Article(id=1241409518316343702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706457600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904693439, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904693439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904693439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904693439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=196, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409520975532473, articleId=1241409518316343702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Optimization of Gas Tunnel Blasting Scheme and Study on Gas Transportation Law at Working Face, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the gas diffusion-transport law and the influence of ventilation on the gas concentration of high gas tunnel after blasting, an optimization blasting scheme under gas conditions was carried out, and a gas diffusion-transport characteristic near the working face was investigated under both ventilated and unventilated conditions in a project. The study shows that the residual rate of the blast hole and the utilization rate of the blast hole are above 90%, and the over-excavation control effect is better with an expected blasting footage of 1.2 m and an uncoupling coefficient of 0.76. Under the condition of unventilated condition by numerical simulation, the gas accumulation near the arch top and the arch waist at the tunnel's working face is severe as the gas concentration is close to 30%. Meanwhile, the gas concentration is higher in the area 7 m away from the working surface, and the gas concentration gradient is smaller in the area beyond 7 m after the gas state is stabilized. The gas concentration can be reduced to the safe range around 30 days after ventilation. However, gas accumulation quickly occurs at the arch foot and the arch waist on the other side of the air duct, especially the gas accumulation at the arch foot is more prominent, and the gas concentration is close to 20%. There is a ventilation blind area at the arch foot of the same side of the air duct, and the gas accumulates in a small range as the concentration is about 5%. The monitoring and prevention of the above areas should be strengthened. The field measured gas concentration distribution and gas influence range are consistent with the simulation results, and the research results can provide a reference for similar gas tunnel blasting construction and ventilation optimization.

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TIAN Cheng-lin (1987-), male, Tai'an, Shandong province, lecturer, mainly engaged in teaching and research work on coal and rock power disaster prevention, tunnel ventilation and gas prevention and control, (E-mail) .
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为研究高瓦斯隧道在开挖爆破后的瓦斯扩散运移规律及通风对瓦斯浓度的影响,以某隧道工程为研究对象,对瓦斯条件下的隧道爆破方案进行了优化并在此基础上研究了在通风和未通风两种工况下的掌子面附近瓦斯扩散运移特征,获得了掌子面附近的瓦斯扩散运移规律。研究表明:当爆破预计进尺为1.2 m,不耦合系数设定为0.76时,炮孔残留率和炮孔利用率均在90%以上,超挖控制效果较好;数值模拟表明,未通风条件下,隧道掌子面处拱顶和拱腰附近瓦斯积聚现象严重,瓦斯浓度接近30%,瓦斯状态稳定后距离掌子面7 m范围内瓦斯浓度较高,7 m以外的区域瓦斯浓度变化梯度较小;在通风30 s左右瓦斯浓度均可降到安全范围内,但风筒异侧的拱脚和拱腰处容易发生瓦斯积聚现象,尤其是拱脚处的瓦斯积聚现较明显,瓦斯浓度接近20%,风筒同侧的拱脚处存在通风盲区,瓦斯小范围积聚,浓度在5%左右,应该加强对上述区域的监测和防治;现场实测瓦斯浓度分布及瓦斯影响范围与模拟结果较为一致,研究结果可为类似瓦斯隧道爆破施工及通风优化提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
田成林(1987-)男,山东泰安,讲师,主要从事煤岩动力灾害防治、隧道通风及瓦斯防治等方面的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)
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王贺(1998-),男,山东济宁,硕士,从事隧道工程研究,(E-mail)

WANG He (1998-), male, Jining, Shandong Province, Master degree, engaged in tunnel engineering research, (E-mail) .

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王贺(1998-),男,山东济宁,硕士,从事隧道工程研究,(E-mail)

WANG He (1998-), male, Jining, Shandong Province, Master degree, engaged in tunnel engineering research, (E-mail) .

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王贺(1998-),男,山东济宁,硕士,从事隧道工程研究,(E-mail)

WANG He (1998-), male, Jining, Shandong Province, Master degree, engaged in tunnel engineering research, (E-mail) .

