Article(id=1241421932642489209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745596800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907653245, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907653245, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907653245, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907653245, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=188, endPage=201, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421933426824064, articleId=1241421932642489209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Knowledge Graph-based Q&A System for Blasting Safety Management in Open-pit Mines, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Safety management plays a vital role in blasting operations, and blasting safety is closely related to the processes of drilling, blasting, loading, transportation, and dumping, with significant interactions among these procedures. However, due to the diverse sources and complex structure of current blasting safety data, the lack of systematic integration poses challenges for on-site personnel to accurately acquire critical safety knowledge under complex working conditions. To address this issue, this study applies a BERT-BiLSTM-CRF-based method for entity recognition in the field of blasting safety management. The BERT pre-trained model is first used to obtain dynamic word embeddings, followed by optimal label sequence tagging using the BiLSTM-CRF model. A knowledge graph covering seven entity types and nine relationship types is constructed and stored using the open-source Neo4j graph database system. Experimental results show that the F1-score for all entity types exceeds 60%, demonstrating that the proposed model significantly improves entity recognition accuracy compared to traditional models. Based on this, a knowledge graph-based Q&A system for blasting process safety management in open-pit coal mines is developed, enabling rapid querying of domain knowledge and efficient matching of various blasting processes with safety standards. With the support of this Q&A system, on-site engineers can make timely and informed decisions in complex blasting safety management scenarios.

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GUAN Wei-ming (1981-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, His research focuses on intelligent mining, mine ecological restoration, and open-pit blasting, (E-mail) .
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在爆破作业中,安全管理发挥着至关重要的作用,爆破安全与“钻孔、爆破、采装、运输、排土”等工艺流程密切相关,工序之间相互作用显著。然而,由于现有爆破安全数据来源多样、结构复杂,缺乏系统化集成,导致现场作业人员在面对复杂工况时难以准确获取关键安全知识,给安全管理带来了挑战。因此将基于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF的命名实体识别方法应用于爆破安全管理领域。首先采用BERT预训练模型获取动态词向量,其次采用BiLSTM-CRF进行实体最佳标签序列标注,构建了涵盖7类实体和9类关系的知识图谱,并利用开源图数据库系统Neo4j存储知识图谱数据。结果表明:模型所有实体类型的F1值均在60%以上,证明该模型较传统模型实体识别提取精度显著提高。并基于知识图谱模型开发了露天煤矿爆破工艺安全管理知识问答系统,完成领域知识查询及各类爆破工艺与安全标准的迅速匹配。通过问答系统的支持,现场工程师能够在复杂的爆破安全管理中迅速做出科学决策。

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管伟明(1981-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事智能矿山、矿区生态修复、露天矿爆破等方向的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
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孙嘉怡(2000-),女,硕士研究生,从事露天矿爆破相关研究工作,(E-mail)

SUN Jia-yi (2000-), female, master's degree candidate, engaged in research on open-pit mine blasting, (E-mail) .

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孙嘉怡(2000-),女,硕士研究生,从事露天矿爆破相关研究工作,(E-mail)

SUN Jia-yi (2000-), female, master's degree candidate, engaged in research on open-pit mine blasting, (E-mail) .

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孙嘉怡(2000-),女,硕士研究生,从事露天矿爆破相关研究工作,(E-mail)

SUN Jia-yi (2000-), female, master's degree candidate, engaged in research on open-pit mine blasting, (E-mail) .

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Example of a blasting code system for surface coal mines

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序号No.标准规范示例Example of standard specification依据发布机构和作用范围划分By issuing organization and scope of action依据其内容不同划分Divided according to their content
1中华人民共和国煤炭法Coal law of the People′s Republic of China法律Law安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
2中华人民共和国矿山安全法Mine safety law of the People′s Republic of China法律Law安全管理标准Safety management standards
3煤矿安全检查条例Coal mine safety Inspection Regulations行政法规Administrative legislation安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
4煤矿建设安全规程Coal mine construction safety regulations行政法规Administrative legislation安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
5爆破安全规程(GB6722—2014) Blasting safety regulations国家标准(GB) National standard安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
6煤炭工业露天煤矿设计规范(GB50197—2015) Design code for surface coal mines in the coal industry国家标准(GB) National standard生产技术规范标准Technical specifications and standards for production
7煤炭工业露天煤矿边坡工程设计标准(GB51289—2018) Coal industry surface coal mine slope engineering design standards国家标准(GB) National standard生产技术规范标准Technical specifications and standards for production
8民用爆破器材工程设计安全规范(GB50089—2007)Safety code for civil explosives engineering design国家标准(GB) National standard生产技术规范标准Technical specifications and standards for production
9爆破作业项目管理要求(GA991—2012) Project management requirements for blasting operations行业标准(GA) Industry standard安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
10煤矿生产技术规范标准(AQ1055—2018) Coal mine production technical code standards煤矿安全标准(AQ) Coal mine safety standard安全管理标准Safety management standards
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露天煤矿爆破规范体系示例

