Article(id=1241409515237732463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712419200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904692706, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904692706, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904692706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904692706, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=197, endPage=204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409515782991998, articleId=1241409515237732463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Computational Research on Volatilization and Explosion Mechanism of Paint——Example of a Shipyard Explosion, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the explosion of a shipyard as an example, the investigative techniques had been comprehensively utilized (such as on-site investigation, interview, numerical simulation, theoretical calculation, trace analysis, etc.) to conduct in-depth research on the development of the accident, consequences and mechanism of the explosion. An on-site survey of the involved hull revealed fresh welding slag remaining on the starboard main deck in the area of the No. 7 empty cabin utility hole. In addition, the empty compartment No. 7 on the starboard side was identified as the explosion's origin based on the ignition source traces, the extent of the hull damage, and the cracking direction. The root of the explosion accident was restored according to results from a comprehensive on-site investigation. The paint and thinner would volatilize and produce massive organic combustibles during painting operations, forming explosive mixtures when mixed with air and accumulating in the empty compartment's limited space. The explosive gas mixture contacted spattered weld slag at the utility hole, causing an explosion in the empty compartment No. 7 on the starboard side, which triggered explosions in the remaining compartments. As a result of the breeding-development-dissipation of the shock wave, the explosion first intensified and then gradually reduced damage to the surrounding of the NO. 7 empty cabin as the center. The simulation with the CFD analysis software FLUENT revealed that the explosion mixture diffused 10% outward through the utility hole in 12 h. According to the diffusivity analysis results, the gas mixture's volumetric concentration was calculated to be 7.3%, which is sufficient for a combustion explosion. The equivalent amount of TNT for the explosion was 188 kg, which was inverted to 203 kg depending on the extent of damage to the buildings at the accident site after the explosion. It is in good agreement with the TNT equivalent of the explosion obtained from calculations based on the physical parameters of the gas mixture, which proves the practicability of the calculation.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SHEN Li-yuan (1981-), Ph. D, associate professor, engaged in fire and explosion investigations, (E-mail) .
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以某船厂爆炸事故调查为例,综合使用现场踏勘、走访问询、数值模拟、理论计算、爆炸痕迹分析等调查技术手段,对事故发生、发展,爆炸后效,燃爆机理等展开深入研究。对涉事船体现场踏勘发现,右舷主甲板No. 7空舱人孔区域残留有新鲜焊渣。此外,根据火源痕迹、船体破坏程度和舱体开裂方向确定右舷No. 7空舱为爆炸事故起始点。综合现场调查结果,还原爆炸事故起因:船舶涂装作业时油漆和稀释剂挥发产生大量有机可燃物,与空气混合后形成爆炸性混合气体,在空舱有限空间内聚集。爆炸性混合气体遇人孔处溅落的焊渣,导致右舷No. 7空舱发生爆炸,继而引发右舷其余舱室爆炸。由于爆炸冲击波的孕育-发展-消散的发展历程,爆炸现场破坏情况以No. 7空舱为中心,向四周的破坏情况先逐步加深,而后损伤逐步降低。借助CFD分析软件FLUENT,模拟发现爆炸混合气12 h时间内通过人孔向外扩散10%。基于此分析结果,计算获得混合气体体积浓度7.3%,可满足燃爆的发生,且爆炸后TNT当量为188 kg。根据爆炸后事故现场建筑物损毁程度反演爆炸TNT当量为203 kg,与基于混合气体物性参数计算获得的爆炸TNT当量具有较好的一致性,证明此计算方式具有切实可行性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
申利远(1981-),男,博士、副教授,从事火灾爆炸调查研究工作,(E-mail)
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李毅(1995-),男,博士、助理研究员,从事可燃气云燃爆安全防护技术研究,(E-mail)

LI Yi (1995-), male, Ph. D, assistant researcher, engaged in research on safety and protection technology for gas cloud combustion and explosion, (E-mail) .

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李毅(1995-),男,博士、助理研究员,从事可燃气云燃爆安全防护技术研究,(E-mail)

LI Yi (1995-), male, Ph. D, assistant researcher, engaged in research on safety and protection technology for gas cloud combustion and explosion, (E-mail) .