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Orthocross mating scheme

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方案进尺/m装药直径/mm炮孔直径/mm不耦合系数
10.832400.80
20.832380.84
30.832420.76
41.232380.84
51.232400.80
61.232420.76
71.632380.84
81.632400.80
91.632420.76
), ArticleFig(id=1241409548515332449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409518316343702, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交配比方案

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方案进尺/m装药直径/mm炮孔直径/mm不耦合系数
10.832400.80
20.832380.84
30.832420.76
41.232380.84
51.232400.80
61.232420.76
71.632380.84
81.632400.80
91.632420.76
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Statistics of blasting effect

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方案炮孔残留率/%炮孔利用率/%平均线性超(+)欠(-)挖/cm
18984+12.3
28684+13.5
39186+10.8
49186+11.6
59288+10.8
69690+9.40
78780+14.2
88983+13.5
99084+12.8
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爆破效果统计

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方案炮孔残留率/%炮孔利用率/%平均线性超(+)欠(-)挖/cm
18984+12.3
28684+13.5
39186+10.8
49186+11.6
59288+10.8
69690+9.40
78780+14.2
88983+13.5
99084+12.8
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Summary of cross-section cloud diagrams of gas overflow after 3 mins and 1 h without ventilation

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时间/距离1 m3 m5 m7 m8 m10 m
3 min
1 h
), ArticleFig(id=1241409549085757800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409518316343702, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不通风情况下瓦斯溢出3 min和1 h后各断面云图汇总

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时间/距离1 m3 m5 m7 m8 m10 m
3 min
1 h
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瓦斯隧道爆破方案优化及掌子面处瓦斯运移规律研究
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王贺 1 , 田成林 1, 2 , 王清标 1 , 孙永 1 , 刘忠磊 3 , 魏元津 4 , 梁龙 5 , 毕元甲 4
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(4): 187-196
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(4): 187-196
瓦斯隧道爆破方案优化及掌子面处瓦斯运移规律研究
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王贺1 , 田成林1, 2 , 王清标1, 孙永1, 刘忠磊3, 魏元津4, 梁龙5, 毕元甲4
作者信息
  • 1.山东科技大学 资源学院,泰安 271000
  • 2.山东科技大学 安全与环境工程学院,青岛 266590
  • 3.中铁十四局集团有限公司,济南 250000
  • 4.中铁十四局集团 隧道工程有限公司,济南 250000
  • 5.中铁十四局集团 第四工程有限公司,济南 250000
  • 王贺(1998-),男,山东济宁,硕士,从事隧道工程研究,(E-mail)

    WANG He (1998-), male, Jining, Shandong Province, Master degree, engaged in tunnel engineering research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

田成林(1987-)男,山东泰安,讲师,主要从事煤岩动力灾害防治、隧道通风及瓦斯防治等方面的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)
Optimization of Gas Tunnel Blasting Scheme and Study on Gas Transportation Law at Working Face
He WANG1 , Cheng-lin TIAN1, 2 , Qing-biao WANG1, Yong SUN1, Zhong-lei LIU3, Yuan-jin WEI4, Long LIANG5, Yuan-jia BI4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Tai'an 271000, China
  • 2.College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 3.China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
  • 4.China Railway 14th Bureau Group Tunnel Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
  • 5.China Railway Fourteenth Bureau Group Fourth Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.024
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为研究高瓦斯隧道在开挖爆破后的瓦斯扩散运移规律及通风对瓦斯浓度的影响,以某隧道工程为研究对象,对瓦斯条件下的隧道爆破方案进行了优化并在此基础上研究了在通风和未通风两种工况下的掌子面附近瓦斯扩散运移特征,获得了掌子面附近的瓦斯扩散运移规律。研究表明:当爆破预计进尺为1.2 m,不耦合系数设定为0.76时,炮孔残留率和炮孔利用率均在90%以上,超挖控制效果较好;数值模拟表明,未通风条件下,隧道掌子面处拱顶和拱腰附近瓦斯积聚现象严重,瓦斯浓度接近30%,瓦斯状态稳定后距离掌子面7 m范围内瓦斯浓度较高,7 m以外的区域瓦斯浓度变化梯度较小;在通风30 s左右瓦斯浓度均可降到安全范围内,但风筒异侧的拱脚和拱腰处容易发生瓦斯积聚现象,尤其是拱脚处的瓦斯积聚现较明显,瓦斯浓度接近20%,风筒同侧的拱脚处存在通风盲区,瓦斯小范围积聚,浓度在5%左右,应该加强对上述区域的监测和防治;现场实测瓦斯浓度分布及瓦斯影响范围与模拟结果较为一致,研究结果可为类似瓦斯隧道爆破施工及通风优化提供参考依据。