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序号No.标准规范示例Example of standard specification依据发布机构和作用范围划分By issuing organization and scope of action依据其内容不同划分Divided according to their content
1中华人民共和国煤炭法Coal law of the People′s Republic of China法律Law安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
2中华人民共和国矿山安全法Mine safety law of the People′s Republic of China法律Law安全管理标准Safety management standards
3煤矿安全检查条例Coal mine safety Inspection Regulations行政法规Administrative legislation安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
4煤矿建设安全规程Coal mine construction safety regulations行政法规Administrative legislation安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
5爆破安全规程(GB6722—2014) Blasting safety regulations国家标准(GB) National standard安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
6煤炭工业露天煤矿设计规范(GB50197—2015) Design code for surface coal mines in the coal industry国家标准(GB) National standard生产技术规范标准Technical specifications and standards for production
7煤炭工业露天煤矿边坡工程设计标准(GB51289—2018) Coal industry surface coal mine slope engineering design standards国家标准(GB) National standard生产技术规范标准Technical specifications and standards for production
8民用爆破器材工程设计安全规范(GB50089—2007)Safety code for civil explosives engineering design国家标准(GB) National standard生产技术规范标准Technical specifications and standards for production
9爆破作业项目管理要求(GA991—2012) Project management requirements for blasting operations行业标准(GA) Industry standard安全行为标准Safety behavior standards
10煤矿生产技术规范标准(AQ1055—2018) Coal mine production technical code standards煤矿安全标准(AQ) Coal mine safety standard安全管理标准Safety management standards
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Conceptualization of entity relationships

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序号No.关系名称Relationship name关系概念Relationship concepts
1生产Establish因素A通过特定流程或条件促成因素B的存在或形成A contributes to the existence or formation of B through specific processes
2编制Design因素A通过系统性规划或设计生成因素B的逻辑关系A generates the logic of B through systematic planning or design
3装配Equip因素A通过组合或集成形成更复杂的因素B的构成关系A forms a more complex compositional relationship of B through integration
4使用Use因素A在实现目标过程中对因素B的调用或消耗The invocation or consumption of B by A in the achievement of its objectives
5勘测Survey因素A通过技术或方法获取因素B的量化信息A obtains quantitative information on B through technology or methodology
6包含Include因素B是因素A的组成部分或属性子集的层级关系Hierarchical relationships in which B is a component or subset of attributes of A
7影响Affect因素A对因素B产生直接或间接的因果作用A has a direct or indirect causal effect on B
8取值Value因素A为因素B赋予具体数值或属性的量化定义关系Quantitatively defined relationship in which A assigns a specific value to B
9执行Execute因素A通过行动或操作实现因素B的目标或结果A achieves the goal or result of B through an action or operation
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实体关系概念表

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序号No.关系名称Relationship name关系概念Relationship concepts
1生产Establish因素A通过特定流程或条件促成因素B的存在或形成A contributes to the existence or formation of B through specific processes
2编制Design因素A通过系统性规划或设计生成因素B的逻辑关系A generates the logic of B through systematic planning or design
3装配Equip因素A通过组合或集成形成更复杂的因素B的构成关系A forms a more complex compositional relationship of B through integration
4使用Use因素A在实现目标过程中对因素B的调用或消耗The invocation or consumption of B by A in the achievement of its objectives
5勘测Survey因素A通过技术或方法获取因素B的量化信息A obtains quantitative information on B through technology or methodology
6包含Include因素B是因素A的组成部分或属性子集的层级关系Hierarchical relationships in which B is a component or subset of attributes of A
7影响Affect因素A对因素B产生直接或间接的因果作用A has a direct or indirect causal effect on B
8取值Value因素A为因素B赋予具体数值或属性的量化定义关系Quantitatively defined relationship in which A assigns a specific value to B
9执行Execute因素A通过行动或操作实现因素B的目标或结果A achieves the goal or result of B through an action or operation
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Partial dictionary of cost factors in open-pit coal mining

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序号No.术语名称Terminology术语词性Terminological lexis
1炸药单耗Specific charge vn
2孔排距Burden spacing vn
3爆破振动Blasting vibration vn
4爆破工程Blasting engineering nw
5人工装药Manual charging nw
6工作面Working face s
7岩石结构Rock structure s
8挖掘机Excavator nz
9爆破工Blaster nz
10导火索Fuse nz
11柴油Diesel nz
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露天煤矿成本因素词典(部分)

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序号No.术语名称Terminology术语词性Terminological lexis
1炸药单耗Specific charge vn
2孔排距Burden spacing vn
3爆破振动Blasting vibration vn
4爆破工程Blasting engineering nw
5人工装药Manual charging nw
6工作面Working face s
7岩石结构Rock structure s
8挖掘机Excavator nz
9爆破工Blaster nz
10导火索Fuse nz
11柴油Diesel nz
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Training environment configuration parameters

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项目名称Item环境名称Environmental name
操作系统Operating systemWindows 10
CPUIntel Core i9-14900Hx 5.80GHz
GPUNVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090Ti
python3.7.12
Pytorch1.12.0
Tensorflow1.15
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训练环境配置参数

