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Article(id=1241421930478228333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773907652730, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773907652730, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773907652730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773907652730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241421928813089644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773907652332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908080242, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423723643859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241421928813089644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241421931145122670, articleId=1241421930478228333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Effect of Length-to-diameter Ratio on Overpressure Characteristics of Methane/Air Premixed Explosions, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the influence of ignition position change on overpressure characteristics of methane/air premixed explosion under different equivalence ratios, several tests with varying length-to-diameter and equivalence ratios on the rise rate of peak overpressure and positive pressure duration were carried out through a self-built explosion test system. The main influencing factors affecting the pressurization characteristics of methane/air premixed explosion were analyzed by the dimensional analysis method, and the calculation formulas of rise rate of overpressure peak and positive pressure during methane/air premixed explosion were proposed. The results show that the rise rate of the overpressure peak increases with the increase of the equivalence ratio, and the increase in length-to-diameter ratio makes the rise rate decrease gradually, which is different from the attenuation rate. The positive pressure duration is gradually prolonged with the rise of the length-to-diameter ratio. However, the maximum positive pressure duration corresponds to different equivalence ratios with the length-to-diameter ratio changes. Furthermore, the calculation formulas of the rise rate of overpressure peak and positive pressure duration of methane/air premixed explosion are obtained by the dimensional analysis method, and the feasibility of the formulas is verified by comparing the experimental values with the theoretical values. It was found that methane/air premixed explosion is significantly affected by the ignition position and equivalence ratio, which can provide a reference for the power evaluation and safety control of methane explosions.

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BAO Wen-wen (2001-), female, born in Anyang city, Henan province, Postgraduate student, mainly engaged in security technology research, (E-mail).
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为探究点火位置变化对不同当量下甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性的影响，通过自主搭建的爆炸试验系统，开展了多次不同长径比和当量比的甲烷/空气预混爆炸试验，分析了长径比和当量比变化对超压峰值上升速率及正压持续时间的影响，并利用量纲分析方法分析了影响甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性的主要影响因素，提出了甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率和正压持续时间的计算公式。结果表明：甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率随着当量比的增大呈上升趋势，长径比的增大使超压峰值上升速率呈逐渐下降趋势，但衰减速度有所差异；随长径比的增加，正压持续时间逐渐延长，但最长正压持续时间在长径比变化时所对应的当量比不同；基于量纲分析方法得出甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率和正压持续时间的计算公式，并通过试验值与理论值对比验证公式可行性。研究发现甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸受点火位置与当量比的影响较为显著，研究成果可为甲烷爆炸的威力评估与安全防控提供参考。

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暴雯雯（2001-），女，河南安阳人，硕士生，主要从事安全技术研究，（E-mail）。
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程建华（1976-），男，河南开封人，硕士、副教授，主要从事安全技术与防护研究，（E-mail）。

CHENG Jian-hua (1976-), male, born in Kaifeng city, Henan province, mainly engaged in safety technology and protection research, (E-mail) .

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程建华（1976-），男，河南开封人，硕士、副教授，主要从事安全技术与防护研究，（E-mail）。

CHENG Jian-hua (1976-), male, born in Kaifeng city, Henan province, mainly engaged in safety technology and protection research, (E-mail) .

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程建华（1976-），男，河南开封人，硕士、副教授，主要从事安全技术与防护研究，（E-mail）。

CHENG Jian-hua (1976-), male, born in Kaifeng city, Henan province, mainly engaged in safety technology and protection research, (E-mail) .

