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Article(id=1241409513560002898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715270400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904692306, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904692306, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904692306, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904692306, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=174, endPage=180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409515715875164, articleId=1241409513560002898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Fusion Delay Detonation Network in Small Section Excavation, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The construction of a blasting network is challenging, with high risks and costs associated with blasting equipment. Considering the geological structure, physical and mechanical properties of the excavation target, and the detonation characteristics of the detonating cable, a delayed detonation network was designed to combine a digital electronic detonator and a detonating cord. This design replaced the digital electronic detonator with the detonating cord in auxiliary and peripheral holes within the same section. In contrast, a single digital electronic detonator was used to initiate detonation to reduce the networking complexity and improve the overall reliability of the network. Field tests conducted at Guangshan iron mine and Gemstone phosphate mine verified the applicability of this method in different mineral environments. The results show that the fusion delay detonation network can significantly reduce detonation equipment costs, simplify initiation network construction, improve cutting effectiveness, and reduce safety risks during excavating small-section roadways in iron mines. However, during the underground phosphate rock test, the unique geological structure and the properties of phosphate rock prevented the designed network from achieving the expected results, indicating a need for further research.

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QIN Zi-hang (1996-), male, assistant engineer, mainly engaged in the research and application of mining safety technology, occupational health management and occupational hazard control technology, (E-mail) .
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井下小断面巷道开挖作业环境条件差、使用数码电子雷管数量多，起爆网路施工难度大、安全风险高、爆破器材成本费用高。基于开挖对象地质构造及物理力学性质和导爆索传爆特性，设计了一种数码电子雷管与导爆索融合的延时起爆网路，将同段别辅助孔和周边孔中用导爆索代替数码电子雷管，由单发数码电子雷管起爆，以降低组网复杂度，提高网路整体可靠度，并分别在广山铁矿和宝石山磷矿开展了现场试验，以验证其在不同矿种环境下的适用性。试验结果表明：在铁矿小断面巷道开挖爆破过程中，所设计的融合延时起爆网路能够大幅度降低起爆器材成本、提高起爆网路施工的便利性、改善掏槽效果、降低作业过程中的安全风险。而在地下磷矿试验过程中，由于受制于磷矿地质构造及物理力学性质的特殊性，所设计的融合延时网路未实现预期效果，还需开展进一步研究。

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秦梓航（1996-），男，助理工程师，主要从事矿山开采安全技术、职业健康管理和职业病危害控制技术研究与应用等工作，（E-mail）。
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秦绍兵（1966-），男，采矿专业硕士、教授级高级工程师，主要从事采矿工艺技术、控制爆破技术研究与应用等工作，（E-mail）。

QIN Shao-bing (1966-), male, master of mining, professor-level senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining technology, controlled blasting technology research and application, (E-mail) .

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秦绍兵（1966-），男，采矿专业硕士、教授级高级工程师，主要从事采矿工艺技术、控制爆破技术研究与应用等工作，（E-mail）。

QIN Shao-bing (1966-), male, master of mining, professor-level senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining technology, controlled blasting technology research and application, (E-mail) .

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秦绍兵（1966-），男，采矿专业硕士、教授级高级工程师，主要从事采矿工艺技术、控制爆破技术研究与应用等工作，（E-mail）。

QIN Shao-bing (1966-), male, master of mining, professor-level senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining technology, controlled blasting technology research and application, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on vulnerable factors of digital electronic detonators in small hole spacing network, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409540399354028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=171, pageEnd=181, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=28, authorNames=李洪伟, 吴延梦, 吴立辉, journalName=高压物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李洪伟, 吴延梦, 吴立辉, 等. 电子雷管起爆条件下隧道掏槽孔与辅助孔的延时优化试验研究[J]. 高压物理学报, 2023, 37(1): 171-181., articleTitle=电子雷管起爆条件下隧道掏槽孔与辅助孔的延时优化试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409541913497778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=171, pageEnd=181, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LI Hong-wei, WU Yan-meng, WU Li-hui, journalName=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Hong-wei, WU Yan-meng, WU Li-hui, et al. Experimental study on delay time optimization of tunnel cutting holes and caving holes under electronic detonator initiation condition[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2023, 37(1): 171-181. 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241409529938760428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Field photo of full digital electronic detonator network for small-section excavation, figureFileSmall=J4vux5+ZHTlPF+kQpsim7Q==, figureFileBig=bT9+YmhpNY2GMwrjWa2owA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530081366775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=CN, label=图1, caption=井下小断面开挖全数码电子雷管网路现场照片, figureFileSmall=J4vux5+ZHTlPF+kQpsim7Q==, figureFileBig=bT9+YmhpNY2GMwrjWa2owA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530307859206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Fusion delay initiation network for small-section excavation, figureFileSmall=tCbOv5uDrFYUDyxt8VFSvQ==, figureFileBig=TLMrYUnqYwaJOM/IiMqX3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530408522511, 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1-空心孔内掏槽孔；2-空心孔；3-空心孔外掏槽孔；4-辅助孔；5-底板孔和边帮孔；6-顶板孔