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项目名称Item环境名称Environmental name
操作系统Operating systemWindows 10
CPUIntel Core i9-14900Hx 5.80GHz
GPUNVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090Ti
python3.7.12
Pytorch1.12.0
Tensorflow1.15
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Bert model training hyperparameters

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参数名称Parameter参数值Value
Max_seq_length512
Train_epochs30
Train_batch_size3
Learning rate0.0003
Dropout_rate0.3
Clip5
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Bert模型训练超参数

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参数名称Parameter参数值Value
Max_seq_length512
Train_epochs30
Train_batch_size3
Learning rate0.0003
Dropout_rate0.3
Clip5
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Experimental results of named entity recognition model

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实体类型EntityBERT-BiLSTM-CRFBERT-BiLSTMBiLSTM-CRF
Precision F1-Score Recall Precision F1-Score Recall Precision F1-Score Recall
机具设备Facility0.600.610.620.510.550.530.540.560.58
设计参数Parameter0.830.820.820.680.700.680.580.580.59
工艺方法Method0.680.700.720.450.460.450.520.550.58
地质环境Geologic0.730.720.720.600.620.610.600.630.64
材料消耗Materials0.590.610.830.590.540.570.500.540.57
施工效果Index0.640.650.650.580.560.570.590.610.62
组织人员Person0.630.710.810.610.690.650.600.630.68
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命名实体识别模型试验结果

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实体类型EntityBERT-BiLSTM-CRFBERT-BiLSTMBiLSTM-CRF
Precision F1-Score Recall Precision F1-Score Recall Precision F1-Score Recall
机具设备Facility0.600.610.620.510.550.530.540.560.58
设计参数Parameter0.830.820.820.680.700.680.580.580.59
工艺方法Method0.680.700.720.450.460.450.520.550.58
地质环境Geologic0.730.720.720.600.620.610.600.630.64
材料消耗Materials0.590.610.830.590.540.570.500.540.57
施工效果Index0.640.650.650.580.560.570.590.610.62
组织人员Person0.630.710.810.610.690.650.600.630.68
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基于知识图谱的露天矿爆破安全管理问答系统
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孙嘉怡 1 , 李萍丰 2, 3 , 管伟明 1 , 谭洁 1 , 赵明生 2, 3 , 余红兵 2, 3 , 温颖远 1 , 唐洪佩 2, 3
爆破 | 安全与管理 2025,42(2): 188-201
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2025, 42(2): 188-201
基于知识图谱的露天矿爆破安全管理问答系统
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孙嘉怡1 , 李萍丰2, 3, 管伟明1 , 谭洁1, 赵明生2, 3, 余红兵2, 3, 温颖远1, 唐洪佩2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.新疆大学,乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 2.新疆宏大爆破工程有限公司,昌吉 831399
  • 3.宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,长沙 410011
  • 孙嘉怡(2000-),女,硕士研究生,从事露天矿爆破相关研究工作,(E-mail)

    SUN Jia-yi (2000-), female, master's degree candidate, engaged in research on open-pit mine blasting, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

管伟明(1981-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事智能矿山、矿区生态修复、露天矿爆破等方向的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
Knowledge Graph-based Q&A System for Blasting Safety Management in Open-pit Mines
Jia-yi SUN1 , Ping-feng LI2, 3, Wei-ming GUAN1 , Jie TAN1, Ming-sheng ZHAO2, 3, Hong-bing YU2, 3, Ying-yuan WEN1, Hong-pei TANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Xinjiang University, Xinjiang 830017, China
  • 2.Xinjiang Hongda Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Xinjiang 831399, China
  • 3.Hongda Blasting Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Hunan 410011, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.023
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在爆破作业中,安全管理发挥着至关重要的作用,爆破安全与“钻孔、爆破、采装、运输、排土”等工艺流程密切相关,工序之间相互作用显著。然而,由于现有爆破安全数据来源多样、结构复杂,缺乏系统化集成,导致现场作业人员在面对复杂工况时难以准确获取关键安全知识,给安全管理带来了挑战。因此将基于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF的命名实体识别方法应用于爆破安全管理领域。首先采用BERT预训练模型获取动态词向量,其次采用BiLSTM-CRF进行实体最佳标签序列标注,构建了涵盖7类实体和9类关系的知识图谱,并利用开源图数据库系统Neo4j存储知识图谱数据。结果表明:模型所有实体类型的F1值均在60%以上,证明该模型较传统模型实体识别提取精度显著提高。并基于知识图谱模型开发了露天煤矿爆破工艺安全管理知识问答系统,完成领域知识查询及各类爆破工艺与安全标准的迅速匹配。通过问答系统的支持,现场工程师能够在复杂的爆破安全管理中迅速做出科学决策。