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ArticleFig(id=1241439662816940499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421930478228333, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Equivalence ratio of methane / air premixed gas in the test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
当量比Equivalence ratio φ甲烷浓度Methane concentration/ %空气浓度Air concentration/ %
0.797.5092.50
1.009.5090.50
1.2111.5088.50
1.4213.5086.50
), ArticleFig(id=1241439662921798106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421930478228333, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验中甲烷/空气预混气体的当量比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
当量比Equivalence ratio φ甲烷浓度Methane concentration/ %空气浓度Air concentration/ %
0.797.5092.50
1.009.5090.50
1.2111.5088.50
1.4213.5086.50
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663047627236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421930478228333, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The length－to－diameter ratio corresponding to the ignition distance in the test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a/m长径比Length－to－diameter ration/ε
0.4003.738
1.0009.346
1.60014.953
1.90017.757
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663198622186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421930478228333, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验中点火距离对应的长径比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a/m长径比Length－to－diameter ration/ε
0.4003.738
1.0009.346
1.60014.953
1.90017.757
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663295091179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421930478228333, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Empirical formula of methane/air premixed explosion characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
升压特性Pressurization Characteristics拟合公式Fitting formula拟合优度Goodness－of－fit R2
超压峰值上升速率Rise rate of overpressure peak 0.975
正压持续时间Positive pressure duration t z＝1.730×φ0.813×ε0.668＋11.5050.819
), ArticleFig(id=1241439663429308914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241421930478228333, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性经验公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
升压特性Pressurization Characteristics拟合公式Fitting formula拟合优度Goodness－of－fit R2
超压峰值上升速率Rise rate of overpressure peak 0.975
正压持续时间Positive pressure duration t z＝1.730×φ0.813×ε0.668＋11.5050.819
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不同长径比对甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性影响研究
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程建华 1, 2 , 暴雯雯 1 , 杨小林 1, 2 , 丁帅东 3 , 翁应康 1 , 张紫君 1
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025,42(2): 13-21
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025, 42(2): 13-21
不同长径比对甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性影响研究
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程建华1, 2 , 暴雯雯1 , 杨小林1, 2, 丁帅东3, 翁应康1, 张紫君1
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学　土木工程学院，焦作　454003
  • 2.河南省地下空间开发及诱发灾变防治国际联合实验室，焦作　454003
  • 3.中铁十六局集团有限公司，北京　100000

    • 程建华（1976-），男，河南开封人，硕士、副教授，主要从事安全技术与防护研究，（E-mail）。

    CHENG Jian-hua (1976-), male, born in Kaifeng city, Henan province, mainly engaged in safety technology and protection research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

暴雯雯（2001-），女，河南安阳人，硕士生，主要从事安全技术研究，（E-mail）。
Effect of Length-to-diameter Ratio on Overpressure Characteristics of Methane/Air Premixed Explosions
Jian-hua CHENG1, 2 , Wen-wen BAO1 , Xiao-lin YANG1, 2, Shuai-dong DING3, Ying-kang WENG1, Zi-jun ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
  • 2.International Joint Research Laboratory of Henan Province for Underground Space Development and Disaster Prevention, Jiaozuo 454003, China
  • 3.China Railway 16th Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.002
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摘要
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为探究点火位置变化对不同当量下甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性的影响，通过自主搭建的爆炸试验系统，开展了多次不同长径比和当量比的甲烷/空气预混爆炸试验，分析了长径比和当量比变化对超压峰值上升速率及正压持续时间的影响，并利用量纲分析方法分析了影响甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性的主要影响因素，提出了甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率和正压持续时间的计算公式。结果表明：甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率随着当量比的增大呈上升趋势，长径比的增大使超压峰值上升速率呈逐渐下降趋势，但衰减速度有所差异；随长径比的增加，正压持续时间逐渐延长，但最长正压持续时间在长径比变化时所对应的当量比不同；基于量纲分析方法得出甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率和正压持续时间的计算公式，并通过试验值与理论值对比验证公式可行性。研究发现甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸受点火位置与当量比的影响较为显著，研究成果可为甲烷爆炸的威力评估与安全防控提供参考。

