Article(id=1241409517943050644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711382400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904693350, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904693350, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904693350, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904693350, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409520975532474, articleId=1241409517943050644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Mechanism and Quantitative Characterization Method of Rock Clamping Effect in Medium-deep Hole Blasting of Steeply Inclined Narrow Vein Mining, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since the problems of significant rock clamping effect and ore depletion were caused by deep hole blasting in steeply inclined thin veins, a combination of on-site investigation, PMMA (organic glass) blasting model experiment and numerical simulation was used to explore the mechanism and a quantitative characterization method of rock clamping effect by taking a gold mine in Gansu Province as the engineering background. Firstly, to analyze the distribution pattern of blasting cracks under different mining conditions of thin ore veins, a PMMA blasting model experiment was conducted. The results show that reducing the mining width of the thin ore veins reduces the radius of blasting crushing and fracture areas around the blast hole and suppresses the development of blasting cracks. Furthermore, different blasting conditions of thin ore vein mining were simulated. The results show that as the mining width of thin ore veins decreases, the blasting energy reflected and superimposed at the blasting-free surface decreases, and the volume of blasting rock decreases accordingly. Meanwhile, more blasting energy is dissipated as kinetic energy, which could not be effectively used to break the rock. Finally, a quantitative characterization method for the clamping coefficient of thin ore vein blasting was proposed based on the analysis of blasting energy. A clamping coefficient was defined by the ratio of the total energy peak at the center point of the blasting free surface under semi-infinite and narrow amplitude working conditions, and this index characterized the size of the clamping effect. As a result, a prediction model for the blasting clamping coefficient was established through the mining width and rock mechanics parameters. The study of this paper can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the optimization design of deep hole blasting parameters in steeply inclined thin ore veins.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
AN Long (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in researching ore body mining and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .