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李毅(1995-),男,博士、助理研究员,从事可燃气云燃爆安全防护技术研究,(E-mail)

LI Yi (1995-), male, Ph. D, assistant researcher, engaged in research on safety and protection technology for gas cloud combustion and explosion, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=0wya2h8DbwpkM7jj5tyYDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409539606639493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409515237732463, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Destruction of the color steel room at 120 m, figureFileSmall=OKE9aHp05ufnAY815HkbQg==, figureFileBig=KaNVGG0HG142PSSWn62q3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409539749245837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409515237732463, language=CN, label=图14, caption=120 m处彩钢房破坏情况, figureFileSmall=OKE9aHp05ufnAY815HkbQg==, figureFileBig=KaNVGG0HG142PSSWn62q3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409539866686355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409515237732463, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Alkyd resin and diluent dosage

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施工时间醇酸树脂漆用量稀释剂用量
第一天22 kg/桶×27桶12 kg/桶×7.2桶
第二天22 kg/桶×21桶12 kg/桶×5.4桶
), ArticleFig(id=1241409540076401558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409515237732463, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

醇酸树脂及稀释剂用量

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施工时间醇酸树脂漆用量稀释剂用量
第一天22 kg/桶×27桶12 kg/桶×7.2桶
第二天22 kg/桶×21桶12 kg/桶×5.4桶
), ArticleFig(id=1241409540219007902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409515237732463, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Destruction of buildings by different shock wave overpressures

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冲击波超压范围/kPa对建筑的破坏程度
5~6玻璃门窗部分破碎
6~10玻璃门窗大部分破碎
15~20橱柜破坏
20~40墙体出现裂缝
40~60墙体出现较大裂缝
60~70木结构建筑立柱折断
70~100砖墙倒塌
100~200钢筋混凝土破坏,房屋倒塌
200~300大型钢架结构破坏
), ArticleFig(id=1241409540382585764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409515237732463, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同冲击波超压范围对建筑物的破坏程度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击波超压范围/kPa对建筑的破坏程度
5~6玻璃门窗部分破碎
6~10玻璃门窗大部分破碎
15~20橱柜破坏
20~40墙体出现裂缝
40~60墙体出现较大裂缝
60~70木结构建筑立柱折断
70~100砖墙倒塌
100~200钢筋混凝土破坏,房屋倒塌
200~300大型钢架结构破坏
), ArticleFig(id=1241409541913506731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409515237732463, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

a and b coefficients for different equivalent distances

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L/m2.000~3.6763.676~7.9347.934~29.750>29.750
a11.5356.9063.2334.210
b-2.060-1.967-1.322-1.399
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不同等效距离对应的系数ab

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L/m2.000~3.6763.676~7.9347.934~29.750>29.750
a11.5356.9063.2334.210
b-2.060-1.967-1.322-1.399
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油漆挥发与燃爆机理计算研究——以某船厂爆炸事故为例
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李毅 1, 2 , 吴龙海 3 , 申利远 4 , 黄楚原 1 , 赵齐 1 , 陈先锋 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(4): 197-204
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(4): 197-204
油漆挥发与燃爆机理计算研究——以某船厂爆炸事故为例
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李毅1, 2 , 吴龙海3, 申利远4 , 黄楚原1, 赵齐1, 陈先锋1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学,武汉 430070
  • 2.南京理工大学,南京 210097
  • 3.湖北省应急管理厅,武汉 430000
  • 4.中国消防救援学院,北京 102200
  • 李毅(1995-),男,博士、助理研究员,从事可燃气云燃爆安全防护技术研究,(E-mail)

    LI Yi (1995-), male, Ph. D, assistant researcher, engaged in research on safety and protection technology for gas cloud combustion and explosion, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