知识图谱  /  问答系统  /  爆破安全  /  工艺流程  /  预训练语言模型

Safety management plays a vital role in blasting operations, and blasting safety is closely related to the processes of drilling, blasting, loading, transportation, and dumping, with significant interactions among these procedures. However, due to the diverse sources and complex structure of current blasting safety data, the lack of systematic integration poses challenges for on-site personnel to accurately acquire critical safety knowledge under complex working conditions. To address this issue, this study applies a BERT-BiLSTM-CRF-based method for entity recognition in the field of blasting safety management. The BERT pre-trained model is first used to obtain dynamic word embeddings, followed by optimal label sequence tagging using the BiLSTM-CRF model. A knowledge graph covering seven entity types and nine relationship types is constructed and stored using the open-source Neo4j graph database system. Experimental results show that the F1-score for all entity types exceeds 60%, demonstrating that the proposed model significantly improves entity recognition accuracy compared to traditional models. Based on this, a knowledge graph-based Q&A system for blasting process safety management in open-pit coal mines is developed, enabling rapid querying of domain knowledge and efficient matching of various blasting processes with safety standards. With the support of this Q&A system, on-site engineers can make timely and informed decisions in complex blasting safety management scenarios.

knowledge graph  /  Q&A System  /  blasting safety  /  process flow  /  pre-trained language model
孙嘉怡, 李萍丰, 管伟明, 谭洁, 赵明生, 余红兵, 温颖远, 唐洪佩. 基于知识图谱的露天矿爆破安全管理问答系统. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 188 -201 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.023
Jia-yi SUN, Ping-feng LI, Wei-ming GUAN, Jie TAN, Ming-sheng ZHAO, Hong-bing YU, Ying-yuan WEN, Hong-pei TANG. Knowledge Graph-based Q&A System for Blasting Safety Management in Open-pit Mines[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 188 -201 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.023
近年来,随着露天煤矿智能化转型爆破工艺也在持续更新,爆破安全事故虽有所下降,但存在工艺施工不规范而带来的影响[1]。据统计,约68%的爆破事故因违反作业程序及设备操作不当而引发[2]。在2015—2019年间造成224~300人的年死亡人数[3],可以看出工艺标准化缺失仍是制约安全水平提升的关键瓶颈,因此规范工艺流程的爆破安全管理尤为关键[4,5]