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以甘肃某金矿急倾斜薄矿脉为工程背景,针对急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用大,矿石贫损大的问题,采用现场调查、PMMA(有机玻璃)爆破模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,深入探究了薄矿脉爆破围岩夹制作用机理,提出并建立了围岩夹制作用的定量表征方法。开展PMMA爆破模型试验,分析了薄矿脉不同采幅条件下的爆生裂纹分布规律,结果表明:薄矿脉采幅减小,降低了炮孔周围爆破粉碎区以及破裂区的半径,抑制了爆破裂纹的发育。开展了不同薄矿脉采幅条件下的爆破数值模拟,结果表明:薄矿脉采幅减小,爆破自由面处反射叠加的爆破能量减小,爆破破岩的体积也相应减小,更多的爆破能量以动能的形式散逸不能有效破岩。基于爆破能量分析结果,提出了薄矿脉爆破夹制系数的定量表征方法,即采用半无限工况和窄幅工况下爆破自由面中心点处的总能量峰值之比来定义夹制系数,并用该指标来表征夹制作用的大小,进而通过采幅宽度和岩体力学参数建立了爆破夹制系数预测模型,为急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破参数的优化设计提供了理论依据和技术支持。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
安龙(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事矿体开采和爆破工程研究,(E-mail)
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王智(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破工程研究,(E-mail)

WANG Zhi (1998-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in researching blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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王智(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破工程研究,(E-mail)

WANG Zhi (1998-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in researching blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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王智(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破工程研究,(E-mail)

WANG Zhi (1998-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in researching blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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Narrow vein mining-A challenge to the operator[J]. 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Research progress in theory and technology of energy regulation for rock drilling and blasting[J]. Metal Mine, 2023, 52(5): 64-76. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress in theory and technology of energy regulation for rock drilling and blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409551984021888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=130, pageEnd=147, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=36, authorNames=SANCHIDRIáN J A, SEGARRA P, LóPEZ L M, journalName=International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SANCHIDRIáN J A, SEGARRA P, LóPEZ L M. Energy components in rock blasting[J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409543607996671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of PMMA panels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位数值
密度ρkg·m-31160
泊松比v-0.31
纵波速度Cpm·s-12320
横波速度Csm·s-11260
动态弹性模量EdGPa6.1
断裂能量GcJ·m-2133
), ArticleFig(id=1241409543746408713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PMMA板力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位数值
密度ρkg·m-31160
泊松比v-0.31
纵波速度Cpm·s-12320
横波速度Csm·s-11260
动态弹性模量EdGPa6.1
断裂能量GcJ·m-2133
), ArticleFig(id=1241409543889015053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main parameters of the numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 参数单位数值