申利远(1981-),男,博士、副教授,从事火灾爆炸调查研究工作,(E-mail)
Computational Research on Volatilization and Explosion Mechanism of Paint——Example of a Shipyard Explosion
Yi LI1, 2 , Long-hai WU3, Li-yuan SHEN4 , Chu-yuan HUANG1, Qi ZHAO1, Xian-feng CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210097, China
  • 3.Hubei Provincial Department of Emergency Management, Wuhan 430000, China
  • 4.China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102200, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.025
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以某船厂爆炸事故调查为例,综合使用现场踏勘、走访问询、数值模拟、理论计算、爆炸痕迹分析等调查技术手段,对事故发生、发展,爆炸后效,燃爆机理等展开深入研究。对涉事船体现场踏勘发现,右舷主甲板No. 7空舱人孔区域残留有新鲜焊渣。此外,根据火源痕迹、船体破坏程度和舱体开裂方向确定右舷No. 7空舱为爆炸事故起始点。综合现场调查结果,还原爆炸事故起因:船舶涂装作业时油漆和稀释剂挥发产生大量有机可燃物,与空气混合后形成爆炸性混合气体,在空舱有限空间内聚集。爆炸性混合气体遇人孔处溅落的焊渣,导致右舷No. 7空舱发生爆炸,继而引发右舷其余舱室爆炸。由于爆炸冲击波的孕育-发展-消散的发展历程,爆炸现场破坏情况以No. 7空舱为中心,向四周的破坏情况先逐步加深,而后损伤逐步降低。借助CFD分析软件FLUENT,模拟发现爆炸混合气12 h时间内通过人孔向外扩散10%。基于此分析结果,计算获得混合气体体积浓度7.3%,可满足燃爆的发生,且爆炸后TNT当量为188 kg。根据爆炸后事故现场建筑物损毁程度反演爆炸TNT当量为203 kg,与基于混合气体物性参数计算获得的爆炸TNT当量具有较好的一致性,证明此计算方式具有切实可行性。

油漆扩散  /  爆炸当量  /  数值模拟  /  反演计算

Taking the explosion of a shipyard as an example, the investigative techniques had been comprehensively utilized (such as on-site investigation, interview, numerical simulation, theoretical calculation, trace analysis, etc.) to conduct in-depth research on the development of the accident, consequences and mechanism of the explosion. An on-site survey of the involved hull revealed fresh welding slag remaining on the starboard main deck in the area of the No. 7 empty cabin utility hole. In addition, the empty compartment No. 7 on the starboard side was identified as the explosion's origin based on the ignition source traces, the extent of the hull damage, and the cracking direction. The root of the explosion accident was restored according to results from a comprehensive on-site investigation. The paint and thinner would volatilize and produce massive organic combustibles during painting operations, forming explosive mixtures when mixed with air and accumulating in the empty compartment's limited space. The explosive gas mixture contacted spattered weld slag at the utility hole, causing an explosion in the empty compartment No. 7 on the starboard side, which triggered explosions in the remaining compartments. As a result of the breeding-development-dissipation of the shock wave, the explosion first intensified and then gradually reduced damage to the surrounding of the NO. 7 empty cabin as the center. The simulation with the CFD analysis software FLUENT revealed that the explosion mixture diffused 10% outward through the utility hole in 12 h. According to the diffusivity analysis results, the gas mixture's volumetric concentration was calculated to be 7.3%, which is sufficient for a combustion explosion. The equivalent amount of TNT for the explosion was 188 kg, which was inverted to 203 kg depending on the extent of damage to the buildings at the accident site after the explosion. It is in good agreement with the TNT equivalent of the explosion obtained from calculations based on the physical parameters of the gas mixture, which proves the practicability of the calculation.

