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Article(id=1241409516114334057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709568000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904692915, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904692915, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904692915, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904692915, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=122, endPage=127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409516676370807, articleId=1241409516114334057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Computer-aided Design of Blast Hole Distribution and its Application, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are hundreds of blast holes in a tunnel blasting. Since the traditional manual drawing of the blasting scheme is laborious and depends on the experience of blasting engineering, a digital method for the planar and three-dimensional spatial distribution of blast holes was proposed based on formula derivation to study an intelligent design method for tunnel blasting blast holes. Subsequently, the programming of blast hole parameters was achieved by utilizing computer programming techniques, which can lead to the development of an intelligent blast hole design system. The results show that the parametric expression method of tunnel contour, cut holes, peripheral holes and auxiliary holes can realize their rapid creation and meet the needs of tunnel blasting. By establishing a correlation between the coordinates of the blast hole opening and bottom, a refined expression of the spatial distribution of the blast hole can be realized, and intuitive guidance for on-site drilling operations can be provided. Furthermore, a computer programming method can realize an intelligent and fine design of a blast hole layout. After tunnel blasting, the residual marks of the blast holes are complete, the contour of the tunnel excavation is smooth, and the overall excavation effect is good. The research results can improve the efficiency and intelligence of tunnel blast hole design.

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ZHANG Wan-zhi (1988-), male, Ph. D, lecturer, engaged in research on rock breaking mechanism and fine blasting technology in tunnel engineering blasting, (E-mail) .
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隧道一次爆破炮孔分布上百个，依赖工程经验的传统人工绘制爆破方案费事费力。为了研究隧道爆破炮孔智能设计方法，基于公式推导，提出了炮孔平面分布和三维空间分布的数字化方法；再采用计算机编程技术，实现了炮孔参数的程序化，研发了炮孔智能设计系统。研究结果表明：应用隧道轮廓线、掏槽孔、周边孔和辅助孔的参数化表达方法，可以实现隧道炮孔的快速创建，符合隧道爆破需求。通过建立炮孔孔口与孔底坐标的关联关系，可以实现炮孔空间分布的精细表达，直观地指导现场钻孔作业。应用计算机编程方法，可以实现了炮孔布设的智能、精细设计。现场隧道爆后炮孔残痕完整，隧道开挖轮廓成形光滑，整体掘进效果好。研究成果提高了隧道炮孔设计的效率与智能化。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张万志（1988-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事隧道工程爆破破岩机理及精细爆破技术研究，（E-mail）。
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宋浩天（1997-），男，助理工程师，主要从事市政地下空间建造施工技术研究，（E-mail）。

SONG Hao-tian (1997-), assistant engineer, engaged in research on construction technology for municipal underground spaces, (E-mail) .

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宋浩天（1997-），男，助理工程师，主要从事市政地下空间建造施工技术研究，（E-mail）。

SONG Hao-tian (1997-), assistant engineer, engaged in research on construction technology for municipal underground spaces, (E-mail) .

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宋浩天（1997-），男，助理工程师，主要从事市政地下空间建造施工技术研究，（E-mail）。

SONG Hao-tian (1997-), assistant engineer, engaged in research on construction technology for municipal underground spaces, (E-mail) .