矿岩参数矿岩密度ρkg·m-32600
剪切模量GGPa11.43
单轴抗压强度fcMPa82.79
单轴抗拉强度TMPa4.58
泊松比v-0.20
损伤常数D1-0.04
损伤常数D2-1
炸药参数炸药密度ρekg·m-31150
炸药爆速Dm·s-15122
状态方程常数PGPa9.53
状态方程常数AGPa276.2
状态方程常数BGPa8.44
状态方程常数R1-5.2
状态方程常数R2-2.1
状态方程常数ω-0.53
初始体积爆轰能EeMJ·m-33870
空气参数空气密度ρakg·m-31.29
相对体积V0-1.0
初始体积内能EaMJ·m-30
), ArticleFig(id=1241409544027427088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模型主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 参数单位数值
矿岩参数矿岩密度ρkg·m-32600
剪切模量GGPa11.43
单轴抗压强度fcMPa82.79
单轴抗拉强度TMPa4.58
泊松比v-0.20
损伤常数D1-0.04
损伤常数D2-1
炸药参数炸药密度ρekg·m-31150
炸药爆速Dm·s-15122
状态方程常数PGPa9.53
状态方程常数AGPa276.2
状态方程常数BGPa8.44
状态方程常数R1-5.2
状态方程常数R2-2.1
状态方程常数ω-0.53
初始体积爆轰能EeMJ·m-33870
空气参数空气密度ρakg·m-31.29
相对体积V0-1.0
初始体积内能EaMJ·m-30
), ArticleFig(id=1241409544140673301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Numerical calculation scheme for rock mechanics characteristics

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序号 fc/MPa T/MPa E/GPa ξ
199.354.5827.210.48
291.074.5827.210.48
374.514.5827.210.48
466.234.5827.210.48
582.795.5027.210.48
682.795.0427.210.48
782.794.1227.210.48
882.793.6627.210.48
982.794.5832.650.48
1082.794.5829.930.48
1182.794.5824.490.48
1282.794.5821.770.48
1382.794.5827.210.40
1482.794.5827.210.43
1582.794.5827.210.53
1682.794.5827.210.60
), ArticleFig(id=1241409544266502426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩体力学特性数值计算方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 fc/MPa T/MPa E/GPa ξ
199.354.5827.210.48
291.074.5827.210.48
374.514.5827.210.48
466.234.5827.210.48
582.795.5027.210.48
682.795.0427.210.48
782.794.1227.210.48
882.793.6627.210.48
982.794.5832.650.48
1082.794.5829.930.48
1182.794.5824.490.48
1282.794.5821.770.48
1382.794.5827.210.40
1482.794.5827.210.43
1582.794.5827.210.53
1682.794.5827.210.60
), ArticleFig(id=1241409544388137244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Simulation results and verification of blasting with clamping effect

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d/m fc/MPa T/MPa E/GPa ξ数值计算结果预测结果误差
0.182.794.5827.210.483.94853.70210.2464
0.382.794.5827.210.481.95451.9871-0.0326
0.582.794.5827.210.481.28171.3199-0.0382
1.082.794.5827.210.481.19291.09280.1001
1.582.794.5827.210.481.06241.03770.0247
2.082.794.5827.210.481.02961.02180.0078
2.582.794.5827.210.481.00371.0102-0.0065
), ArticleFig(id=1241409544501383454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409517943050644, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

夹制作用爆破模拟结果与验证

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d/m fc/MPa T/MPa E/GPa ξ数值计算结果预测结果误差
0.182.794.5827.210.483.94853.70210.2464
0.382.794.5827.210.481.95451.9871-0.0326
0.582.794.5827.210.481.28171.3199-0.0382
1.082.794.5827.210.481.19291.09280.1001
1.582.794.5827.210.481.06241.03770.0247
2.082.794.5827.210.481.02961.02180.0078