paint proliferation  /  explosive equivalent  /  numerical simulation  /  inverse calculation
李毅, 吴龙海, 申利远, 黄楚原, 赵齐, 陈先锋. 油漆挥发与燃爆机理计算研究——以某船厂爆炸事故为例. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 197 -204 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.025
Yi LI, Long-hai WU, Li-yuan SHEN, Chu-yuan HUANG, Qi ZHAO, Xian-feng CHEN. Computational Research on Volatilization and Explosion Mechanism of Paint——Example of a Shipyard Explosion[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 197 -204 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.025
船舶由于航行环境复杂,服役周期较长,易受水体腐蚀及水生生物污损侵害,因此采取有效的防腐、防污措施,对延长船舶使用寿命和维修周期至关重要[1]。船舶涂装作业作为最有效的防腐措施,被广泛应用于船体建造到运行的全部过程,已成为现代造船工艺的三大支柱之一[2]。船舶表面较大的涂装面积,相应造成了大量油漆的使用。由于油漆理化性质特殊,喷涂过程中稀释剂、溶剂油等组分可迅速挥发,挥发分与空气结合,形成具有爆炸特性的颗粒物弥散在船舶密闭舱室内,对施工人员身心健康及涂装作业的安全生产造成巨大威胁。近年来,由于涂装作业导致的安全事故层出不穷,如2019年11月,河南信阳某船厂因电焊火花与高浓度油漆挥发分接触产生爆炸,导致1死3伤;2021年7月,四川泸州某造船厂因油漆挥发分与未熄灭烟头接触,引燃舱内可燃预混气,发生较大爆炸事故,造成3人死亡;2005年12月,日本广岛马自达汽车工厂涂装间静电火花引燃油漆,火灾造成2600多万美元的经济损失。因油漆挥发导致的火灾爆炸事故对社会公共安全、人民群众生命财产安全造成了不可估量的损失。
理清事故发生、发展过程,准确查明事故原因,评估爆炸灾害影响,以便采取针对性防护措施对杜绝类似事件的发生至关重要。张鹏以成品油轮的特种舱室喷涂作业为研究对象[3],首先从人、机、料、法、环方面对危险源进行定性识别,然后结合作业条件危险性评价法、故障树分析法(FTA)定量获得可危险源对事故发生的重要度,最后针对各危险源提出具体改进措施,如加强通风、浓度实时监测、控制静电等。刘宗桃等人设计了一种油漆挥发分浓度检测装置[4],研究发现醇酸漆、硝基漆和喷漆的挥发物质均具有爆炸特性,且随着油漆中颗粒成分的增加,爆炸压力也随之增大。以某油漆调配间为研究对象,张璐、郝爱玲等人采取理论计算与定性分析的方法[5,6],确定甲苯、二甲苯等挥发物浓度,对现行防爆措施可行性进行深入研究。
爆炸事故发生后的分析调查对确定事故起因、爆炸发展及波及影响范围至关重要,同时可快速理清事故责任,提出针对性整改防护措施,为防止类似安全事故的发生提供有效指导。基于某地船厂油漆喷涂作业中发生的一起爆炸事故,笔者从理论分析与数值计算角度对该起事故进行深入探究,阐明爆炸机理,为类似研究工作提供技术参考。
2023年4月某地造船厂发生较大爆炸事故,造成7人死亡、5人受伤。事故发生时该公司1#、2#、3#、4#、5#、8#船台均有船舶在建,事故船舶于1#船台建造,如图1所示。
图2所示,该船舶为一艘在建内河钢质标准散货船,总长99.8 m,型宽16.2 m,型深5.6 m,其中段货舱区域为双底、双壳结构,设有2个货舱(前部为No. 1货舱,后部为No. 2货舱),左右舷各设有8个空舱,空舱为L型,舷侧上层区域、舷侧下层区域和双层底区域通过人孔相连,舱室编号从艏向艉依次为No. 1空舱(左/右)~No. 8空舱(左/右)。涉事船体处于施工阶段,主船体结构已经成型,艉部甲板室已安装到位,主要设备已进舱安装,主船体各舱室人孔盖尚未安装,目前处于舱内涂装作业和舾装件安装阶段。