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Design of blast holes and charge parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮眼类型孔数/个孔长/m单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg
掏槽孔143.72.4/2.736.0
扩槽孔第1排83.52.419.2
第2排83.52.116.8
第3排63.51.810.8
周边孔拱部163.50.69.6
两侧183.50.9/1.217.4
拱底23.52.44.8
辅助孔93.51.28.1
抬炮孔243.51.843.2
内圈孔143.50.9/1.2/1.528.2
底孔143.51.8/2.127.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539589853315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409516114334057, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破方案炮孔及装药参数设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮眼类型孔数/个孔长/m单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg
掏槽孔143.72.4/2.736.0
扩槽孔第1排83.52.419.2
第2排83.52.116.8
第3排63.51.810.8
周边孔拱部163.50.69.6
两侧183.50.9/1.217.4
拱底23.52.44.8
辅助孔93.51.28.1
抬炮孔243.51.843.2
内圈孔143.50.9/1.2/1.528.2
底孔143.51.8/2.127.0
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钻爆法隧道炮孔分布计算机辅助设计及应用
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宋浩天 1 , 张万志 2 , 司晓丽 1 , 徐帮树 2 , 王威 3
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(4): 122-127
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(4): 122-127
钻爆法隧道炮孔分布计算机辅助设计及应用
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宋浩天1 , 张万志2 , 司晓丽1, 徐帮树2, 王威3
作者信息
  • 1.中国建设基础设施有限公司，北京　100029
  • 2.山东大学　齐鲁交通学院，济南　250000
  • 3.中建八局轨道交通建设有限公司，南京　210046

    • 宋浩天（1997-），男，助理工程师，主要从事市政地下空间建造施工技术研究，（E-mail）。

    SONG Hao-tian (1997-), assistant engineer, engaged in research on construction technology for municipal underground spaces, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

张万志（1988-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事隧道工程爆破破岩机理及精细爆破技术研究，（E-mail）。
Computer-aided Design of Blast Hole Distribution and its Application
Hao-tian SONG1 , Wan-zhi ZHANG2 , Xiao-li SI1, Bang-shu XU2, Wei WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Construction Infrastructure Co., Ltd., Beijing 100029, China
  • 2.School of Qilu Transportationg, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
  • 3.China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Rail Transit Construction Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210046, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.015
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摘要
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隧道一次爆破炮孔分布上百个，依赖工程经验的传统人工绘制爆破方案费事费力。为了研究隧道爆破炮孔智能设计方法，基于公式推导，提出了炮孔平面分布和三维空间分布的数字化方法；再采用计算机编程技术，实现了炮孔参数的程序化，研发了炮孔智能设计系统。研究结果表明：应用隧道轮廓线、掏槽孔、周边孔和辅助孔的参数化表达方法，可以实现隧道炮孔的快速创建，符合隧道爆破需求。通过建立炮孔孔口与孔底坐标的关联关系，可以实现炮孔空间分布的精细表达，直观地指导现场钻孔作业。应用计算机编程方法，可以实现了炮孔布设的智能、精细设计。现场隧道爆后炮孔残痕完整，隧道开挖轮廓成形光滑，整体掘进效果好。研究成果提高了隧道炮孔设计的效率与智能化。

钻爆法  /  炮孔布设  /  参数化  /  三维可视化  /  工程应用

There are hundreds of blast holes in a tunnel blasting. Since the traditional manual drawing of the blasting scheme is laborious and depends on the experience of blasting engineering, a digital method for the planar and three-dimensional spatial distribution of blast holes was proposed based on formula derivation to study an intelligent design method for tunnel blasting blast holes. Subsequently, the programming of blast hole parameters was achieved by utilizing computer programming techniques, which can lead to the development of an intelligent blast hole design system. The results show that the parametric expression method of tunnel contour, cut holes, peripheral holes and auxiliary holes can realize their rapid creation and meet the needs of tunnel blasting. By establishing a correlation between the coordinates of the blast hole opening and bottom, a refined expression of the spatial distribution of the blast hole can be realized, and intuitive guidance for on-site drilling operations can be provided. Furthermore, a computer programming method can realize an intelligent and fine design of a blast hole layout. After tunnel blasting, the residual marks of the blast holes are complete, the contour of the tunnel excavation is smooth, and the overall excavation effect is good. The research results can improve the efficiency and intelligence of tunnel blast hole design.