2.582.794.5827.210.481.00371.0102-0.0065
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急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用机理及定量表征方法
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王智 1 , 安龙 1 , 孙星 1, 2 , 符洲云 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(4): 61-72
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(4): 61-72
急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用机理及定量表征方法
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王智1 , 安龙1 , 孙星1, 2, 符洲云1
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学 深部金属矿山安全开采教育部重点实验室,沈阳 110819
  • 2.西和县中宝矿业有限公司,陇南 742199
  • 王智(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破工程研究,(E-mail)

    WANG Zhi (1998-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in researching blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

安龙(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事矿体开采和爆破工程研究,(E-mail)
Mechanism and Quantitative Characterization Method of Rock Clamping Effect in Medium-deep Hole Blasting of Steeply Inclined Narrow Vein Mining
Zhi WANG1 , Long AN1 , Xing SUN1, 2, Zhou-yun FU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
  • 2.Xihe County Zhongbao Mining Co., Ltd., Longnan 742199, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.008
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以甘肃某金矿急倾斜薄矿脉为工程背景,针对急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用大,矿石贫损大的问题,采用现场调查、PMMA(有机玻璃)爆破模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,深入探究了薄矿脉爆破围岩夹制作用机理,提出并建立了围岩夹制作用的定量表征方法。开展PMMA爆破模型试验,分析了薄矿脉不同采幅条件下的爆生裂纹分布规律,结果表明:薄矿脉采幅减小,降低了炮孔周围爆破粉碎区以及破裂区的半径,抑制了爆破裂纹的发育。开展了不同薄矿脉采幅条件下的爆破数值模拟,结果表明:薄矿脉采幅减小,爆破自由面处反射叠加的爆破能量减小,爆破破岩的体积也相应减小,更多的爆破能量以动能的形式散逸不能有效破岩。基于爆破能量分析结果,提出了薄矿脉爆破夹制系数的定量表征方法,即采用半无限工况和窄幅工况下爆破自由面中心点处的总能量峰值之比来定义夹制系数,并用该指标来表征夹制作用的大小,进而通过采幅宽度和岩体力学参数建立了爆破夹制系数预测模型,为急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破参数的优化设计提供了理论依据和技术支持。

急倾斜薄矿脉  /  中深孔  /  夹制作用  /  自由面宽度  /  定量表征

Since the problems of significant rock clamping effect and ore depletion were caused by deep hole blasting in steeply inclined thin veins, a combination of on-site investigation, PMMA (organic glass) blasting model experiment and numerical simulation was used to explore the mechanism and a quantitative characterization method of rock clamping effect by taking a gold mine in Gansu Province as the engineering background. Firstly, to analyze the distribution pattern of blasting cracks under different mining conditions of thin ore veins, a PMMA blasting model experiment was conducted. The results show that reducing the mining width of the thin ore veins reduces the radius of blasting crushing and fracture areas around the blast hole and suppresses the development of blasting cracks. Furthermore, different blasting conditions of thin ore vein mining were simulated. The results show that as the mining width of thin ore