超压峰值上升速率  /  正压持续时间  /  长径比  /  甲烷/空气预混  /  量纲分析

To explore the influence of ignition position change on overpressure characteristics of methane/air premixed explosion under different equivalence ratios, several tests with varying length-to-diameter and equivalence ratios on the rise rate of peak overpressure and positive pressure duration were carried out through a self-built explosion test system. The main influencing factors affecting the pressurization characteristics of methane/air premixed explosion were analyzed by the dimensional analysis method, and the calculation formulas of rise rate of overpressure peak and positive pressure during methane/air premixed explosion were proposed. The results show that the rise rate of the overpressure peak increases with the increase of the equivalence ratio, and the increase in length-to-diameter ratio makes the rise rate decrease gradually, which is different from the attenuation rate. The positive pressure duration is gradually prolonged with the rise of the length-to-diameter ratio. However, the maximum positive pressure duration corresponds to different equivalence ratios with the length-to-diameter ratio changes. Furthermore, the calculation formulas of the rise rate of overpressure peak and positive pressure duration of methane/air premixed explosion are obtained by the dimensional analysis method, and the feasibility of the formulas is verified by comparing the experimental values with the theoretical values. It was found that methane/air premixed explosion is significantly affected by the ignition position and equivalence ratio, which can provide a reference for the power evaluation and safety control of methane explosions.

