孔起爆试验的结果图，如图8(a)所示，炮孔周边未产生明显的爆生裂纹，只在起爆孔处形成了明显的爆破漏斗坑。试验时由于雷管在炮孔内埋置深度较浅，爆炸产生的应力波很快到达孔口周围的自由面并发生反射，反射波引起的拉应力会导致一层或几层混凝土呈片状剥离，这些剥离碎块很快向上飞起，同时爆生气体的膨胀作用加剧了混凝土的破碎和抛掷，由于两侧空孔的距离相对于孔口自由面较远，整个过程几乎没有受到两侧空孔的影响，最终形成了较浅的爆破漏斗坑。
如图8(b)所示，在爆炸荷载作用下，起爆孔沿两侧空孔方向产生2条爆生主裂纹A1和A2，说明空孔对爆生裂纹有明显的导向作用，但是两侧空孔附近未产生明显裂纹。炮孔起爆后，在压缩应力波作用下裂纹开始扩展，随后压缩应力波持续衰减，压缩应力波遇到空孔后产生反射拉伸波，最终从起爆孔处沿两侧空孔方向产生2条爆生裂纹A1和A2，但是此距离下爆炸应力波在空孔处形成的反射拉伸波不能使裂纹起裂，所以起爆孔与空孔之间的裂纹没有贯通。
3.2　微差爆破裂纹扩展分析
如图9所示为炮孔间距为10倍孔径时的裂纹扩展路径图，通过两组重复试验可以看出炮孔之间的爆生裂纹最终相互贯通，形成两条近似直线裂纹1和裂纹2，爆生裂纹基本上只在炮孔连线方向发展，当相邻炮孔内炸药起爆后产生的应力波相遇并叠加，在相邻孔中心连线方向产生最大应力，根据断裂力学最大周向应力成缝机理，裂缝将沿着该方向扩展，同时抑制其他方向裂缝的形成，这就有利于裂缝的形成和贯通。
如图10所示为炮孔间距为15倍孔径时的裂纹扩展路径图，炮孔之间的裂纹表现为贯通，但是裂纹不再是近似直线，而是贯通成曲线。如图10(a)所示裂纹1和裂纹2贯通时形成“牵手状”区域，同时在炮孔连线以外的其他方向发展出裂纹3。如图10(b)所示，炮孔之间的爆生裂纹贯通成曲线，先爆孔在炮孔连线方向以外发展出裂纹4和裂纹5。
如图11所示为炮孔间距为20倍孔径时的裂纹扩展路径图，炮孔之间的裂纹表现为贯通，形成裂纹1和裂纹2，但是炮孔之间的连线不再近似直线，而是贯通成曲线。同时在炮孔连线以外的其他方向发展出较多裂纹。
如图12所示为炮孔间距为25倍孔径时的裂纹扩展路径图，炮孔之间裂纹未贯通，且裂纹不沿炮孔方向发展，说明空孔效应作用的范围有限，超出一定范围后应力波的衰减受空孔的影响逐渐降低。爆破后裂纹以爆孔为中心呈放射状杂乱分布，主要是由于空孔距离爆孔较远，爆炸产生的冲击波受波阻抗影响消耗大量能量。
从试验MB1~MB4的裂纹扩展路径图可以看出，当炮孔间距为10~20倍孔径时，炮孔之间的爆生裂纹可以贯通，但是随着炮孔间距的增大，炮孔连接线以外的其他方向发展的裂纹增多，炮孔之间裂纹的贯通也越来越不平直，说明炮孔的导向作用越来越不明显；当炮孔间距为25倍孔径时，炮孔之间的裂纹无法贯通，且裂纹不沿炮孔方向发展，说明超过一定距离，炮孔就失去导向作用。
图13为试验MB5的裂纹扩展路径图，从图中可以看出两次试验炮孔P与炮孔A之间的裂纹扩展路径很相似，先爆孔P与后爆孔A之间的裂纹均相互贯通，当炮孔间距较小时，裂纹扩展过程中的能量损耗较小，爆炸波能量相对较大，在裂纹相遇前扩展阻力对裂纹扩展的影响较小，在裂纹相遇时爆生裂纹受到应力波的干扰较小，裂纹表现为直接贯通，其裂纹扩展路径与试验MB1基本相同。
两次试验炮孔P与炮孔B、C之间的裂纹都实现了贯通，先爆孔P在后爆孔B、C方向形成的裂纹2和裂纹3受到炮孔A应力集中效应的影响发生了一定角度的偏移，裂纹2和裂纹3为后爆孔B、C形成的裂纹1和裂纹4发展提供了自由面，最终炮孔P与炮孔B、C之间的裂纹贯通但是裂纹路径并非一条直线，裂纹路径都向炮孔A方向发生了一定角度的偏移。图13(a)所示在裂纹4处有明显过度的偏转，这为后爆孔A形成的裂纹5提供了新的自由面，最终炮孔A与炮孔C之间的裂纹贯通，而裂纹明显偏转的原因猜测是由于混凝土内部粗骨料导致，混凝土内部骨料与水泥浆之间的界面过渡区(ITZ)是混凝土的薄弱环节[19]。
两次试验炮孔P与炮孔D之间均未形成明显的贯通裂缝，说明当炮孔之间的距离较大时，裂纹扩展不沿炮孔连接线方向。炮孔D起爆后的效果基本符合单孔爆破的试验现象，存在比较明显的粉碎区、裂隙区以及震动区，沿着粉碎区，向四周辐射数条裂纹。虽然有空孔的存在，但是空孔起不到定向致裂的作用，因为在弹性作用区，空孔的应力集中效应很小，岩石的应力状态达不到断裂强度，岩石的断裂根据其内部的损伤裂纹分布规律断裂，与空孔无关。
4　结论
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通过单孔起爆和微差爆破试验研究了炮孔间距对裂纹扩展路径的影响，主要得出以下结论：
(1)当三孔模型中间孔单独起爆时，将炸药置于孔口会形成大面积的爆破漏斗，无法观察炮孔附近裂纹扩展形态；炸药埋置于炮孔底部时会形成朝两侧空孔方向扩展的爆生裂纹，说明炸药在中间孔底部起爆时，周围空孔才对爆生裂纹有明显的导向作用。
(2)当炮孔间距为10~20倍孔径时，相邻两炮孔之间都会形成贯通裂纹，但是随着炮孔间距的增加，贯通裂缝逐渐由宽变窄、由直变曲；当炮孔间距为25倍孔径时，相邻两炮孔之间裂纹无法贯通，且裂纹不沿炮孔方向发展，说明空孔效应作用范围有限。
(3)五孔模型中先爆孔附近的爆生裂纹会为后爆孔的爆生裂纹扩展提供自由面，从而促进裂纹的贯通；同时，先爆孔的爆生裂纹扩展路径会同时受到附近不同方位空孔的应力集中作用影响，导致裂纹扩展过程中发生了一定角度的偏转现象，所以定向爆破时应尽量避免这种炮孔布置。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52109165)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2024IVA028)
文献
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.010
  • 接收时间：2024-06-19
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-19
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(52109165)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52109165)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024IVA028)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2024IVA028)
作者信息
    1.a.武汉理工大学　土木工程与建筑学院，武汉　430070
    1.b.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
    2.武汉理工大学　三亚科教创新园，三亚　572025

通讯作者:

黄俊红（1988-），男，湖北省武汉市，博士，现任助理研究员、硕士生导师，（E-mail）。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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