veins decreases, the blasting energy reflected and superimposed at the blasting-free surface decreases, and the volume of blasting rock decreases accordingly. Meanwhile, more blasting energy is dissipated as kinetic energy, which could not be effectively used to break the rock. Finally, a quantitative characterization method for the clamping coefficient of thin ore vein blasting was proposed based on the analysis of blasting energy. A clamping coefficient was defined by the ratio of the total energy peak at the center point of the blasting free surface under semi-infinite and narrow amplitude working conditions, and this index characterized the size of the clamping effect. As a result, a prediction model for the blasting clamping coefficient was established through the mining width and rock mechanics parameters. The study of this paper can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the optimization design of deep hole blasting parameters in steeply inclined thin ore veins.

steeply inclined narrow vein mining  /  medium-deep hole  /  clamping effect  /  free surface width  /  quantitative characterization
王智, 安龙, 孙星, 符洲云. 急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用机理及定量表征方法. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 61 -72 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.008
Zhi WANG, Long AN, Xing SUN, Zhou-yun FU. Mechanism and Quantitative Characterization Method of Rock Clamping Effect in Medium-deep Hole Blasting of Steeply Inclined Narrow Vein Mining[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 61 -72 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.008
薄矿脉由于厚度小(≤2 m)其开采一直是矿业领域中的一个挑战性问题,当前国内急倾斜薄矿脉矿山的开采方法仍以浅孔留矿法、分采充填法等浅孔落矿方法为主,但其存在安全性差、工艺复杂、生产能力小、劳动强度大等问题,制约着急倾斜薄矿脉矿山的安全、绿色、经济、高效开采[1,2]。随着矿山技术装备进步,具有安全性高、生产能力大等优势的急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔落矿方法开始受到重视。但急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破受到围岩极大的夹制作用,使得爆破效果难以精准控制,从而导致矿石贫损大的难题,如图1。为此,认识薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用机理并进行定量化的表征是实现薄矿脉中深孔高效精细开采的核心所在。
针对急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔开采围岩对爆破的夹制作用,Clark,黄文钿、张宗宪、陆家佑、张志呈等针对薄矿脉中深孔爆破提出了小直径炮孔爆破的理念[3-7]。И И帕克罗夫斯基提出了采用自由面宽度定量表征围岩夹制作用的方法[8]。Vishwakarma等研究了薄矿脉开采抵抗线、炮孔孔径与矿石回收率的定量关系[9]。安龙等采用数值模拟手段[10],以爆破漏斗体积指标,定量化薄矿脉爆破的围岩夹制程度。以上研究虽然分析了围岩夹制作用对薄矿脉爆破效果的影响规律,初步提出了定量化的表征方法,但在揭示薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用机理,建立围岩夹制作用与爆破效果之间的量化关系等方面尚需进一步研究。
许多学者认为有机玻璃(PMMA)在爆炸作用下与岩石的断裂力学性质相近[11,12],且能取得较好试验结果。杨仁树等人采用PMMA对柱状药包的爆破效果进行研究[13],确定了爆破破坏、损失范围;蒲传金等人采用PMMA研究了不同情况下爆破裂纹扩展规律[14,15],为岩体爆破设计提供了理论依据。采用均质透明PMMA板,使用微量黑索金用于施加爆破载荷,分析不同自由面宽度下的裂纹形成情况以及爆破作用效果对比,来进一步认识夹制作用。
依托甘肃某金矿急倾斜薄矿脉,开展中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用机理及定量表征方法研究。采用现场调查、岩石力学试验、PMMA爆破试验和数值模拟等方法,研究薄矿脉采幅以及岩石力学性质对急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破效果的影响,量测爆破裂纹的分布特征,分析爆破应力波以及爆破能量的传递与转化规律,进而揭示急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破的围岩夹制作用机理。在此基础上,提出围岩夹制作用的定量化表征指标与方法,进而建立了考虑采幅和岩石物理力学参数的围岩夹制系数预测模型,为急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破参数设计与爆破效果精准控制提供理论支撑。