瓦斯隧道  /  爆破优化  /  数值模拟  /  瓦斯运移  /  通风效果

In order to study the gas diffusion-transport law and the influence of ventilation on the gas concentration of high gas tunnel after blasting, an optimization blasting scheme under gas conditions was carried out, and a gas diffusion-transport characteristic near the working face was investigated under both ventilated and unventilated conditions in a project. The study shows that the residual rate of the blast hole and the utilization rate of the blast hole are above 90%, and the over-excavation control effect is better with an expected blasting footage of 1.2 m and an uncoupling coefficient of 0.76. Under the condition of unventilated condition by numerical simulation, the gas accumulation near the arch top and the arch waist at the tunnel's working face is severe as the gas concentration is close to 30%. Meanwhile, the gas concentration is higher in the area 7 m away from the working surface, and the gas concentration gradient is smaller in the area beyond 7 m after the gas state is stabilized. The gas concentration can be reduced to the safe range around 30 days after ventilation. However, gas accumulation quickly occurs at the arch foot and the arch waist on the other side of the air duct, especially the gas accumulation at the arch foot is more prominent, and the gas concentration is close to 20%. There is a ventilation blind area at the arch foot of the same side of the air duct, and the gas accumulates in a small range as the concentration is about 5%. The monitoring and prevention of the above areas should be strengthened. The field measured gas concentration distribution and gas influence range are consistent with the simulation results, and the research results can provide a reference for similar gas tunnel blasting construction and ventilation optimization.