根据现场查勘、涂料查封情况和问询笔录,4月13日~14日两天,船体正进行涂装作业,期间同时存在焊工作业情况。事故发生后,涉事船舶及周围20 m范围内为严重受损区域,船舶右舷大部分舱室外板撕裂,No. 7空舱(右)侧壁膨胀隆起。No. 1空舱(右)舷侧外板上部局部撕裂,货舱内壁后部严重变形,出现大的撕裂口,如图3图4所示;No. 2空舱(右)~No. 6空舱(右)和No. 8空舱(右)舷侧外板撕脱,内部舱室结构完全暴露,如图2所示。
经人员询问和现场勘查,爆炸发生时,右舷主甲板No. 7空舱人孔区域(图5)正在进行简易舱棚盖骨架安装的焊接作业,现场发现残留的新鲜焊渣,如图6所示。焊接产生的溅落火花最高温度可达1000℃,足以点燃舱内的爆炸性混合气体。
着火点的确定主要通过火源痕迹、船体破坏程度和冲击波破坏舱体开裂方向来进行。对于相对封闭的船舱有限空间内,爆炸能量主要通过冲击波的形式进行释放,其余部分通过气体膨胀做功、声光等形式耗散。本次事故涉事船舶在冲击波作用下,破坏呈现以右舷No. 7空舱上层人孔为中心,向四周辐射的特征。随着冲击波传播过程的不断发展,右舷No. 8及No. 2~No. 6舱体壁面被完全撕脱。冲击波向四周传播过程中超压逐渐衰减,因此No. 1~No. 2空舱壁面微微隆起,并未出现解离、撕脱现象,破坏程度较小(图2)。该破坏特征完全符合密闭空间内冲击波传播作用规律。此外,右舷No. 7空舱上层人孔位置发现新鲜焊渣,提供了爆炸得以发生的火源。
基于上述分析,确定本次事故的直接原因为:船舶涂装作业时油漆和稀释剂挥发产生大量有机可燃气体,与空气混合形成爆炸性混合气体,在空舱有限空间内聚集,遇甲板区域舱口围轨道电焊作业产生的溅落火花,导致右舷No. 7空舱发生爆炸,并引发右舷其余空舱接续爆炸。
经现场查勘,该事故涂装材料为醇酸树脂漆和稀释剂,挥发分主要为二甲苯、溶剂油及正丁醇,与空气混合易形成爆炸性混合气体,在高温有限空间内遇火源极易引起爆炸。根据施工操作人员问询,对船体右舷的涂装作业一共进行了2 d。由于右舷上侧人孔(400 mm×600 mm)的开设,油漆挥发物可通过人孔向大气缓慢扩散。为准确获得第一天油漆涂装作业后,爆炸性气体通过人孔向自由空间的扩散量,采用CFD中的FLUENT数值计算软件展开模拟研究。
根据右舷船舱实际尺寸,经合理简化后使用SolidWorks建立二维等比模型,如图7所示。
图8中,使用ICEM CFD网格划分工具对二维模型进行四边形网格划分,在气体湍流强度较大的人孔位置附近进行局部网格加密,以便获得更加准确的模拟结果。红色箭头表示人孔位置及爆炸性气体扩散方向。为排除网格数量对计算精度与结果的影响,正式模拟前需进行网格无关性验证。通过改变网格尺寸,设置了三种不同的网格量,即70523、78695和81798。监测扩散12 h后人孔处二甲苯扩散速度,不同网格量下的计算结果如图9所示。采用不同网格量的计算模型中,12 h内二甲苯的扩散速度趋势大致相同。比较三种网格量下的计算结果发现,网格量78695与81798时,二甲苯扩散速度高度一致;网格量70523时二甲苯扩散速度与前述两种网格量下的计算结果差距较大。因此本研究中,选用网格量81798进行后续计算,网格质量检查平均值0.75,表明网格质量较好,可满足计算需求[7]
本研究采用SST(shear-stress transport,剪切力输运)k-ε模型,能够同时综合标准k-ε模型与高雷诺数k-ε模型两者的优点。计算过程中,近壁面处流动程度较小,使用标准k-ε模型;逐渐向外围过渡过程中,使用高雷诺数k-ε模型[8]。具体输运模型可表示为
式中:Gk为平均速度梯度引起的湍动能k的产生项;Gω为比耗散率ω的产生项;YK为湍流中k的耗散项;Yω为湍流中ω的耗散项;Dω为耦合k-ω模型和k-ε模型的交互扩散项。
爆炸性气体的挥发本质上属于可燃气体与周围空气的对流与分子运动,因此选择兼具以上两种动力学特征的混合组分输运模型(Species Transport Model),计算表征爆炸性气体挥发行为[9,10]。模型内部及壁面填充爆炸性气体(二甲苯、溶剂油及正丁醇)与空气的混合物,且不考虑组分间化学反应。竖直方向施加重力加速度-9.81 m/s2。边界条件设置方面,上下底面、左右侧面及内部人孔壁面统一设置为质量流量入口(Mass-flow-inlet),如图10所示[11],各组分壁面辐射质量流动速率统一设置为10-3 kg/s。参考事故发生时当天气温参数,环境温度统一设置为1300 K,1 atm。混合物组成(Species)设置二甲苯质量分数52%,溶剂油质量分数14%,正丁醇34%。四个人孔位置设置为压力出口(Pressure-outlet)。计算前将爆炸性混合气体各组分设置为0并初始化,表示初始时刻油漆未开始扩散,舱室内不存在可燃气体。设置求解时间步(Time Step)10 s,总求解时间12 h。