rise rate of overpressure peak  /  positive pressure duration  /  length-to-diameter ratio  /  methane-air premixed  /  dimensional analysis
程建华, 暴雯雯, 杨小林, 丁帅东, 翁应康, 张紫君. 不同长径比对甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性影响研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (2) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.002
Jian-hua CHENG, Wen-wen BAO, Xiao-lin YANG, Shuai-dong DING, Ying-kang WENG, Zi-jun ZHANG. Effect of Length-to-diameter Ratio on Overpressure Characteristics of Methane/Air Premixed Explosions[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (2) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.002
正文
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随着国家“碳达峰”“碳中和”政策的不断推进，天然气作为一种清洁、高效的能源，广泛地应用于人类生产、生活的各个方面[1]。而城镇化进程不断发展使得城市地下环境错综复杂，燃气管网与地下交通建设不可避免出现交叉、并行等情况。如郑州12号线祭城东桥站－胡庄站区间施工过程中，存在一根DN508次高压燃气管道因周边环境过于复杂无处临时迁移，只能原地保护燃气管道不停气施工。高压燃气管道与地铁结构距离较近，一旦燃气泄漏至地下隧道发生爆炸，将对其安全产生巨大威胁。因此，进行管道中甲烷/空气预混爆炸试验，对其爆炸升压特性进行研究，对天然气的运输及保障隧道安全具有重要意义。
目前，在甲烷爆炸特性研究方面，国内外研究者采用理论和试验的方法从阻塞比[2－4]、初始温度和湿度[5,6]、爆炸容器形状[7]、可燃气体浓度[8,9]、甲烷与其他气体的混合爆炸[10－12]、点火位置等方面对甲烷爆炸火焰传播[1,13]、超压峰值和冲量等特性展开研究。陈先锋等在方形传播测试管道系统中展开甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性试验[14]，探究了泄压强度与浓度梯度对甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响。张文强等进行5种不同点火位置隔爆腔内瓦斯爆炸试验[15]，探讨了点火位置对隔爆腔内瓦斯爆炸的影响，指出点火位置是影响爆炸压力、爆炸压力上升速率的主要影响因素。WANG等研究了半开管中不同点火位置和富氧条件下甲烷爆炸的火焰传播特性和超压振荡特性[16]。焦枫媛等为探明甲烷在不同混合均匀性下的爆炸特性[17]，测试气体混合器使用情况对甲烷爆炸极限和爆炸压力的影响，指出混合均匀性对甲烷爆炸极限及爆炸压力有显著影响。Luo等采用长度为1400 mm的石英管试验系统和20 L球形试验系统测试了甲烷－氨－空气混合物的火焰传播和爆炸特性[18]。Kundu等研究了甲烷－煤尘混合气在管道球形容器内的爆炸特性[19]，发现甲烷中存在煤尘爆炸的暴力程度显著增加。针对甲烷爆炸特性的研究，学者们多采用数值模拟和试验研究的方法对火焰结构、压力峰值和冲量进行研究，对于超压峰值上升速率和正压持续时间的涉及较少，而超压峰值上升速率和正压持续时间又是衡量可燃混合物爆炸强度和运输储存安全性的重要指标。因此，有必要对甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率及正压持续时间进行研究。
在现有研究基础上，本研究采用自主搭建的爆炸测试系统，模拟隧道中甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸，对不同点火位置和不同当量比下甲烷/空气预混爆炸的超压峰值上升速率及正压持续时间进行研究，分析点火位置和当量比变化对甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性的影响。通过量纲分析方法提出有关点火位置与当量比的预混气体爆炸超压峰值上升速率及正压持续时间的计算公式，并利用试验值与理论值对比进行误差分析，验证公式可行性。本研究旨在为预估甲烷爆炸的威力提供一定参考，为隧道中甲烷/空气预混气体意外爆炸防控提供基础数据，并为类似研究提供借鉴和参考。
1　试验设计与步骤
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1.1　试验系统
参照现有研究成果的试验方法[4,7,14]，搭建如图1所示的爆炸试验系统。爆炸试验系统由爆炸反应系统、数据采集系统和数据处理系统三部分组成。
图1中，a、b、c及d为四个点火点，距两管道连接处距离分别为0.4 m、1.0 m、1.6 m、1.9 m；管A为燃爆管，管B为泄爆管；传感器位于两管道连接位置右侧0.5 m处。