甘肃某金矿为石英脉型金矿床,矿脉厚度0.5~2.5 m,平均倾角70°,属于典型的急倾斜薄矿脉。矿体和围岩节理裂隙不发育,矿岩体均稳定。矿山建矿以来一直采用浅孔留矿法开采,近年来随着自身扩产增效的需求以及矿山开采设备与技术的快速发展,该金矿计划采用中深孔开采方法替代传统的浅孔留矿法,提出了分段空场嗣后充填采矿方法如图2所示。该方法分段高度12.5 m,其中巷道高2.5 m,回采爆破高度10 m,采场走向长度30~50 m,采场每一分段底部施工脉外分段巷道、沿脉凿岩巷道和出矿联络巷,分段的顶部施工充填巷,该巷道同时也作为上一分段回采的凿岩巷使用。在采场中央或一端施工切割天井,以切割天井为自由面进行回采爆破。当分段采场全部回采完毕后,即可自顶部充填巷向下进行采场的充填,采用废石+尾砂进行空区充填。该方法采场布置与回采工艺均较为简单,其关键技术是如何精准控制中深孔爆破效果,降低矿石的损失和贫化。
在该金矿开展现场取样调查,分别开展室内岩石单轴压缩试验,常规三轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验,得到典型矿石和围岩的物理力学参数,作为本研究数值模拟的岩石基础参数。
为研究薄矿脉窄小采幅条件下爆破裂纹的分布特征,以PMMA板为爆炸介质,开展爆破模型试验。本次试验地点在抚顺某炸药厂,炸药采用黑索金,将黑索金炸药制作成药卷,药卷直径4 mm,高度10 mm,采用DD-13微型雷管起爆,该雷管直径3 mm,高度7 mm,起爆采用远端电起爆的方式,如图3
PMMA板尺寸为400 mm×400 mm×10 mm,设置PMMA爆破模型试验的几何相似比为40,分别设置半无限自由面条件和薄矿脉窄小采幅条件。通过在薄板一侧中央位置切割不同宽度的凹槽来模拟不同的薄矿脉采幅宽度,为避免PMMA边部自由面的影响,切槽深度设计为50 mm。模拟矿体厚度为0.2 m、0.4 m、0.6 m、0.8 m和1.0 m的薄矿脉工况,对应的PMMA模型中凹槽宽度分别为5 mm、10 mm、15 mm、20 mm和25 mm。炮孔位于PMMA薄板凹槽中线位置,直径4 mm,抵抗线参数为25 mm。如图4。PMMA材料的关键力学参数根据相关文献[1617]测量或计算得出,具体数值见表1
爆破试验效果如图5所示。在爆炸载荷作用下,炮孔附近产生了明显的粉碎区、破裂区以及宏观裂纹。对比6种方案的爆破结果可知,当采幅宽度d=5 mm时,出现了粉碎区和破裂区,但裂纹少且不明显;当采幅宽度d=10~20 mm时,出现明显裂纹,但裂纹均未贯通到自由面;当d=25 mm时,裂纹明显且贯通到自由面,但未形成爆破漏斗;当自由面处于半无限条件时,形成明显爆破漏斗,爆破漏斗半径为27.9 mm。
在此基础上进一步对爆破粉碎区半径、破裂区半径以及裂纹发育情况进行定量分析。图6(a)给出了爆破粉碎区半径、破裂区半径随采幅宽度的变化规律,由图可以看出,粉碎区半径基本不变,而破裂区半径在采幅宽度为d=5~20 mm时呈波动状,采幅再增加后,破裂区半径明显增加。
进一步分析爆破裂纹扩展,考虑自由面对裂纹发育的诱导作用,人为地将PMMA板划分为两个区域,以过炮孔中心平行于自由面的虚线为界,将PMMA板分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个区域,Ⅰ区为靠近自由面区域;Ⅱ区为远离自由面区域。
从裂纹来看,在图6(b)中,随着采幅宽度较小,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的裂纹平均长度呈阶梯式下降,在d> 20 mm段,裂纹平均长度有明显减小;当采幅宽度10 mm<d<20 mm时,长度基本不变;在采幅宽度为d<10 mm时,出现较小幅度减小。对比Ⅰ、Ⅱ区发现,d<20 mm时,裂纹平均长度接近;d>20 mm后,Ⅰ区的裂纹平均长度明显大于Ⅱ区,说明自由面对爆破有着明显的引导作用且该作用随着宽度减小而减弱。由图6(c)可见,随着采幅宽度较小,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的裂纹最大长度都呈减小状态,且在d<25 mm时近似线性。对比Ⅰ、Ⅱ区发现,当采幅宽度10 mm<d<25 mm时,Ⅰ区的裂纹最大长度明显大于Ⅱ区。
通过PMMA爆破模型试验可知:随着薄矿脉采幅宽度减小,炮孔爆破粉碎区和破裂区半径都显著减小,且抑制了爆生裂纹的长度,但窄幅自由面对爆破裂纹仍存在显著的诱导作用。
采用LS-DYNA数值模拟软件开展急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破数值模拟研究。考虑到薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用产生的主要原因是中深孔爆破的自由面宽度(采幅)减小而导致的,因此,本文在数值模拟部分主要考虑采幅大小对中深孔爆破效果的影响。根据甘肃某金矿的矿脉厚度变化,数值模拟方案分别设置采幅宽度为d=0.5 m、d=1.0 m、d=1.5 m、d=2.0 m和d=2.5 m等5种薄矿脉回采工况,同时设置无自由面爆破(d=0 m)和半无限自由面爆破(d=+∞)两种工况作为对比方案。
依据甘肃某金矿薄矿脉的赋存产状及所采用的采矿方法设计确定数值模型的尺寸,其中数值模型为长方体,长8 m、宽3.5 m、高11 m,矿脉位于模型长度方向的中央,矿脉走向长度与模型宽度相等,倾角70°,厚度与采幅宽度相等。数值模型中只设置一个炮孔[4,10,18],抵抗线为1 m,炮孔直径50 mm、倾角为70°、孔深10.6 m,采用连续耦合装药,使用2#岩石乳化炸药,装药长度9.1 m,填塞长度1.5 m,采用底部起爆方式。数值模型如图7所示,模型除去采幅面为自由表面,其余均为无反射边界。
采用LS-DYNA动力分析有限元软件进行爆破数值计算,考虑炸药、空气、矿岩以及填塞体等不同介质在爆破过程中的物态转换,爆破数值计算采用流固耦合算法,其中炸药、空气介质采用Euler网格,矿岩、填塞采用Lagrange网格。计算过程采用HJC本构模型,基于室内岩石力学试验结果进行HJC模型参数的标定[19],标定的部分关键参数见表2
炸药采用JWL状态方程描述