drilling and blasting method  /  blast hole layout  /  parameterization  /  three-dimensional visualization  /  engineering application
宋浩天, 张万志, 司晓丽, 徐帮树, 王威. 钻爆法隧道炮孔分布计算机辅助设计及应用. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 122 -127 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.015
Hao-tian SONG, Wan-zhi ZHANG, Xiao-li SI, Bang-shu XU, Wei WANG. Computer-aided Design of Blast Hole Distribution and its Application[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 122 -127 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.015
正文
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随着我国高速公路、高速铁路、城市地铁工程建设的快速发展，隧道工程建设的数量、规模不断增长[1,2]。由于钻爆法施工简单、灵活、经济成本低、适用性强等优势，钻爆法仍然是隧道开挖最常用的方法。钻爆开挖的首要工作是爆破方案设计，其中炮孔布设方案多依赖工程经验，炮孔绘图常常是手工绘图或借助CAD绘图[3,4]。这种炮孔设计方式效率低，且无法及时动态调整，导致炮孔设计与实际应用脱离，爆破质量难以控制。
近年来，国内外许多学者针对爆破信息化、计算机辅助设计开展了大量的研究。王云成运用Visual Basic语言[5]，考虑隧道爆破的地质条件和爆破参数，设计与研发了一种的隧道爆破设计系统。杨传坤研发了一套Android巷道爆破辅助系统[6]，可以实现爆破方案设计、项目下载、施工进度管理和数据搜索等功能。任占营研发了“露天矿爆破智能设计与模拟优化系统”[7]，主要功能模块包括：矿用三维图形处理平台、地质地形信息管理系统、爆破智能设计系统和抛掷爆破爆堆形态模拟系统等。赵明生等人基于Voronoi理论[8]，提出了炮孔布置与起爆顺序设计的新方法，实现了深孔爆破的布孔和网络设计自动化，开发了台阶爆破设计与优化程序。陈桥本应用Python语言[9]，开发了一种爆破参数动态优化软件。在国外，一些科技企业研发了专用的爆破商业软件，如Thierry Bernard Technology公司研发了I-blast软件，具有较完善的隧道爆破方案设计功能。澳瑞凯公司开发了Shot plus-T爆破软件，包含隧道爆破模块。日本户田建设与Rist公司共同开发了一种山岭隧道爆破施工的评价系统Blast Eye[10]。
现有成果致力于隧道爆破方案的信息化、自动化，随着新一代信息技术的革新，隧道爆破智能化设计的推进迫在眉睫。因此，本文首先提出了隧道炮孔布设参数化和三维可视化表达方法，然后开发了隧道炮孔智能设计系统，并开展了工程应用。
1　炮孔平面分布参数化
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1.1　隧道轮廓线参数化
隧道爆破施工为设计轮廓线内的岩体爆破破碎、抛掷、循环开挖[11,12]，因此，在进行炮孔布设方案设计之前，首先需要创建隧道轮廓线。
高速公路、高速铁路隧道断面以马蹄形隧道断面为主[13,14]，马蹄形隧道断面为多心圆构成，如图1所示。以五心圆隧道断面为例，隧道轮廓参数化表达方法是：轮廓各个弧段的圆心和端点。
假定圆心坐标为：Oi（xi，yi），i=1，2，3，…；其中Oi（xi，yi）为原点，则
由于隧道轮廓线沿中心线对称，以左半侧圆弧为例，沿逆时针方向绘制隧道轮廓。假定由拱顶中心点坐标为（0，r1），沿逆时针方向多心圆圆弧的末端端点坐标为（xi1，yi1），起始端点坐标为（xi2，yi2），第一段圆弧的末端端点是第一段圆弧的起始端点，依此类推。则多心圆圆弧的端点坐标为