爆炸反应系统由圆柱体管道、配气装置及点火器组成，圆柱体试验管道由两节内径为0.107 m，长2 m的管道(燃爆管和泄爆管)通过螺栓连接，管道全长4 m，两管道连接处使用橡胶片及聚乙烯塑料薄膜连接并保证密封，燃爆管拥有独立的进气口和排气口，进气口连接试验的配气装置用以向管道内充气，排气口处设有阀门，由软管连接至室外；配气装置由甲烷纯度为99.99%的燃气瓶、空压机及气体流量计组成，流量计的流速单位为L/min，管道中甲烷的当量比调整依靠气体流量计对气体流速的控制实现；点火器为高压式220V脉冲点火器，频率为50~60 Hz，输出功率为30 VA，点火能量为4.8 J。数据采集系统包括压力传感器、采集仪及稳压器，由压力传感器记录不同条件下的爆炸压力数据，传感器测量范围为－0.1~0.1 MPa，准确度精度为0.25%FS(FS：满量程精度)，灵敏度温度系数为2×10－4/℃.FS，置于距两管道连接处0.5 m处；压力数据由传感器采集经采集仪记录并输出至数据处理系统，采集仪采集频率为20 kHz；稳压器用于为传感器供电，可输入电压为100~120 VAC/2.4 A 200~240 VAC/1.2 A(50~60 Hz)，输出电压为24 V/4.5 A。数据处理系统由采集仪连接到计算机终端，由DHDAS动态信号采集分析系统输出采集数据。
1.2　试验方案设计
考虑到天然气的主要成分为甲烷，故本试验采用甲烷代替天然气进行试验。本研究在甲烷/空气混合物的爆炸界限范围内选取当量比为0.79~1.42的甲烷/空气预混气体展开试验。当量比定义如式(1)
式中：n为实际甲烷与空气体积分数之比；nst为化学计量条件下的比值。其中φ为化学当量比，此时对应的甲烷体积分数为9.50%。见表1。
研究点火位置变化对管道中预混气体爆炸升压特性的影响，为减少管道尺寸对试验结果的潜在影响，引入长径比概念，定义如式(2)
式中：ε为长径比；a为点火点距泄爆薄膜的距离；d为试验管道内径。见表2。
试验以长径比不同分为四组，分别在长径比为3.738、9.346、14.953、17.757处设置点火点，在每一个点火点设置四种不同的甲烷当量比进行试验。向燃爆管中分别通入当量比为0.79、1.00、1.21、1.42的甲烷/空气预混气体，在数据处理系统中进行试验参数的设置后，点火并开始数据采集，试验完成后停止数据采集，换气清扫准备下一组试验，不同点火距离及不同当量比的工况进行至少3次试验，选取采集杂波较少的数据进行整理分析，以保证试验结果的可靠性。
1.3　试验步骤
首先计算不同当量比下甲烷气体和空气的流速以保证能够准确配制指定当量比的混合气体。试验前，检查试验装置气密性和数据采集系统能否正常运作，检查合格后调整气体流量计参数以控制甲烷当量比。采用7倍体积排空法进行管道气体填充，同时打开燃气源和空气源，向燃爆管中持续充入气体7 min，使原来管中的气体充分排出，满足置换要求。充气结束后关闭进气阀与排气阀实现管道封闭状态，静置5 min以提高甲烷与空气的混合均匀性，消除充气时初始湍流对爆炸的影响[4]。随后点火引爆甲烷/空气预混气体。在同步数据采集系统的控制下，从点火时刻开始记录、保存试验过程中采集管内各时刻爆炸压力速率、冲击波传播等信息。
每次试验结束后打开排气阀排气，对管道进行通风，可使用空压机加速管中废气的排出，更换聚乙烯塑料薄膜，为下次试验做准备。
2　试验结果分析与讨论
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超压峰值上升速率反映了爆炸反应热量释放速率，是甲烷爆炸过程化学反应快慢的宏观表现[5]。气体爆炸指数是衡量气体爆炸危险程度的数值表现，其受到超压峰值上升速率的决定性影响。爆炸冲击波长时间的脉冲损伤主要依赖于正压持续时间[20]。基于此，对甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性超压峰值上升速率及正压持续时间进行分析。
2.1　超压峰值上升速率
预混气体爆炸产生自由基，从而引发链式反应。甲烷爆炸的链式反应涉及多个步骤和中间产物，其过程如下式所示
CH4→CH3→CH2O→CHO→CO+H2→CO2+H2O
当链式反应达到一定程度时，会积累大量的能量并在极短的时间内释放出来，导致爆炸反应的发生，产生高温、高压和强烈的冲击波。对试验数据进行整理，选取试验爆炸前后100 ms内100个数据点绘制超压冲击波波形如图2所示。
由图2可以看出，不同长径比下管道内甲烷/空气预混气体的爆炸超压发展规律是一致的。由链式反应可知，预混气体迅速燃烧并在短时间内积累大量的热，受限空间内气体受热膨胀与气体生成体积增加共同作用使管内压力呈指数级增大，塑料薄膜破裂后冲击波与管内空气相互作用反复冲击导致波的衰减，使管内超压呈现先升高后降低最后振荡的趋势。
同一点火位置处，泄爆膜破裂后外部空气进入使管中气体“稀释”，管中甲烷随着当量比的增加越接近化学当量比，甲烷燃烧效率增强，因此超压峰值逐渐增大。在塑料薄膜附近点火时，“消耗了”泄爆口附近的可燃气体，而远离泄爆口点火导致部分可燃气体泄放至管道外，管中参与反应的气体量减少，因此出现在当量比为1.00、1.21、1.42时，超压峰值随着长径比的增加而衰减的现象。当量比为0.79时，甲烷当量比较低，爆炸反应本身产生的超压峰值较小，随着长径比的不断增大，右侧反应空间变大，在点火后爆炸冲击波一部分向右迅速传播，一部分向左触碰到爆炸管封闭端产生反射波，两者形成叠加波经复杂的反射过程导致超压峰值先升高后降低又升高的情况。