gas tunnel  /  blast optimization  /  numerical simulation  /  gas transport  /  ventilation effect
王贺, 田成林, 王清标, 孙永, 刘忠磊, 魏元津, 梁龙, 毕元甲. 瓦斯隧道爆破方案优化及掌子面处瓦斯运移规律研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 187 -196 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.024
He WANG, Cheng-lin TIAN, Qing-biao WANG, Yong SUN, Zhong-lei LIU, Yuan-jin WEI, Long LIANG, Yuan-jia BI. Optimization of Gas Tunnel Blasting Scheme and Study on Gas Transportation Law at Working Face[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 187 -196 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.024
近十年来,我国隧道及地下工程建设事业有了较快发展,隧道数量和总里程呈逐年增长趋势,截止2023年底,我国隧道总里程达到48 762 km,较2022年增长3008.1 km,而且不仅在隧道数量和长度上有所突破,在隧道建设技术和工艺上也在不断提升。但是,隧道瓦斯超限和瓦斯爆炸安全事故还是时有发生,做好瓦斯的监测和排放工作是保证隧道安全施工的重要保障。
近年来,众多学者在隧道爆破、隧道通风和瓦斯运移领域通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场实验等方式取得了不少研究成果。在隧道爆破领域,任高峰等通过对施工管理和设计进行分析研究[1],对矿山深孔爆破的爆破参数进行了优化;贺伟奇等通过数值模拟分析了不同爆破参数下黏土层和刃脚结构的应力变化和破坏效果[2],从而确定了合理的临空面高度和装药量;郭东明等采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法[3],研究了炮孔堵塞长度对爆破效果的影响;冯畅等对光面爆破的工艺流程、爆破参数进行优化设计[4],采用三维激光扫描仪对光面爆破前、后的开挖轮廓进行断面扫描,揭示了光面爆破的作用机理;郑世杰等应用FLAC3D数值计算软件并使用基于爆破等效荷载的方法[5],对机械开挖联合爆破施工方案和传统全断面爆破方案所导致的临近建筑物振速进行了对比分析;武磊通过现场爆破试验[6],研究了高瓦斯隧道过煤段安全爆破技术,对高瓦斯大断面隧道爆破施工具有借鉴意义;王明慧等通过合理划分爆破断面[7],优化爆破参数和爆破网路设计,总结出了一套适用于瓦斯隧道的爆破施工技术,在保证了爆破效果的同时减少了瓦斯溢出;ZIENKIEWICZO等在隧道爆破后将三维激光扫描仪放入指定位置[8],对爆破后的隧道轮廓进行扫描并采集数据后传至终端,按照专业规范和利用专业分析软件对点云数据进行分析,推算开挖平整度,对爆破超、欠挖量进行了定量评价。
在隧道通风和瓦斯运移领域,王中岐等运用数值模拟得到了隧道通风过程中的风流场特征及瓦斯分布规律[9];张雪金等通过Fluent数值模拟软件系统研究了瓦斯涌出量、风量大小和风管位置等因素对瓦斯分布的影响[10];李丹等通过数值模拟研究了通风时间、瓦斯涌出情况以及风速高低对瓦斯扩散的影响[11];俞秀等通过理论分析和数值模拟的方式对瓦斯溢出和扩散规律进行了研究[12-15],并提出了相应的防治措施;许江等自主研发的多场耦合煤层气开采物理模拟试验系统[16],分析了抽采过程中煤层瓦斯运移速度和方向特征;曹魏杨运用数值模拟软件揭示了风流及瓦斯的扩散规律[17],并分析了多种影响因素对瓦斯分布的影响规律;刘敦文等通过数值模拟研究了风筒直径、风筒口距掌子面距离以及风筒悬挂位置等因素对隧道瓦斯浓度影响的重要性顺序和风筒最优化设置方案[18];张玉财等提出一种基于鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM)的瓦斯涌出量多步预测模型[19],可为矿井瓦斯的防治提供参考;赵博利用COMSOL多物理场耦合软件[20],分析了煤与瓦斯突出时周围媒体附近的应力场-瓦斯压力场-温度场-渗流场等物理参数的的变化规律;杨雪林等通过理论分析建立了高压瓦斯涌出及运移的动力学模型[21],并借助煤与瓦斯突出模拟系统研究了突出冲击动力效应及致灾特征;孙东玲等利用自主研发的煤与瓦斯突出动力效应模拟试验装置研究了突出过程中煤与瓦斯在巷道内的运移规律[22];杨永斌等采用数值模拟和试验研究相结合的方式得到了双风筒通风隧道内通风流场、瓦斯浓度场分布规律[23];Huang等模拟了复杂条件下的地铁通风系统[24,25],验证了通风系统的可行性并对其进行了优化;W K Chow运用数值分析软件CFD模拟了公路隧道内瓦斯气体体积分数的扩散模型[26]
上述研究主要分析了通风条件下瓦斯在整个隧道内的扩散运移规律,然而掌子面附近是最容易出现瓦斯积聚现象的区域,也是重要安全隐患区,而且瓦斯隧道的爆破参数设计直接影响到爆后的瓦斯涌出量,所以应该通过合理的爆破设计在保证爆破效果的同时减少对围岩的扰动,降低瓦斯涌出量。本文以某隧道为工程背景,首先开展了瓦斯区段爆破方案优化,在此基础上进一步利用Fluent软件对隧道爆破开挖时的瓦斯流场进行模拟,分别研究了爆后通风和不通风两种情况下掌子面附近的瓦斯空间分布特征及考虑时间的流动特征,分析了通风对瓦斯浓度及分布的影响,划分了掌子面附近瓦斯的显著影响区域,为隧道瓦斯浓度监测和通风优化提供了参考依据。
隧道位于比如油气盆地并赋煤,该地层为比如盆地主要生烃层之一,为一套自生自储地层;其中DK989+270~DK992+560(3290m)(右线DyK989+313~DyK992+662)段通过白垩系多尼组砂岩、页岩含有煤层。
据附近钻孔测试白垩系多尼组赋煤地层甲烷最大浓度达27 270 ppm,多尼组夹煤层为边坝-洛隆赋煤带主要开采层。因此,本工区段除受浅层天然气影响外,还受煤层气影响,根据煤层参数绝对瓦斯涌出量计算结果可知,绝对瓦斯涌出量Q=5.58 m3/min,综合评价该工区段为高瓦斯工区段,在勘测期间对该隧道进行了24孔/27次现场有害气体检测,该隧道各孔检测有害气体成分主要有:二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、硫化氢(H2S)、二氧化硫(SO2)、氮氧化物(NO2)。
由于拟建隧道属于高瓦斯隧道,瓦斯区段多为Ⅴ、Ⅳ级及以下软弱围岩且含有煤层,在隧道开挖时易产生失稳、坍塌,具有一定的危险性,所以应合理设计优化爆破参数,将事故发生的可能性降到最低。
(1)钻孔与炸药、雷管选择
由于瓦斯区段多为软弱围岩,所以隧道开挖采用微台阶法加临时仰拱法进行施工,炮孔直径为40 mm,在实际开挖爆破施工中,可根据现场情况适当调整孔径和深度;炸药选用ϕ 32乳化炸药,不耦合系数为0.8,雷管选用煤矿许用毫秒延期电雷管。
(2)钻孔数量
瓦斯区段围岩以砂岩和页岩为主,坚固系数f=5,钻孔数量应该根据隧道的断面尺寸和炸药用量按以下公式确定。
式中:q为炸药单耗,取值为1.0 kg/m3S为断面面积,取全断面开挖时的平均值75 m2η2为炮孔利用系数,取值为0.9;m为单个药包的长度,取值为0.2 m;G为单个药包质量,取值为0.18 kg;a为平均装药系数,取值为0.6。
根据计算结果可知钻孔数量应设计为125,钻孔数量也可根据现场实际作出适当调整。
(3)炮眼布置
隧道开挖采用微台阶法加临时仰拱法施工,炮眼布置如图1所示,其中,掏槽眼、辅助眼和底板眼采用连续装药结构,周边眼采用空气间隔装药结构,装药结构见图2;由于该隧道属于高瓦斯隧道,在装填完炸药后使用盐袋和水炮泥对炮眼进行堵塞,堵塞长度不小于20 cm,以有效阻隔爆破产生的火焰,防止瓦斯爆炸,孔口位置还要用黄泥进行填塞。
(4)联结起爆网路
起爆网路采用复式网路,采用电雷管起爆,起爆网路联接好后由专业的人员进行检查验收,确保网路联接正确,炮孔起爆顺序均为:掏槽眼—辅助眼—底板眼—周边眼,由里向外逐层起爆,通过控制炮眼数量和装药量,每循环预计进尺设定为0.8 m。
运用该爆破方案对隧道进行试爆,通过现场爆破效果分析,原爆破方案实际效果差,掌子面不平整度较高,超欠挖情况严重,爆破对围岩的损伤也较为严重,需要对爆破方案进一步优化以提高爆破效果。