地方和中央政府发布了关于爆破安全管理和工艺规范的标准及法规,且研究者们通过与爆破工艺效果相关联的评价参数在爆破飞石距离[6]、爆破振动[7]、坡面稳定性等方面进行了细化研究[8],但其中的研究成果难以相互联系并应用于爆破安全管理的决策过程中。为将知识成果应用于安全管理中,柯丽华等用社会网络分析法建立了风险评价模型[9];岳中文等建立了基于粒子群算法优化最小二乘支持向量机的露天矿爆破振动效应预测模型[10];李爱陈等提出用改进层次分析法分析露天矿爆破效果影响因素[11];张华提出模糊综合-集值统计法的露天煤矿爆破安全风险评价模型[12]。可以看出,爆破安全评价多集中于对于爆破效果的各类模型研究,角度较为局限,无法考虑更多安全影响因素。
知识图谱是组织和管理海量知识的有效工具[13],为储存和表达领域知识提供了新的方法[14]。爆破工艺安全图谱可用于知识获取、安全管理关联路径和统计分析,还可用于发现危险源和检索事故处理方法。命名实体识别(NER)是构建图谱中的重要任务,工艺安全管理实体识别是爆破安全管理模型处理和应用的核心[15]。Shah等人提出预训练语言模型[16],通过BERT掩码语言建模(MLM)与双向注意力机制(Tansformer)实现动态语义编码,使得实体识别精度显著提升;Bert-BiLSTM-CRF是预训练语言模型的代表,包括特征选择、序列标记等[17]。首先使用大规模标记语料库训练模型,进而对测试语料库的序列进行解码,完成NER任务。张念采用BERT-BiLSTM-CRF构建隧道施工安全领域知识图谱[18],验证了模型在安全管理领域的适应性。
PTM的“预训练+微调”模式在煤矿领域的设备维护及灾害防治展现出多场景适应性,Jin J结合CNN-LSTM模型对采煤机、液压支架等设备的传感器数据进行故障模式推理[19];潘理虎构建本体驱动知识图谱支持设备-人员关系查询[20];刘永立等人融合知识图谱与DQN算法[21],动态生成针对井工矿中塌方、火灾等事故的救援路径和资源调度方案;通过的预训练方法可以整合分散经验,提升风险预防智能化水平。然而,但是现有研究多局限于一般煤矿设备管理和灾害救援,露天矿爆破工艺涉及特定的爆破参数、填塞技术等专业知识,现有知识图谱尚未有效涵盖这些细分领域,缺乏针对露天矿爆破工艺的专属知识体系。
综上所述,现有研究验证了知识图谱在矿山各类管理识别中的有效性,但是爆破领域具有显著的领域专属性,难以识别爆破工艺流程之间的关联关系与风险传播路径,实体和关系抽取精准度不足,未能达到安全管理实际应用需求。因此提出了一种基于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF命名实体识别模型针对露天矿爆破安全工艺管理领域知识实现高精度实体识别;将地质条件、施工工艺及设计参数等实体关系建模与具体的设计数值、标准安全范围等量化属性融合,形成可拓展的爆破安全管理问答系统,动态适应矿山生产环境和条件的变化。
以爆破安全管理领域的标准规范文件为知识提取的数据源,依托生产工艺流程中各作业环节的特征,针对不同类型的数据开展实体识别。对于爆破设计等结构化与半结构化数据,采用规则方法与传统机器学习方法进行处理;而对于工艺规范中的非结构化文本,则引入基于BERT模型的预训练语言模型开展深度学习训练,以实现语料中的实体抽取。最终,通过构建问答系统,以知识问答和知识检索的形式实现知识的高效呈现。研究路线如图1所示。
以露天煤矿相关的国家标准、行业标准、企业爆破管理文件以及CNKI库中的爆破相关研究文献为数据来源,构建原始语料库。首先,从中国标准服务网、煤炭行业标准网站中检索与露天煤矿爆破及安全管理相关的标准和规范文件共15篇,在CNKI库中以“露天矿”和“爆破工艺”为关键词检索出53篇,并收集各类企业爆破设计方案及安全应急预案共20篇。剔除无法转换为文本格式的文件,最终选出包括PDF和文本格式的88篇文本文献作为原始数据。国家及地方发布的安全技术标准体系主要针对露天矿的各项安全生产标准,包括中国国家标准(GB)、煤炭行业标准(MT)和煤矿安全标准(AQ)。其中,露天矿的爆破安全管理标准、生产流程标准及作业行为标准等是主要内容,部分规标准文件如表1所示。
为使实体类型概念划分合理,基于安全管理和工艺流程结构双维度构建实体类型。管理对象往往为人员、材料、机械及环境,因此设计组织人员、机具设备及地质环境三类实体。此外,实体划分还以典型的生产工艺流程为主线,由于施工过程环境复杂,不同施工场所需采用不同的施工工艺,因此基于“钻孔—爆破—采装—运输—排土”五个作业环节,划分出工艺方法、设计参数、材料消耗、施工效果四类实体类型。同时,依据规范标准将每一环节包含的具体工艺细分为设备选型、孔网参数、深孔爆破、间断工艺等工艺要素,再将工艺要素细化至孔深、孔距、炸药单耗、飞石距离、块度、运输距离和满斗率等具体参数因素,形成结构化的工艺知识分解体系,具体实体类型如图2所示。
综上所述,将实体类型划分为:组织人员、工艺方法、机具设备、地质环境、设计参数、材料消耗及施工效果共7类实体类型。对于新增的实体类型材料消耗、施工效果,由于尚未形成规范的分类体系因此采取自底向上的构建方式,这些实体类型9种实体关系联系起来:生产、编制、装配、使用、勘测、包含、影响、取值、执行,实体关系概念如表2所示。
考虑到露天煤矿生产过程中的复杂性,结合了露天煤矿爆破工艺与安全知识体系自上而下的分解方法,选用了斯坦福大学开发的成熟本体构建模型——七步法。这一方法不仅提高了实体类型在概念层面划分的合理性,也确保了标准规范数据的准确性和全面性。基于上述的语料库文本分析,可以得到露天煤矿爆破工艺管理知识标准规范之间的知识结构模式如图3所示,圆圈为实体类型,文字箭头表示关系类型,两实体间的箭头表示关系方向,由此构成了露天煤矿爆破工艺安全管理知识结构。
所构建的BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型结构如图4所示,该模型主要由3部分组成:BERT层、BiLSTM、CRF解码层。BERT层用于对句子中的字符进行向量化表示,BiLSTM层用于获取向量的上下文语义特征,CRF解码层用于输出全局最优标签序列。