以二甲苯为例,计算过程中输出其质量分布云图。如图11所示,扩散1.5 h后,舱壁油漆逐渐向舱室内挥发,随着分子扩散运动,二甲苯浓度逐渐降低,且靠近人孔位置,二甲苯逐渐向大气环境中扩散。计算12 h后,如图12所示,舱室左右两端及侧壁二甲苯浓度最大,由于内部空间内二甲苯浓度梯度较小,云图色块区别不明显,这也使得内部舱室隔板附件区别不明显,未能显示出舱室隔板位置。
于舱室顶部人孔处设置爆炸性气体挥发质量监测点,输出扩散12 h后人孔处二甲苯挥发量,如图13所示。受人孔周围外部大气环境影响,二甲苯扩散质量速度随时间出现小幅震荡,扩散速度均值约为10-4 kg/s,12 h后人孔处扩散的二甲苯总量为4.32 kg。对比二甲苯实际挥发总量:43 200 s×0.001 kg/s=43.2 kg,经由人孔的扩散量占4.32 kg/43.2 kg=10%。
采用以上分析方法,计算得溶剂油、正丁醇经由人孔向外扩散实际速度均值分别为9.61×10-5 kg/s、9.80×10-5 kg/s,扩散总量分别为4.15 kg、4.23 kg,质量分别占油漆总挥发量的9.6%、9.8%,后续计算统一取二甲苯、溶剂油及正丁醇的扩散度为10%。
根据事故现场遗留油漆桶数及涂装工人问询,相关材料规格及用量如表1所示。
醇酸树脂漆含有20%二甲苯(闪点29℃)、10%溶剂油(200#,闪点33℃)。稀释剂中含50%二甲苯(闪点29℃)、30%溶剂油(150#,闪点62℃)和20%正丁醇(闪点29℃)。根据第三节人孔处爆炸气体的扩散度分析计算结果,对事故发生前二甲苯、溶剂油及正丁醇的质量计算如下。
(1)二甲苯
第一天:(22 kg×27桶×20%+12 kg×7.2桶×50%)×90%=145.8 kg
第二天:22 kg×21桶×20%+12 kg×5.4桶×50%=124.8 kg
二甲苯总质量:270.6 kg
(2)溶剂油
第一天:(22 kg×27桶×10%+12 kg×7.2桶×30%)×90%=76.788 kg
第二天:22 kg×21桶×10%+12 kg×5.4桶×30%=65.64 kg
溶剂油总质量:142.428 kg
(3)正丁醇
第一天:12 kg×7.2桶×20%×90%=15.552 kg
第二天:12 kg×5.4桶×20%=12.96 kg
正丁醇总质量:28.512 kg
采用公式(3)对爆炸性混合气体浓度进行计算。
式中:n为物质的量,mol;m为气体质量,kg;M为气体摩尔质量(二甲苯:106 g/mol,溶剂油:155 g/mol;正丁醇:74 g/mol);V为气体体积,L;Vm为气体摩尔体积。
基于以上公式及参数,计算获得爆炸性混合气体中各组分体积:V二甲苯=55 183 L,V溶剂油=15 391 L,V正丁醇=8631 L,V混合=55 183+15 391+8631=79 205 L。根据船体结构尺寸计算,右舷L型空舱总容积1085 m3(1 085 000 L),则爆炸性混合气体体积浓度为79 205/1 085 000=7.3%。
爆炸性混合气体中各组分气体单质的爆炸上下限分别为:L(二甲苯)=1%,L(二甲苯)=7.0%;L(溶剂油)=1.1%,L(溶剂油)=8.7%;L(正丁醇)=1.4%,L(正丁醇)=11.3%。根据理想气体状态平衡方程,混合气中三种气体组分体积分数分别为φ二甲苯=66.19%,φ溶剂油=24.14%,φ正丁醇=9.67%。由于各气体组分相互之间不发生反应,由理查特里公式[12],式(4),计算混合气体的爆炸上下限。
式中:Lm为混合气体爆炸极限;L1~Ln为组分气体爆炸极限;V1~Vn为组分气体的体积分数。计算获得爆炸下限:100/(66.19/1+24.14/1.1+9.67/1.4)=1.05%,爆炸上限:100/(66.19/7+24.14/8.7+9.67/11.3)=7.64%,则爆炸极限范围为1.05%~7.64%。基于上述计算,爆炸混合气体浓度为7.3%,处于爆炸极限范围内,满足燃爆发生条件。
基于以上爆炸性混合气体组分分析,使用公式(5)进行爆炸TNT当量计算[13]