在原有爆破方案的基础上,对爆破进尺和炸药不耦合系数进行对比优化,采用正交配比法进行参数比选,正交配比方案见表1
对以上方案进行现场爆破试验,采用三维激光扫描仪实测围岩超欠挖情况并结合各方案周边孔的炮孔利用率和炮孔残留率数据进行方案比选,爆破效果统计见表2
通过对比分析,当爆破预计进尺为1.2 m,不耦合系数设定为0.76(即炮孔直径设定为42 mm)时,爆破效果最好,此时爆破后的炮孔残留率和炮孔利用率均在90%以上,超挖控制效果也较好,方案1和方案6的爆破效果对比如图3所示,可见方案6对比方案1的爆破效果有显著提升。所以建议采用方案6进行隧道爆破,本文后续的通风计算和瓦斯运移数值模拟也是在本方案的基础上进行的。
①按洞内同时工作的最多人数计算
式中:q为每人每分钟需要的新鲜空气,取为4 m3/min;m为洞内同时工作的最多人数,取为50人。
Q1=4×50=200 m3/min=33.3 m3/s
②按爆破排烟计算
式中:t为通风时间,一般为20~30 min,取为30 min;A为每循环爆破的炸药用量,取为249 kg;S为隧道断面面积,为95 m2L为隧道长度或临界长度,为150 m;p为漏风系数,根据风筒性能及相关规范取为1.1;b为1 kg炸药爆炸时生成的有害气体量,取为40 L/kg;k为淋水系数,取为0.8;C为CO允许浓度,为0.024%。
Q2=0.0155×177 280=2749 m3/min=45.8 m3/s
③按最小风速计算
式中:V为洞内允许最小风速,取0.3 m/s;S为隧道断面面积,为95 m2
Q3=0.3×95×60=1710 m3/min=28.5 m3/s
④按绝对瓦斯涌出量计算
式中:q为绝对瓦斯涌出量,取为5.58 m3/min;k为瓦斯涌出不均匀系数,取为1.5~2。
Q4=100×5.58×2=1116 m3/min=18.6 m3/s
根据以上计算结果,取最大值Q2=2749 m3/min作为控制设计通风量。
根据需风量按下式计算风速
式中:Q为需风量,m3/min;S为风筒断面面积,风筒半径为0.8 m,所以风筒断面面积为2.0096 m2
经计算,风速V=22.8 m/s。
在隧道瓦斯通风过程中,需满足流体理论中的质量守恒、能量守恒和动量守恒三大理论,另外,通入的新鲜空气和隧道内的瓦斯对流会发生紊乱,将隧道的气流场看作紊流,通风过程不考虑空气和瓦斯的化学反应,因此采用湍流模型和组分传输模型进行隧道通风模拟,湍流选用标准k-ε本构模型,其控制方程包括动量方程、能量方程、连续性方程和组分传输方程。
利用CATIA建模软件建立隧道压入式通风三维数值计算模型,隧道长度为150 m,横断面半径为7.4 m,风筒位于隧道出口左侧拱腰处,风筒半径为0.8 m,长度设置为120 m,风筒出口与掌子面的距离为30 m,按照下式经过计算该距离在通风的有效射程内,隧道出口横截面和风筒边墙纵截面如图4所示。
式中:Ls为风流有效射程,m;A为隧道断面面积,为95 m2;(4~5)为风流有效射程系数,当风筒出口风速较小时选4,当风筒出口风速较大时选5,本次风流有效射程系数选4。
经计算,风流有效射程Ls为39 m,风筒出口与掌子面的距离在该射程范围内。
对模型利用ICEM-CFD软件进行网格划分,划分后的网格如图5所示。
为使数值模拟运算简洁高效,现做出如下假设:
假设通入的新鲜空气与瓦斯不发生化学反应,且不会被压缩。
假设隧道壁面为绝热材料,且温度恒定。
假设风流从风筒内均匀涌出,瓦斯在单位时间内以一定的量均匀涌出。
(1)入口条件:设定风筒出口为速度流量入口,根据本文第2部分计算结果,选取风速为22.8 m/s,风流沿着垂直于风筒出口的方向均匀流入隧道。
(2)工作面条件:本文将瓦斯涌出采用源项来处理,为了方便进行计算和处理,在隧道掌子面均匀设置83个瓦斯源项,布置方式如图6所示。假定瓦斯在单位时间内以一定的量均匀涌出根据瓦斯涌出量按照下式计算瓦斯源项的值,定义V1为单位面积和单位时间内工作面瓦斯的涌出量。
式中:ρ瓦斯密度为0.717 g/L;绝对瓦斯涌出量Q为5.58 m3/min;S1为工作面瓦斯源面积0.1256 m2t为瓦斯涌出时间,按1 h计算,即3600 s。
经计算,掌子面瓦斯源项V1为0.0088 kg/(m3·s)。
(3)出口条件:设置隧道进口为自由流出出口,该边界对隧道内流场不产生任何影响。