①BERT模型
BERT模型作为基于Transformer的无监督预训练语言模型,其核心在于通过自注意力机制(Self-Attention)实现上下文感知的语义表征。模型输入由标记嵌入(字符语义)、位置嵌入(序列顺序)和片段嵌入(句子边界)三部分构成,通过式(1)的自注意力计算动态捕获词间关联
式中:QKV是字向量矩阵;dk是Embedding维度;的缩放系数避免高维空间点积值过大导致梯度消失;Softmax函数归一化权重系数矩阵以凸显关键特征。
在露天煤矿爆破安全管理识别场景中,由于知识类型众多因此实体集中现象较为普遍,需通过动态语义建模解决一词多义问题。例如在下面的句子中:“爆破效果中爆破振动需控制在5 cm/s以下”,共有20个字符包含2个实体。首先,输入序列E10{E1E2,…,En},Ei(ien)经BERT编码后,每个单个字中Ei向量会融合其上下文特征,并通过[SEP]标记分割多句子输入,[CLS]标记聚合全局特征用于下游任务微调。
同时中文分词中易出现复合实体的分词歧义问题,BERT可通过自注意力机制的逐字符编码方法动态捕捉上下文语义关系,避免了传统分词工具对复合术语的切割错误。例如,将实体“爆破振动”作为输入序列通过字符级嵌入分别编码“爆”“破”“振”“动”,避免预分词导致的语义割裂;之后通过自注意力权重矩阵计算“振”“动”与“爆”“破”的注意力得分,相邻字符得分显著高于其他无关字符,表明模型捕捉到“爆破振动”作为整体概念的语义边界,有效规避复合实体被错误分词的问题。
②BiLSTM模型
LSTM(Long-Short Term Memory)作为循环神经网络(RNN)的改进架构,通过门控机制解决梯度问题。其核心包含三类门函数:遗忘门、输入门、输出门。输入门与遗忘门的结合可以实现多余信息的过滤删除,将有用的信息传递给下一时刻。对整个系统的输出结果来说,主要是记忆Cell的输出结果与和输出门的输出结果相乘。计算公式为式(2)~(7)。
BiLSTM在LSTM基础上引入双向时序处理:使模型能同步解析上下文语义,显著提升了实体边界识别精度。
③CRF模型
在NER任务中,CRF通过建模标签间转移约束优化序列标注结果[22],其核心在于利用A-标签转移矩阵与BiLSTM输出P-概率矩阵联合求解最优标签序列。具体实现分为三阶段:
首先进行特征建模,BiLSTM输出每个字符的标签发射概率Pxiyi,CRF层通过转移矩阵Ayiyi+1定义标签转移规则。其次在模型训练时,对于每个序列Y优化对数损失函数,调整矩阵A的值,利用Softmax函数定义转移概率值为式(8)。
式中:YX为所有的标签序列;为真实标注序列。因此,只需要最大化似然概率p(X|Y)即可,利用对数似然函数式(9)。
当模型进行预测时按式(10)所示策略寻找最优路径。
式中,y*表示集合中使得函数最大的序列。
在处理命名实体识别问题的过程中,多采用将神经网络模型与传统的统计学数学模型相结合的使用方法,BiLSTM-CRF是最具代表性的模型结构。
④评价指标
命名实体识别(NER)评价指标的定义和公式如下:Precisio为精确度,Recall为召回率,F1分数为综合评价指标。TP为正确识别的实体数量,FP为错误识别的实体的数量,错误识别的主体的数量标记为FN(文献)。
精度是指正确识别的实体数量与正确识别实体总数之间的比率。P计算公式如式(11)所示。
召回率是正确识别的实体数量与应识别的实体(所有实体)之间的参数。R的公式如式(12)所示。
综合评价指标(F1分数)、精确度和召回率对模型进行综合评价。F1的公式(13)所示
采用了Doccano免费开源标注平台对语料库中进行序列标注,构建实体及关系的样本集。Doccano平台提供了文本分类、序列标注和序列到序列的标注功能[23],将数据以Textline格式导入,标注完成后导出序列标注数据转换为BIO形式。
基于标准规范中的结构化知识可以确定实体内容,标准规范中以表格或条目的形式明确显示了工艺方法、地质环境、机械设备等概念,因此可以导入doccano中以用于人工标注原始文本中的实体边界及类型。通过“Labels”功能创建实体标签,人工手动标注文本中的专业术语边界,标注示例如图5所示,彩色横线为相应的实体标签,可设定不同标签颜色方便标注过程中直观区别不同的标签类型。
依据标准《煤矿科技术语GBT 15663》及规范文件,通过上述分析,共获得4365个露天煤矿爆破安全的实体内容和术语,标注文本包含357 241个字符,共1477条数据。
领域词典模型有助于提高NER任务的识别精度,将标注后的原始数据导出调用分词工具包Jieba根据词频分词概率获取词。人工再次检查,确保合理性。使用该工具的定义词典分词模块,对整理的标准规范数据集进行分词处理。为保证领域内所有专有词语都能率先被识别,给词典中每个词语的权重设置为最大值-2000,构建的词典如表所示。其中词性的设置依据Jieba分词词性表,vn-名动词,用以对实体类型设计参数及施工效果等的实例进行标记;nw-作品名,用以对实体类型工艺方法的实体进行标记;s -处所名词,用以表示地质环境实例;nz-其他专名,本研究用以对实体类型机具设备、组织人员及材料消耗实体进行标注,共收集相关领域实体词汇2321个。构建的领域术语词典如表3所示。