式中:P为压力;V为相对体积;ABωR1R2为状态方程基本参数;Ee为初始体积爆轰能;炸药相关参数见表2;表中ρe为炸药密度;D为爆速,计算得到药包和岩石的波阻抗匹配系数ξ=0.48。
空气可视为无粘性的理想气体,爆炸后的气体膨胀传播可视为绝热过程,采用NULL材料和LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL状态方程描述
式中:P为压力;V0为相对体积;C0~C6为常数且C0=C1=C2=C3=C6=0,C4=C5=0.4,相关参数见表2
急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破效果评价的核心指标是爆破超欠挖尺寸,因此,选择合适的指标与方法准确评价爆破超欠挖尺寸是爆破数值模拟分析的关键问题。当前,判别爆破载荷作用下的岩体损伤、破坏的指标和方法主要有岩体质点峰值振动速度(PPV)判据[20]、基于塑性体积应变的判据[21]、最大拉应力判据等[22]。岩体爆破主要包含炮孔附近的压剪破坏以及自由面附近的反射拉伸破坏两种破坏模式[23,24],因此本文采用最大拉应力和最大剪应变复合破坏准则进行爆破失效破坏程度的评估,设定最大拉应力阈值为岩石抗拉强度4.58 MPa,剪应变阈值为0.015。宏观显示上,通过在LS-DYNA软件中添加*MAT_ADD_EROSION关键字来对超过阈值范围的单元进行删除,通过统计失效区域范围,可直接获取爆破超欠挖尺寸。
本文采用最大拉应力和最大剪应变复合破坏准则进行爆破失效破坏程度的评估,变采幅条件下的爆破破坏区三维形态如图8所示。当不存在自由面时,爆破形成的破坏区为近似圆柱体且破坏区直径小,仅为0.392 m。当存在自由面时,可以看出,受到自由面的反射拉伸作用影响,爆破破坏区成漏斗形态,且受到围岩的夹制作用,不同采幅宽度,爆破漏斗的宽度有所不同。在抵抗线为1 m条件下,当采幅宽度为0.5 m时,爆破漏斗平均面积为0.5472 m2;当采幅宽度达2.5 m时,爆破漏斗最大剖面面积为1.7818 m2,最小剖面积为0.6801 m2,平均面积为1.5642 m2;而半无限自由面条件下,爆破漏斗最大剖面面积为1.9072 m2,最小剖面积为0.8634 m2,平均面积为1.5856 m2
统计变采幅条件下的爆破破坏区体积,绘制采幅宽度与爆破破坏区体积的关系曲线如图9所示。由图可知,随着采幅宽度的增加,爆破破坏区体积也随之增大,但破坏体积的增长速率相应降低。在无自由面条件下,爆破破坏体积仅为0.95 m3,当采幅为0.5 m时,爆破破坏体积为5.03 m3,当采幅为2.5 m时,爆破破坏体积增长至14.72 m3,对应半无限自有面条件下爆破破坏体积为14.93 m3
对比爆破拉应力分布以及爆破破坏区形态及尺寸模拟结果,可以看出,受到薄矿脉采幅宽度制约,中深孔爆破的自由面宽度也随之减小,导致拉应力作用范围以及作用强度降低,进而产生爆破的夹制作用。
岩石爆破是一种复杂的过程,涉及多个物理场的相互耦合作用。研究岩石爆破的本质是研究炸药在爆炸过程中能量的释放、传递和转化。采用数值模拟手段分析爆破拉应力分布规律和等效岩体失效破坏程度能够直观地反映围岩夹制作用对爆破效果的影响,然而却难以从本质上解释薄矿脉爆破围岩的夹制机理,因此本文从爆破能量的角度进行更深入的分析。
炸药在起爆后,会产生冲击波能和气体膨胀能这两部分能量。其中,冲击波能中的动能和应变能是衡量岩石破碎效果的关键指标[25]。动能可以进一步细分为平动动能、转动动能和振动动能,并可以通过动能方程进行计算,动能方程可以描述炸药爆炸释放的动能与岩石破碎表面的相互作用。而应变能可表示为岩石所受的应力、应变以及体积的乘积。岩石爆破过程中,一部分能量用于岩体的破碎,其余的能量虽然也对岩体做功,但是未实现岩体的破碎,以动能和应变能的形式耗散。基于此,本文开展急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破能量传播规律分析。
基于能量守恒定律,按照岩石爆破效果,将炸药释放的能量EE划分为[26]
式中:EF为岩石产生裂纹消耗的能量;ES为转化为振动波的能量;EK为破碎岩块的动能;ENM为放热、空气冲击波、噪音等其他难以测量的能量。
急倾斜薄矿脉窄幅自由面条件下岩体爆破,窄小的自由面宽度使得爆破应力波的反射拉伸破岩范围显著降低,大量爆炸能量以振动能和应变能的形式散逸,没有起到有效破岩的作用。
采用岩体PPV值来表示爆破动能分布,不同采幅条件下的模拟结果如图10所示,由图可知,对比薄矿脉窄幅自由面爆破与半无限自由面爆破结果,薄矿脉窄幅自由面工况条件下,爆破应力波在自由面处的反射破岩区域明显减小,而在窄幅自由面以外区域,岩体PPV值与无自由面工况下的PPV相近,更多的爆破能量不能用于破岩散逸至围岩中。即在爆破参数不变的情况下,自由面宽度越小,散逸到围岩的能量就越多,爆破矿体的能量利用率就越低。
根据数值计算结果,在爆破应力分布趋于稳定后,统计不同采幅工况下爆破动能与应变能,划分爆破破岩能量与散逸能量,其结果如图11所示。由图可以看出,散逸的应变能明显多于散逸的动能,其中散逸应变能随着窄幅自由面宽度的增加,呈指数下降,当自由面宽度从0.5 m增大2.5 m时,爆后散逸到围岩的应变能从740.92 kJ下降至164.02 kJ,下降了576.9 kJ,下降率达77.86%;而散逸的动能近似直线下降,当自由面宽度从0.5 m增大2.5 m时,散逸到围岩的动能从147.05 kJ下降至85.14 kJ,仅下降了61.91 kJ,下降率达42.10%。
薄矿脉中深孔爆破夹制作用产生的根本原因是其矿脉的采幅减小,因此在窄小爆破自由面附近监测爆破能量的变化规律,将有助于解释薄矿脉爆破的围岩夹制作用机理。如图12所示,在爆破自由面附近设置爆破能量监测区,当距自由面距离小于0.2 m时,窄幅条件下的爆破能量与无自由面条件下能量差值大于20%,出现了明显的应力波反射现象,故设监测区厚度为0.2 m,监测区长度为采幅宽度。在炮孔与自由面中点的连线上设置两个监测点,监测点1位于自由面中点,监测点2距离自由面垂距0.25 m。
根据数值计算结果,计算采幅宽度d=0.5 m工况与半无限自由面工况的等尺寸自由面监测区域内爆破动能与应变能指标,如图13所示。由图可以看出,炸药爆破后监测区域内的动能和应变能随时间呈现快速上升后下降的变化趋势。对比半无限自由面工况的能量计算结果,采幅宽度d=0.5 m工况的动能峰值和应变能峰值均发生了不同程度的降低,其中动能从6.83 kJ降至5.77 kJ降低了15.52%,应变能从8.99 kJ降至5.12 kJ降低了43.05%,表明薄矿脉中深孔爆破的采幅减小导致其破岩能量的降低,宏观表现为围岩对爆破的夹制作用。