隧道开挖受围岩条件影响，常采用分部开挖方法。以上、下台阶法分部开挖为例，需要对隧道全断面轮廓进行裁剪，分部进行炮孔方案设计。上、下台阶分部轮廓裁剪方法为
假定h1、h2分别为上、下台阶开挖高度，分部界面中心点H坐标为H（xh，yh），则xh=0，yh=yg+h2，其中yg为轮廓仰拱中心点纵坐标。隧道上台阶轮廓绘制时，隐藏纵坐标小于yh的轮廓点。反之，隐藏纵坐标大于yh的所有点，构建下台阶轮廓。
1.2　炮孔平面设计参数
参考现有隧道钻孔爆破成果，隧道炮孔设计遵循“抓两头、再中间”设计原则，即先进行掏槽孔、周边孔炮孔设计，再进行辅助孔设计[15,16]。
（1）掏槽孔
掏槽孔用于形成爆腔，创造新的临空面。掏槽孔参数主要包括掌子面炮孔平面位置和炮孔内插角。炮孔平面位置的设计方法为：给定炮孔数量n、距中心线水平距离a、从分部界面的起始偏移距离b、炮孔间距c和排距d。首先，由参数a设计确定第一排掏槽孔在水平方向的位置，再根据参数a明确第一排掏槽孔最下方的位置，然后设定参数b和n表达第一排所有的掏槽孔；再通过设定参数d，依次表达第二排、第三排掏槽孔的水平方向位置；重复设定参数b，依次设计第二排、第三排等所有掏槽孔的位置，如图2所示。
炮孔内插角为数值参数，直接设计给定即可。
（2）周边孔
周边孔用于形成隧道爆生轮廓。周边孔参数主要包括沿轮廓线的内移距离m、炮孔间距c和炮孔外插角。周边孔数量按照轮廓线长度和炮孔间距，反算可以求得。见图3。以上台阶为例，轮廓线的长度l计算方法为
若ym>yc，由可知，其中，则
若ym<yc，由可知，其中，则
周边孔沿轮廓线的布设方法为：首先由参数c和l，计算炮孔数量n；然后根据参数m确定炮孔的内移位置，再将炮孔数量均匀间隔布设。
炮孔外插角为数值参数，直接设计给定即可。
（3）辅助孔
辅助孔（含底孔）用于掏槽腔与轮廓内的岩体破碎。辅助孔参数主要包括沿轮廓线的内移距离m和炮孔间距c。布孔方法与周边孔相同。
将隧道轮廓、掏槽孔、周边孔和辅助孔参数化后，炮孔平面布设方案如图4所示。
2　炮孔空间分布参数化
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隧道开挖是按照设计开挖进尺长度的开挖，按照规范要求，为了实现较为理想的开挖进尺，周边孔与辅助孔钻孔成孔后，孔底应落在同一垂直面上，掏槽孔超出进尺长度10~20 cm。因此，为了直观地呈现隧道掌子面炮孔设计空间形态，需要考虑掏槽孔外插角、周边孔内插角等倾斜炮孔的精准表达。实现思路是：已知掌子面炮孔的平面坐标，再推算获得孔底坐标，即可完成炮孔的空间表达。
图5为以周边孔为例，表达孔口坐标与孔底坐标关联关系的示意图。假定孔口P点坐标为P（xp，yp，zp），孔底D点坐标D（xd，yd，zd），设计开挖进尺长为d，周边孔外插角为α，则当xd<xp，yd>yp时
当xd<xp，yd<yp时
掏槽孔空间表达方法相似，以楔形掏槽孔为例，孔口与孔底坐标的计算关系见式（9）。
综上，通过算法程序化，可获得周边孔、掏槽孔的空间形态表达，如图6所示。
3　炮孔智能设计与应用
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3.1　隧道炮孔智能设计实现
基于炮孔布设参数化和三维可视化表达方法，采用Java script编程语言，运用VS编辑器，结合Canvas画布、React前端框架、Nest后端框架、PostgreSQL数据库等计算机编程技术，开发了炮孔智能设计系统，可以实现隧道炮孔的参数化快速创建和空间形态真实表达，如图7所示。
3.2　工程应用
3.2.1　工程概况
济南至莱芜高速铁路寨山隧道，位于济南市历城区、章丘区境内，起始里程DK31+803，终止里程DK36+615，全长4812 m。隧道为高速铁路双线隧道，设计速度350 km/h，隧道最大埋深为204 m。
隧道洞身段围岩等级包括Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级，长度分别为1919 m、1581m和1155 m。试验段为Ⅳ级围岩，试验里程段DK31+898~DK32+118 m，断面开挖宽度约为15.0 m，开挖高度约为7.5 m，每循环开挖进尺为3.5 m。
3.2.2　爆破方案设计