对于中文领域的命名实体识别问题多采用BIO标注策略[24],具体为:B-Beginning,表示标注实体的开始;I-Inside,表示实体除开始剩余的部分;O-Other,表示无用信息。基于Jieba分词模型后的序列标注任务数据,共识别了103 523字数的文本。清洗后的数据集共526 047字,训练集357 241字,测试集168 806字,共涉及3995类爆破安全管理因素,针对露天煤矿爆破安全管理中技术参数密集、专业术语冗长的特点,采用分段截取与人工语义校准相结合的方法,在保持设备参数完整性和工序逻辑连贯性的前提下,将原始文本分割为不超过BERT模型512字符限制的段落,确保爆破设计参数等关键数值型信息的完整保留。训练集标注示例如图6所示。
模型采用Tensorflow环境进行搭建,具体训练环境参数如表4所示。
BERT训练参数如表5所示。
F1-Score值来评价BERT-BiLSTM-CRF命名实体识别模型的标注效果,F1值越大代表模型标注效果越准确,模型的实验结果如表6图7所示。
上述可知,BERT-BiLSTM模型因缺乏CRF对实体标签序列的整体解码优化,F1均值下降10%且在不同实体标签中差异较大,验证了标签转移规则对实体边界修正的有效性;而BiLSTM-CRF模型因词向量静态、不具备上下文动态性,F1均值下降13.6%,表明预训练模型对领域语义理解至关重要;BERT-BiLSTM-CRF在所有实体类型上F1值均高于其他模型,表现出显著优越性。在各实体标签指标中,BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型效果在不同实体类型上存在层次化差异,设计参数F1值高达0.8,在地质环境、组织人员及工艺方法类型中,F1值均大于0.6,因训练数据中分布密集且语义边界清晰,模型可有效捕捉上下文关联性。除材料消耗外,其他实体类型均高于0.6,其多与施工场景高度相关,实体特征明显,识别效果较好。而材料消耗标签F1较低,原因在于其实体内容量较少并较为重复单一,需进一步调整训练策略。总体而言,BERT-BiLSTM-CRF具有较高的实体识别精度。
关系抽取本质上是对句子中的语义关系进行判断。针对爆破工艺安全管理领域的结构化、半结构化采取了基于规则的抽取方法。由于标准规范文件内容具有较强的层次性特征,属于半结构化数据,因此可通过结构化文本解析实现工艺参数及安全要素的自动提取。采用open函数逐行读取标准文件的txt文本,每行作为独立条目,通过层级编号解析与语义片段分割完成实体与关系的抽取。具体步骤如下:
首先,根据编号归属规则对补充了规范文本中开头的层级编号进行解析,建立中文数字与单位(如“章”“节”“条”)的映射表,通过加权规则确定条目的归属关系。其次,根据关键词定位规则当检测到如“第3章 爆破工程”下的条目内容时,将该条目的文本定义为与工艺方法相关的实体;若检测到“条”单位且内容涉及如“炸药装填”、“填塞长度”、“警戒距离”等表述时,则提取为具体爆破工艺或安全管理要素,通过分句分析与量化提取,从“填塞长度不小于孔深1/3”中提取量化属性,构建以“填塞长度—包含—孔深”为主干的三元组并根据上下文分析赋予相应的实体属性。
针对标准文件的细化条目及研究文献等非结构化的描述性文本,采用预训练模型编码文本后,通过跨度标注识别实体边界及关系类型;例如“炮孔装药量不得超过标准规定,且填塞长度应不小于孔深的1/3”,采用分号或逗号切分子句,利用find函数定位关键词,从“装药量”至数值描述前的文本段提取核心工艺参数,同时提取量化描述作为属性存储并根据其所属段落归属建立与爆破设计、施工检查、安全要求等类别之间的基本关系,形成标准化的实体关系三元组。
通过以上过程,可系统性地解析数据库中的工艺设计、安全控制及异常防范等核心内容,并以实体-关系-属性三元组的形式规范化存储,支持后续的问答系统应用。
Neo4j图数据库以“键-值”对的形式组织、索引和存储节点之间的关系,支持完整的事务管理,具有高可用性和拓展性,非常适合表示和存储关联密集型数据[25]。因此,采用Neo4j图数据库对包含大量非结构化数据的露天矿煤矿成本因素进行存储。
将语料库中抽取出的实体、关系、属性借助Cypher命令实现批量导入,具体存储过程如下:
(1)使用cypher语句中的load命令进行csv文件的读取;
(2)按行读取节点,判断节点是否存在,若不存在则拼接create语句新建节点;
(3)循环遍历所有节点进行步骤2;
(4)按行读取关系节点,判断头尾结点是否存在,若不存在则进行新建都存在则使用match语句匹配到头尾节点;
(5)用create创建关系及其属性并指向头尾节点;
(6)遍历所有关系完成步骤5;
(7)根据文件手动添加不符合模式的节点和关系。
构建后的知识图谱如图所示。其中实体以圆圈表示,关系以带箭头的线段表示,知识图谱右侧的圆角矩形代表此图中所包含的所有实体类型。基于前文的知识抽取与知识导入工作,共得到3995个实体,6035个关系,如图8所示,为neo4j导入的数据信息显示界面。将其进行存储,以便有效查询。
知识图谱的可视化界面将爆破工艺安全管理中的关键实体及其关系清晰展示,构建成一张完整的爆破安全知识网络。通过查询具体实体信息,可以快速了解与爆破操作相关的作业要素及其安全管理要求。例如,当查询“装药操作”时,系统可扩展出相关的“装药方法”“爆破器材类型”“填塞要求”“起爆方式”等多个实体类别,帮助用户系统掌握作业规范。
此外,通过实体标准化和上下文关联映射,解决了传统安全管理中术语混用、责任边界不清等问题。系统通过结构化关系展示,如“装药人员”与“爆破器材管理”的职责关联、“起爆操作”与“警戒范围设定”的流程衔接,帮助现场管理人员梳理作业流程中各节点的具体要求。例如,能够准确区分“深孔爆破”与“浅孔爆破”在装药方式与填塞要求上的差异,从而保障各类作业按规范实施。
在前文所述的知识图谱与知识推理的基础上,设计并实现了露天煤矿成本知识问答系统,基于露天煤矿爆破安全工艺管理的智能问答模块主要包括工艺安全知识问答、知识图谱管理等功能,并可根据后续数据的更新、新兴技术的发展对知识库进行管理及更新。