统计不同采幅工况下监测点1和2的能量随时间变化规律,监测结果如图14所示。由图14(a)可以看出,在采幅宽度d=0.5 m工况下,炸药爆破后在短时间内两个监测点处的能量达到峰值,随后呈梯段下降,直至趋于稳定。两个监测点处的能量随时间的变化规律相似,其监测点1处的峰值能量为881.07 kJ,较监测点2处的能量441.88 kJ大近2倍。对于不同采幅工况下监测点1和监测点2处的峰值能量变化规律,如图14(b)所示,随着采幅宽度的增加,监测点2处的峰值能量呈缓慢增加的趋势,但整体增加量较小;监测点1处的峰值能量随着采幅宽度的增加而增大,且当采幅小于等于0.5 m时,峰值能量增加速率大,当采幅宽度大于等于1.5 m时,峰值能量增加速率降低。从能量分布角度,当采幅减小后对于监测点2处的影响较小,但是对自由面近区(0.2 m)范围影响较大。
综合薄矿脉窄幅条件下的爆破能量分析可知,由于薄矿脉采幅宽度减小,一方面,导致更多的爆破能量散逸不能有效破岩;另一方面,在爆破自由面处爆破能量也相应减小。
通过以上分析可以看出,采幅宽度的减小是引起爆破夹制作用的根本原因,上文已经从岩体失效破坏和能量分布的角度分析了由于采幅减小而引起的爆破围岩夹制作用,但是为了进一步指导薄矿脉中深孔爆破的参数选择,需要对薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩的夹制作用进行量化分析。
在能量分析部分,自由面附近的爆破能量变化能够较好地反映出薄矿脉窄幅条件下爆破围岩的夹制作用,因此,采用自由面中心点处的总能量峰值指标来表征夹制作用的大小,基于此,提出夹制系数K,其计算方法如下式
式中:Mx为薄矿脉窄幅工况下爆破自由面中心点处的总能量峰值;MI为对应半无限自由面工况下爆破自由面中心点处的总能量峰值。
根据围岩夹制系数的计算方法可知,该系数越大,表示爆破自由面处的爆破能量越低,则破岩难度越大,夹制作用越明显,当夹制系数为1时,爆破不存在围岩夹制作用。依据数值计算结果,计算不同采幅工况下的围岩夹制系数,如图15所示。由图可以看出,随着采幅宽度增加,夹制系数不断减小,从无自由面条件下增加到半无限自由面条件下,夹制系数从4.40下降至1.00,下降率达77.27%。
薄矿脉采幅的减小是引起爆破围岩夹制作用的根本原因,但是不同的岩体力学特性所表现出的夹制作用也不相同,为此本文在采幅宽度因素分析的基础上,进一步分析围岩力学特性对薄矿脉爆破围岩夹制作用的影响。考虑岩体的物理力学特性,选择矿岩抗压强度fc、抗拉强度T、弹性模量E,表征完整岩石的力学特性,选择岩体波阻抗匹配系数ξ表征岩体的完整性。根据前文分析,当采幅宽度d≤0.5 m时,爆破夹制作用显著,因此,以采幅宽度d=0.5 m的薄矿脉爆破工况为基础条件,对以上四个因素进行单一变量分析,具体数值计算方案见表3
数值计算结果如图16所示,由图可以看出,岩石的抗压强度、波阻抗匹配系数与急倾斜薄矿脉中深孔爆破破坏体积呈正比关系,抗拉强度、弹性模量与爆破破坏体积呈反比关系,四个影响因素中抗拉强度指标对爆破破坏尺寸的影响最大,波阻抗匹配系数指标对爆破破坏尺寸影响最小。
在以上分析基础上,基于爆破数值模拟结果,对抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量、波阻抗匹配系数和采幅宽度等因素进行均值方差归一化处理,通过加权回归分析方法,分析归一化后的各因素对急倾斜薄矿脉爆破围岩夹制作用的敏感性及影响权重。计算结果表明,采幅宽度对夹制作用的影响权重最大达0.3455,抗压强度影响权重最小为0.1016,各因素对夹制作用的影响权重排序为:采幅宽度>抗拉强度>波阻抗匹配系数>弹性模量>抗压强度。
依据爆破数值计算结果,采用非线性拟合方法建立薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制系数的预测模型,根据模型的拟合结果可知所获得其极差RR2以及调整后的R2均大于0.9,且F统计量的显著系数小于0.05,说明模型拟合效果较好,具有较高的准确性,得到的归一化围岩夹制系数K*预测模型如式(4)
通过以上夹制系数预测模型对不同采幅宽工况下的围岩价值系数进行预测,预测结果如表4所示。对比数值计算结果与模型预测结果,可以看出预测模型的误差较小,最大误差为8.39%,满足应用要求。在此基础上,即可采用这一模型对不同薄矿脉工况条件下的围岩夹制系数进行预测分析,为爆破参数的设计提供理论和数据支撑。
基于甘肃某金矿急倾斜薄矿脉,通过现场调查、PMMA爆破模型试验和数值模拟方法对薄矿脉中深孔爆破围岩夹制作用进行研究,并从能量角度实现对薄矿脉夹制作用的定量表征。获得主要结论如下:
1)通过PMMA爆破模型试验,发现随着薄矿脉采幅宽度减小,炮孔爆破粉碎区和破裂区半径都显著减小,且抑制了爆生裂纹的长度,但窄幅自由面对爆破裂纹仍存在显著的诱导作用。
2)分析了薄矿脉爆破矿岩体宏观破坏规律,由于受到薄矿脉采幅宽度制约,当采幅宽度从2.5 m降至0.5 m时,爆破破坏体积呈加速下降规律,体积降幅达到65.83%。
3)分析了薄矿脉爆破的能量分布特征,可知随着薄矿脉采幅宽度减小,一方面,导致更多的爆破能量散逸不能有效破岩;另一方面,在爆破自由面处爆破能量峰值明显下降。
4)采用自由面中心点处的总能量指标来表征夹制作用的大小,提出了薄矿脉爆破围岩夹制系数K的定量表征方法。建立了包含采幅宽度以及岩石力学参数的围岩夹制系数预测模型,并对模型进行检验,模型最大误差为8.39%,能较好满足预测需求。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2903802)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.008
  • 接收时间:2024-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-26
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2903802)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2903802)
作者信息
    1.东北大学 深部金属矿山安全开采教育部重点实验室,沈阳 110819
    2.西和县中宝矿业有限公司,陇南 742199

通讯作者:

安龙(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事矿体开采和爆破工程研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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