（1）炮孔参数设计
图7为试验段炮孔分布设计参数。掏槽设计包括一排掏槽孔、三排扩槽孔，为楔形对称设计，炮孔数量依次为14个、8个、8个和6个，孔长依次为3.7 m、3.5 m、3.5 m和3.5 m，炮孔向内倾斜角度依次为51.4°、61.5°、70.1°和80.4°；周边孔为向洞周外微倾钻孔，外插角为3°，孔口沿轮廓法向向内移动10 cm，炮孔数量为36个，孔长为3.5 m；内圈孔、辅助孔、抬炮孔、底孔均为垂直钻孔，炮孔数量依次为24个、9个、24个和14个，孔长为3.5 m。
（2）装药参数设计
爆破用炸药为2号岩石乳化炸药，为单根药卷形式，规格尺寸为长30cm，直径32 mm，药卷重量为300 g。隧道掌子面炮孔装药量统计见表1，总装药量为221.1 kg。其中，左二、右二区域内掏槽孔单孔装药量为2.7 kg，左三、右三区域内掏槽孔单孔装药量为2.4 kg；拱腰周边孔单孔装药量为0.9 kg，邻近拱底周边孔单孔装药量为1.2 kg；拱部内圈孔单孔装药量为0.9 kg，拱腰内圈孔单孔装药量为1.2 kg，邻近拱底内圈孔单孔装药量为1.5 kg；中底部底孔单孔装药量为1.8 kg，两侧底孔单孔装药量为2.1 kg。
为了提高周边孔炸药利用效率，同时降低对围岩的过度损伤，周边孔采用空气间隔装药，孔底至孔口炸药串联，孔底使用雷管引爆。
3.2.3　爆破开挖质量
应用隧道炮孔智能设计系统，可以实现炮孔的高质量、精细设计，直观地指导现场钻孔和爆破作业，爆破指导与爆破开挖质量如图8所示。
从图8（a）可以看到，炮孔智能设计完成后可以有效指导现场掏槽孔、周边孔等精细钻孔作业，提高炮孔钻孔质量。从图8（b）、（c）可以看到，爆破完成后，爆孔残痕保留较好，隧道整体轮廓成形光滑，隧道开挖掌子面平整，有利于循环掘进的高效推进。
4　结论
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（1）为了实现隧道炮孔的参数化快速创建，本文提出了隧道轮廓线、掏槽孔、周边孔和辅助孔的参数化表达方法，适用于隧道上台阶范围的炮孔布设，炮孔布设方案符合隧道爆破需求。
（2）考虑掏槽孔内插角和周边孔外插角布设特点，提出了炮孔孔口与孔底坐标的关联关系，实现了炮孔分布的空间形态表达，可直观地指导现场炮孔作业，提高炮孔钻孔质量。
（3）应用计算机编程方法，实现了炮孔布设的智能、精细设计。现场试验结果表明，高质量的炮孔设计和钻孔指导，爆后炮孔残痕完整，隧道开挖轮廓成形光滑，整体掘进效果好。
基金
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  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QE246)
文献
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.015
  • 接收时间：2024-03-05
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-03-05
基金
Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation of China(ZR2021QE246)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QE246)
作者信息
    1.中国建设基础设施有限公司，北京　100029
    2.山东大学　齐鲁交通学院，济南　250000
    3.中建八局轨道交通建设有限公司，南京　210046

通讯作者:

张万志（1988-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事隧道工程爆破破岩机理及精细爆破技术研究，（E-mail）。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.015
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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