试验测得各条件下爆炸冲击波超压峰值上升速率变化曲线，如图3所示。
由图3可以看出，随着长径比的增大，超压峰值上升速率基本呈现逐渐降低的趋势，甲烷当量比在1.00、1.21、1.42时，气体爆炸产生冲击波，同时爆燃产生的化学能转化为内能使得管中气体受热膨胀，使得管中超压形成有效积累直至泄爆速率大于压力生成速率达到峰值超压。随着长径比的增大，点火点距封闭端越来越近，使得爆燃气体与未燃气体接触面积受到影响，火焰仅能向一个方向传播，这种影响随着长径比的增大而逐渐加强，因此造成超压峰值上升速率逐渐衰减的结果，且衰减速率逐渐降低，这与路长等的研究结果具有较高一致性[4]。甲烷当量比为0.79时，由于燃爆管中甲烷量较少，爆炸反应发生不完全，造成点火距离的变化使超压峰值上升速率波动较小。
在同一长径比条件下，甲烷/空气预混气体超压峰值上升速率与当量比呈正相关关系。甲烷/空气预混气体的燃烧效率受当量比影响显著。在富燃条件下，甲烷含量充足，热量的释放和传递周围气体温度升高进而引发更多气体燃烧和爆炸同时产生的冲击波和燃烧波相互促进，因此产生的超压峰值上升速率高于化学当量比。
2.2　正压持续时间
试验测得各条件下爆炸冲击波正压持续时间变化曲线，如图4所示。
由图4可以看出，甲烷/空气预混爆炸正压持续时间随长径比的增大呈现逐渐延长的趋势。一方面随着长径比的增大，点火点右侧具备了更大的反应空间，冲击波与管道壁发生多次反射产生复杂的叠加波，另一方面塑料薄膜破裂后，管道中大量未一次氧化完全的气体(如CH4、H2、CO等)与新涌入空气中的氧气反应放出大量热能，这部分能量对冲击波具有明显的增强作用，减小了冲击波的衰减速率，延长了冲击波的正压持续时间。
长径比为3.738，当量比为1.00时，点火后管中气体发生完全反应，而在其他当量比条件下，管内气体均不能完全反应，在塑料薄膜被冲破时，管中气体生成物及未参与反应的气体会迅速排出形成负压区，此时点火点距泄爆口最近，外部空气立即涌入填充负压区，出现当量比为1.00时正压持续时间最长的情况。长径比超过9.346时，当量比为1.21时管中气体虽未完全反应，甲烷气体有剩余，但由于点火点右侧已存在一定反应空间，薄膜破裂后，外部空气涌入管中使得管中甲烷接近化学当量比，未氧化完全的气体继续与空气中的氧气反应放热生成气体，另外由于右侧反应空间变大冲击波多次反射叠加，使得当量比为1.21时正压持续时间最长。
3　甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性规律性拟合分析
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3.1　量纲分析
现有研究成果表明，参与爆炸气体的量、点火距离、泄压面积、空气温湿度、爆炸容器形状等因素均对甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性造成影响。根据试验条件，可将上述决定甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性的主要控制参数分为以下几类：(1)爆炸气体参数：参与爆炸气体的物质的量Ee；(2)初始条件：初始压力p0、初始密度ρ0、初始温度W及初始湿度S；(3)管道参数：管道直径d及管道长度l；(4)空间几何参数：点火距离R。据上述分析，可得到甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性超压峰值上升速率vp和正压持续时间tz的表达式如式(3)、式(4)
目前国际上通用的三个基本量纲分别为：M(质量：kg)、L(长度：m)和T(时间：s)。本研究中各物理量均可用以上三个基本量纲表示，根据量纲分析π定理可以得到无量纲表达式为
对于vp和tz，π项为各参数的无量纲组合，具体形式为
式中：α1，α2，…，α9；β1，β2，…，β9分别为各物理量的指数。
本试验采用同一管道进行试验，因此管道参数中管道直径d及管道长度l均为常数。同时从试验条件方面考虑，空气密度、初始温度与湿度均可视为不变量，相较于爆炸产生的压力，空气的初始大气压可忽略不计。甲烷/空气预混爆炸参与爆炸的物质的量取决于甲烷的当量比φ，点火位置取决于长径比的变化。因此，甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性的主要影响因素为长径比ε和当量比φ，据此式(6)、(7)统一可简化为
据试验结果显示，随长径比的增大，超压峰值上升速率呈逐渐减小的趋势，而随当量比的增加，超压峰值上升速率出现逐渐增大的趋势；正压持续时间随长径比和当量比的增大呈逐渐延长趋势。即超压峰值上升速率与长径比存在反相关关系，与当量比存在正相关关系；正压持续时间与长径比和当量比存在正相关关系。本试验研究结果与鲜文双等的研究结果具有较高一致性[21]。结合试验数据变化规律及已有研究可定义甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率vp和正压持续时间tz的计算公式如式(9)、(10)
式中：A、B、C、D、F、G、J及K均为无量纲数。
3.2　爆炸特性计算公式及误差分析