露天煤矿成本知识问答系统基于用户登录后的交互流程展开,实现从问题输入到知识呈现的整体处理,其系统架构如图9所示。当用户在网页端提交安全管理的相关问题时,问题集合模块通过Atlas三元组问题转换及数据增强技术扩展原始语料库,将工艺描述、设备维护等非结构化数据转化为标准化问题集;问题相似度计算模块采用SimBERT模型,快速筛选与用户提问最接近的预存问题。若匹配度达到阈值,则直接调用内置答案反馈至从业人员界面。
对于涉及不同工艺的复杂查询,则调用知识图谱解析通道。问题理解模块同步执行意图识别与实体抽取,定位具体三元组,并转化为结构化查询指令,支持从业人员通过拖拽交互探索不同安全管理方法。
本节将对研发的露天煤矿爆破工艺安全管理问答系统通过网页方式进行展示并实现交互。如图10即为知识图谱问答系统的主界面。
问答系统主界面分为两个板块,左侧功能列表显示界面和右侧的问答实现界面。当用户使用问答功能时,在问题输入界面用户可以文字的方式键入自己想要咨询的问题,如:“发生拒爆情况时现场人员应如何处理?”如图11所示,是输入问题及生成答案的状态显示。
当用户使用关系可视化功能进行检索时,基于模糊搜索,用户只需键入任意关键字或关键词,即可得到所有与其相关的实体和关系图,并予以展示,如图12所示。此功能可以帮助用户获得工艺及管理间关系更加清晰直观地了解。所设计的问答系统相较于传统搜索引擎及成本分析方法,具有系统化、精确化的优点。
本研究构建的露天煤矿爆破工艺安全管理知识有效破解了爆破知识碎片化问题,知识问答系统为安全管理决策优化提供了新的方法支持。然而,系统仍存在局限性,尤其是数据源有限,在超出知识范围时无法提供有效回答。具体结论如下:
(1)通过整合包含标准规范文件、爆破相关研究文献及企业爆破应急预案共88篇文献,构建了覆盖全生产周期的爆破工艺安全管理知识。采用BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型,实现了对非结构化文本的自动信息抽取,解决了传统方法在复合实体识别中的精度问题。知识网络共包含3995项成本因素实体和6035类关联关系,提出的人工与机器结合的知识抽取方法为领域知识集成提供了依据。
(2)基于Neo4j可视化平台支持交互式图谱查询,结合语义检索技术,形成双通道智能识别系统,提高了成本知识查询及分析效率。当前模型在少样本实体标注场景下仍存在10%~25%的识别误差,需通过主动学习机制优化标注数据质量。
目前知识图谱数据主要来源于标准规范与文献资料,存在实时性与动态适应性不足的问题。后续发布新的规范标准后,可采用预训练的Bert-BiLSTM-CRF模型通过结构化规则解析与人工辅助标注方式提取新增实体和关系,并利用Neo4j的Cypher API实现图谱的增量更新。同时,系统预留人工审核接口,便于领域专家参与校正与补充,确保图谱内容的准确性与时效性,形成“标准更新—规则解析—图谱拓展”的更新流程。为进一步提升系统对复杂作业场景的感知能力,未来研究将引入多模态数据源,包括爆破现场的传感器监测数据、作业日志、图像视频等,通过时间同步与语义映射方法将多源数据融合入知识图谱,构建支持实时预警与动态决策的多模态爆破安全管理系统。且当前采用的基于规则的实体关系抽取方法其泛化能力受限于人工定义的逻辑边界,难以覆盖复杂语境下的语义关联,未来将着重于端到端的实体关系联合抽取框架的改进方向,通过共享编码层同步优化实体识别与关系分类任务,利用注意力机制强化跨实体语义交互,并结合预训练语言模型的迁移学习能力,突破传统规则方法的泛化瓶颈,为矿山爆破安全管理提供更加准确的决策支持。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区研究生科研创新项目(XJ2025G100)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区科技攻关计划(2024A03001-2)
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.023
  • 接收时间:2025-04-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-26
基金
Graduate Student Innovation Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(XJ2025G100)
新疆维吾尔自治区研究生科研创新项目(XJ2025G100)
Science and Technology Major Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2024A03001-2)
新疆维吾尔自治区科技攻关计划(2024A03001-2)
作者信息
    1.新疆大学,乌鲁木齐 830017
    2.新疆宏大爆破工程有限公司,昌吉 831399
    3.宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,长沙 410011

通讯作者:

管伟明(1981-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事智能矿山、矿区生态修复、露天矿爆破等方向的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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