(4)壁面条件:设定隧道侧壁、隧道底板和风筒壁面均为标准壁面,壁面无滑移,等温绝热。
数值模拟过程按以下两种工况进行:
(1)模拟不通入空气的情况下掌子面处的瓦斯随时间扩散情况;
(2)通过风筒对隧道以公式6计算得出的22.8 m/s风速进行通风,模拟在通风状态下距离掌子面不同位置处瓦斯浓度变化情况。
(1)通过瞬态模拟在不通风情况下瓦斯溢出6 s、12 s、30 s、3 min、1 h和稳态状态下瓦斯在离掌子面0.1 m处的截面上的分布情况如图7所示。
分析图7可知,由于瓦斯密度比空气小,而且有很强的扩散性,瓦斯溢出后飘向隧道上部,随着时间的推移,瓦斯逐渐充满整个掌子面,由于在不通风条件下掌子面附近区域在几何模型上严格对称,所以瓦斯涌出后在隧道掌子面附近区域也呈现左右对称分布规律,瓦斯溢出3 min时的浓度云图和稳态状态下的浓度云图大致相同,表明在瓦斯溢出3 min后瓦斯分布状态趋于稳定,在隧道侧壁的作用下隧道拱顶和两侧拱腰处瓦斯积聚现象严重,瓦斯浓度接近30%,远远超过发生瓦斯爆炸的瓦斯浓度条件,在隧道爆破开挖施工中应该重点加强对拱顶和拱腰处的瓦斯浓度监测。
通过瞬态模拟在不通风的情况下瓦斯溢出3 min和1 h后距掌子面1 m、3 m、5 m、7 m、8 m和10 m断面上的瓦斯浓度分布云图汇总表和未通风及通风两种条件下瓦斯溢出1 h后隧道掌子面25 m范围内俯视图分别如表3图8所示。
分析表3图8可知,在不通风的条件下瓦斯溢出3 min时的各断面与溢出1 h时的对应断面瓦斯浓度分布云图大致相同,表明在瓦斯溢出3 min时掌子面附近的瓦斯浓度已经达到稳定,距离掌子面越远的断面上瓦斯浓度越低,在距掌子面7 m断面后的区域瓦斯浓度细微变化,所以隧道内的瓦斯浓度达到稳定后,距离掌子面7 m以内的范围内瓦斯浓度较高,变化梯度也较大,7 m以外的区域瓦斯浓度大致相同。
通过风筒对隧道以22.8 m/s的风速进行通风,分别模拟在通风6 s、30 s、60 s、30 min、1 h和稳态状态下的瓦斯分布情况,得到距掌子面0.1 m处的截面上的瓦斯浓度云图如图9所示。
分析图9可知,在通风6 s时,风流对掌子面的瓦斯分布影响较小,随着通风时间的增加,风流将掌子面附近的瓦斯稀释,并且风筒侧的瓦斯浓度下降明显,同时风流到达掌子面时,掌子面附近的区域属于射流冲击区,部分风流在掌子面和侧壁的作用下形成横向风流,席卷着瓦斯向风筒异侧流动,使风筒异侧的拱脚和拱腰处形成瓦斯积聚,尤其是拱脚处的瓦斯积聚现象最为明显,瓦斯浓度接近20%,在这些区域应配置防爆局部通风机,防止局部瓦斯的聚集;另外,在风筒同侧的拱脚处存在着通风盲区,容易发生小范围瓦斯积聚,瓦斯浓度在5%左右,瓦斯浓度分布梯度较风筒异侧来说较小,在此区域可采用增加风量和引风吹散法消除瓦斯积聚。当瓦斯涌出量较大,采用上述方法不能有效消除瓦斯积聚现象时,应优先采用长距离大孔径预抽预排瓦斯方法。
除了上述瓦斯容易发生积聚的区域外,掌子面其他区域在通风30 s左右瓦斯浓度均已降到1%以下,在安全允许的范围内,证明设计风速满足通风设计要求。在通风30 min时掌子面附近的瓦斯分布趋于稳定,除了瓦斯积聚处的其他区域瓦斯与空气充分混合,此后继续通入风流,对掌子面处的瓦斯浓度分布影响不大。对于易于发生瓦斯积聚的区域,应该加强对这些区域的瓦斯浓度的监测和防治,防止瓦斯超限。
(1)隧道开挖面瓦斯浓度监测
施工现场通过CJG100光干涉型甲烷测定器对开挖面风流中瓦斯浓度进行监测,测点选取在工作面拱顶、侧壁和底板,距拱顶、侧壁、底板和工作面各200 mm处,共布设5个测点,每个测点布置一台甲烷测定器,测定器可将监测到的实时瓦斯浓度数据传输给后台监控系统,测点在横断面上布置如图10所示。
对上述测点在通风条件下爆破后6 s、30 s、60 s、30 min和1 h的瓦斯浓度进行监测,获得现场数据如图11所示。
根据现场监测和数值模拟数据对比发现,两者平均误差小于5%,表明数值模拟结果具有准确性和可参考性,测点1和测点2在通风30 s左右瓦斯浓度降到安全范围内,测点3和测点4处会发生小范围瓦斯积聚,在通风30 s后瓦斯浓度小范围波动,浓度大致维持在5%左右,风筒异侧拱脚处的测点5随着通风的进行瓦斯浓度反而会升高,容易发生大范围瓦斯积聚。
(2)掌子面附近10 m范围内瓦斯浓度监测