根据试验数据利用Origin绘制三维散点图。通过对不同长径比和当量比条件下甲烷/空气预混爆炸冲击波特性试验值进行非线性曲面拟合，并根据式(9)、(10)，多次迭代修正至收敛后，得出甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸超压峰值上升速率vp和正压持续时间tz的计算公式如表3所示，拟合曲面图如图5所示。
拟合出的甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性计算公式建立了与长径比、当量比之间的数学关系，采用试验值与理论值之间的相对误差来衡量计算公式的预测精度。相对误差按照式(11)进行计算
式中：a1为爆炸特性理论计算值；a2为爆炸特性试验测量值。
利用式(11)，对试验中不同长径比和不同当量比下，甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性试验值和理论值对比进行误差分析，结果如图6、图7所示。
甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率试验值与理论值及相对误差如图6所示。在验证的四种长径比下，相对误差最小值出现在长径比14.953处、当量比为1.21时，为1.77%；相对误差最大值出现在长径比3.738处、当量比为0.79时，为71.27%，除此之外，其余条件下相对误差均维持在20%以内，验证了计算公式的可信度和有效性。长径比增大，冲击波传播距离随之增大，各种复杂的反射波经多次反射叠加形成逐渐平稳的平面冲击波，造成了超压峰值上升速率拟合相对误差均值随着长径比的增大逐渐减小，分别为23.23%、10.97%、9.63%、3.88%。在长径比3.738处、当量比为1.00时，相对误差出现较大的情况，考虑试验在冬季进行，气温较低，分子之间运动不活跃，且可能出现先参与爆炸反应的气体冲破塑料薄膜携带未反应的气体冲出去，管中剩余参与反应的气体量不足，因此相对误差较大。
甲烷/空气预混爆炸正压持续时间试验值与理论值及相对误差如图7所示，在验证的四种长径比下，相对误差最小值出现在长径比3.738处、当量比为0.79时，为0.33%；相对误差的最大值出现在长径比14.953处、当量比为1.21时，为14.99%。甲烷/空气预混爆炸正压持续时间所有条件下的相对误差均保持在15%以内，验证了计算公式的可信度和有效性。
4　结论
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通过对不同长径比和不同当量比下甲烷/空气预混爆炸的超压峰值上升速率和正压持续时间进行试验研究，分析点火位置变化对不同当量比甲烷/空气预混爆炸升压特性的影响，并利用量纲分析与origin拟合得出甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性计算公式，通过数据对比验证，得出以下结论：
(1)甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率随着当量比的增大逐渐增大，随长径比的增大基本呈现逐渐衰减的趋势，但衰减速率并不相同，当量比越大超压峰值上升速率衰减越快，并在长径比为17.757时超压峰值上升速率基本衰减至同一水平。
(2)甲烷/空气预混爆炸正压持续时间受长径比和甲烷当量比的影响显著。相同当量比下，正压持续时间随长径比的增加而增加。而在长径比变化时，最长正压持续时间对应不同的当量比。
(3)结合试验数据，通过量纲分析方法拟合得到甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值上升速率和正压持续时间的定量函数关系表达式，并通过误差分析验证了计算公式的可靠性。从而可基于长径比和当量比预测甲烷/空气混合气体在隧道内爆炸的特性参量，为甲烷爆炸威力预估提供参考。
基金
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  • 国家重点项目(U23A20600)
  • 企业委托大型科研项目(H22-541)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.002
  • 接收时间：2024-09-24
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-24
基金
National Key Project of China(U23A20600)
国家重点项目(U23A20600)
Enterprises Commission Large-scale Scientific Research Project(H22-541)
企业委托大型科研项目(H22-541)
作者信息
    1.河南理工大学　土木工程学院，焦作　454003
    2.河南省地下空间开发及诱发灾变防治国际联合实验室，焦作　454003
    3.中铁十六局集团有限公司，北京　100000

通讯作者:

暴雯雯（2001-），女，河南安阳人，硕士生，主要从事安全技术研究，（E-mail）。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.02.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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