式中:mTNT为爆炸TNT当量,kg;A为当量系数,有限空间内可燃气爆炸取4.5%;mf为爆炸性混合气体中各组分质量(二甲苯:270.6 kg,溶剂油:142.428 kg,正丁醇:28.512 kg);Qf为各组分爆热(二甲苯:43 050 kJ/kg,溶剂油:43690 kJ/kg,正丁醇:36 150 kJ/kg);QTNT为TNT爆热,取4.52×103 kJ/kg。基于以上公式及参数,计算得mTNT=188 kg,即根据油漆挥发量计算获得爆炸TNT当量为188 kg。
以房屋损毁情况为判据,反演爆炸混合气体TNT当量。房屋损毁与冲击波超压关系如表2所示[14]
爆炸TNT当量的反演采用式(6)理论模型。
式中:ΔP为冲击波超压,Pa;ab为系数;L为等效距离,m;d为距爆炸中心的距离,m;mTNT为等效TNT质量,kg。不同等效距离对应的系数ab表3
经过现场踏勘,对周边建筑物损毁情况进行全面排查,确定距离涉事故船体3号舱120 m处,彩钢房窗户玻璃全部破碎且大部分窗框掉落,为冲击波最大波及距离,如图14所示。
结合表2,玻璃破碎时ΔP=6 kPa,d=120 m,求解得到mTNT=203 kg。该爆炸TNT当量与基于爆炸性混合气体相关参数获取的TNT当量(188 kg)相对误差7%,具有较好的一致性。油漆扩散数值计算模型的选择、计算时间步等设置问题对计算结果会产生微小计算影响。此外,根据爆炸事故破坏情况进行爆炸当量的反演计算时,现场破坏判据的选择是多样的,且破坏时冲击波超压的选择基准为非线性阈值范围,具有不确定性,多半需要依据现场具体破坏情况,结合事故调查经验选定,以上多因此造成了爆炸TNT当量误差的存在。后续研究中为最大化减小误差的存在,可尝试计算模型、时间步等模拟方法、参数的调整,同时使用多破坏判据,从不同维度综合比较获得的爆炸TNT当量,选择误差最小的反演计算方案。
以某船厂油漆涂装作业引发的爆炸事故为研究对象,对事故展开溯源,详细分析了火源来源、着火点、爆炸气体物性参数、爆炸TNT当量。经现场踏勘、人员问询、爆炸痕迹分析,认定本次事故的直接原因是船舱涂装作业使用的油漆、稀释剂挥发的二甲苯、溶剂油、正丁醇等可燃气体与空气混合并在空舱有限空间内聚集,遇甲板区域舱口围轨道电焊作业产生的溅落火花,导致右舷No. 7空舱发生爆炸,并引发右舷其余空舱接续爆炸。建立船舱二维模型,开启高雷诺数湍流计算及组分输运模型,通过CFD流体动力学分析研究了舱壁油漆12 h内扩散行为,确定12 h后通过人孔扩散至大气中的爆炸气体约占总挥发量的10%。基于数值模拟结果,计算获得爆炸混合气体浓度为7.3%,爆炸TNT当量为188 kg。此外,根据涉事船体周边建筑物损毁情况,反演计算爆炸混合气TNT当量为203 kg,与基于混合气体物性参数计算获得的爆炸TNT当量具有较好的一致性。该研究工作采用的爆炸事故分析思路,数值计算、模拟方法可为类似安全事故的调查提供理论与方法支撑。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(30923010308)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52274224)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.025
  • 接收时间:2024-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-07
基金
Special funds for basic research operating expenses of central universities(30923010308)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(30923010308)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274224)
国家自然科学基金(52274224)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学,武汉 430070
    2.南京理工大学,南京 210097
    3.湖北省应急管理厅,武汉 430000
    4.中国消防救援学院,北京 102200

通讯作者:

申利远(1981-),男,博士、副教授,从事火灾爆炸调查研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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