施工现场通过CJG10光干涉型甲烷测定器对掌子面附近10 m范围内风流中瓦斯浓度进行监测,测点选取在隧道中线拱顶位置处,共布设10个测点,每个测点布置一台甲烷测定器,收集在爆破1h后的各测点的瓦斯浓度数据,并与数值模拟数据进行对比,得到现场数据与模拟数据对比如图12所示。
图12可知,现场监测数据和数值模拟结果趋势较为吻合,在通风1 h后隧道中心线拱顶各位置处瓦斯浓度均已降到安全允许的范围内,在掌子面7 m范围内瓦斯浓度较高,变化梯度也较大,7 m范围外的区域瓦斯浓度曲线比较平缓,7 m范围内为重要影响区,在隧道施工中应该重点监测上述区域的瓦斯浓度。
以某隧道为研究对象,在已有研究的基础上,对瓦斯隧道爆破参数优化、瓦斯扩散运移分布特征和通风对瓦斯浓度影响进行了研究,得出了以下结论。
(1)通过爆破方案对比分析,当爆破预计进尺为1.2 m,不耦合系数设定为0.76时,爆破后的炮孔残留率和炮孔利用率均在90%以上,超挖得到有效控制。
(2)通过FLUENT数值模拟表明,在未通风条件下,瓦斯溢出3 min后瓦斯分布状态趋于稳定,距隧道掌子面越近,拱顶和两侧拱腰处瓦斯积聚现象越严重,在隧道爆破开挖施工中应该重点加强对拱顶和拱腰处的瓦斯浓度监测。在达到稳定状态后距离隧道掌子面7 m范围内为瓦斯明显影响区,该区域内瓦斯浓度较高,梯度变化较大,7 m以外的区域较小。
(3)在通风条件下,掌子面处大部分区域在通风30 s左右瓦斯浓度均已降到安全范围内,并在通风30 min时掌子面附近的瓦斯分布趋于稳定,两侧的拱脚和风筒异侧拱腰处容易形成瓦斯积聚,应该加强对这些区域的瓦斯浓度的监测和防治,防止瓦斯超限。
(4)现场实测数据与模拟数据整体变化趋势较为一致,最大误差在3%,验证爆破方案有效性的同时进一步证实模拟的准确性,可为后续类似工况研究提供有益借鉴。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278359)
  • 煤矿灾害动力学与控制国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(2011DA105287-FW202203)
  • 青岛市博士后资助项目(QDBSH20230202074)
  • 泰安市科技创新发展项目(政策引导类)(2022GX089)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.024
  • 接收时间:2024-01-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52278359)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278359)
State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control(2011DA105287-FW202203)
煤矿灾害动力学与控制国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(2011DA105287-FW202203)
Qingdao Postdoctoral Project(QDBSH20230202074)
青岛市博士后资助项目(QDBSH20230202074)
Tai'an Science and Technology Innovation Development Project(Policy guidance)(2022GX089)
泰安市科技创新发展项目(政策引导类)(2022GX089)
作者信息
    1.山东科技大学 资源学院,泰安 271000
    2.山东科技大学 安全与环境工程学院,青岛 266590
    3.中铁十四局集团有限公司,济南 250000
    4.中铁十四局集团 隧道工程有限公司,济南 250000
    5.中铁十四局集团 第四工程有限公司,济南 250000

通讯作者:

田成林(1987-)男,山东泰安,讲师,主要从事煤岩动力灾害防治、隧道通风及瓦斯防治等方面的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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