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1-起爆辅助孔和周边孔中装药的导爆索；2-起爆空孔之内掏槽孔中装药的数码电子雷管及脚线；3-起爆空孔之外掏槽孔中装药的数码电子雷管及脚线；4-为掏槽孔提供自由面和补偿空间的空心孔；5-起爆辅助孔和周边孔中导爆索的数码电子雷管及脚线；6-数码电子雷管接线卡；7-组网主线；8-扫码组网起爆器

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Design table of blasting delay time for excavation of small section roadway in metal mine

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段别延时时间/ms
10
2100
3150
4230
5310
6390
7470
8540
9620
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金属矿山小断面巷道开挖爆破延时时间设计表

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段别延时时间/ms
10
2100
3150
4230
5310
6390
7470
8540
9620
), ArticleFig(id=1241409533638136737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of blasting effect of two schemes

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 全数码雷管方案融合起爆网路方案
孔数/个5656
孔深/m2.302.30
循环进尺/m2.062.02
炮眼利用率/%89.687.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241409533742994345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两种方案爆破效果对比表

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 全数码雷管方案融合起爆网路方案
孔数/个5656
孔深/m2.302.30
循环进尺/m2.062.02
炮眼利用率/%89.687.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241409533877212082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the cost of detonating equipment of the two schemes

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 全数码电子雷管方案融合起爆网路方案
用量单价/元小计/元用量单价/元小计/元
数码电子雷管/个5320.51086.51620.5328
导爆索/m04.001084.0432
每循环成本/元  1086.5  760
), ArticleFig(id=1241409533990458299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两种方案起爆器材成本对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 全数码电子雷管方案融合起爆网路方案
用量单价/元小计/元用量单价/元小计/元
数码电子雷管/个5320.51086.51620.5328
导爆索/m04.001084.0432
每循环成本/元  1086.5  760
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534200173508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparative table of cost of detonating equipment for two schemes

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 全数码电子雷管方案融合起爆网路方案
用量单价/元小计/元用量单价/元小计/元
数码电子雷管/个3220.56561120.5225.5
导爆索/m04.00804.0320
每循环成本/元  656  545.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534288253899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513560002898, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两种方案起爆器材成本对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 全数码电子雷管方案融合起爆网路方案
用量单价/元小计/元用量单价/元小计/元
数码电子雷管/个3220.56561120.5225.5
导爆索/m04.00804.0320
每循环成本/元  656  545.5
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井下小断面开挖融合延时起爆网路试验研究
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秦绍兵 1, 2 , 许自栋 3 , 王道银 4 , 秦梓航 1 , 葛永翔 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(4): 174-180
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(4): 174-180
井下小断面开挖融合延时起爆网路试验研究
全屏
秦绍兵1, 2 , 许自栋3, 王道银4, 秦梓航1 , 葛永翔2
作者信息
  • 1.中钢集团　武汉安全环保研究院有限公司，武汉　430081
  • 2.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
  • 3.福建省奕顺建设工程有限公司，泉州　362200
  • 4.宜昌宝石山矿业有限公司，宜昌　443145

    • 秦绍兵（1966-），男，采矿专业硕士、教授级高级工程师，主要从事采矿工艺技术、控制爆破技术研究与应用等工作，（E-mail）。

    QIN Shao-bing (1966-), male, master of mining, professor-level senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining technology, controlled blasting technology research and application, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

秦梓航（1996-），男，助理工程师，主要从事矿山开采安全技术、职业健康管理和职业病危害控制技术研究与应用等工作，（E-mail）。
Experimental Study on Fusion Delay Detonation Network in Small Section Excavation
Shao-bing QIN1, 2 , Zi-dong XU3, Dao-yin WANG4, Zi-hang QIN1 , Yong-xiang GE2
Affiliations
  • 1.Wuhan Safety and Environmental Protection Institute Co., LTD., Sinosteel, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3.Fujian Yishun Construction Engineering Co., LTD., Quanzhou 362200, China
  • 4.Yichang Gem Mountain Mining Co., LTD., Yichang 443145, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.022
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摘要
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井下小断面巷道开挖作业环境条件差、使用数码电子雷管数量多，起爆网路施工难度大、安全风险高、爆破器材成本费用高。基于开挖对象地质构造及物理力学性质和导爆索传爆特性，设计了一种数码电子雷管与导爆索融合的延时起爆网路，将同段别辅助孔和周边孔中用导爆索代替数码电子雷管，由单发数码电子雷管起爆，以降低组网复杂度，提高网路整体可靠度，并分别在广山铁矿和宝石山磷矿开展了现场试验，以验证其在不同矿种环境下的适用性。试验结果表明：在铁矿小断面巷道开挖爆破过程中，所设计的融合延时起爆网路能够大幅度降低起爆器材成本、提高起爆网路施工的便利性、改善掏槽效果、降低作业过程中的安全风险。而在地下磷矿试验过程中，由于受制于磷矿地质构造及物理力学性质的特殊性，所设计的融合延时网路未实现预期效果，还需开展进一步研究。

小断面开挖  /  数码电子雷管  /  导爆索  /  融合  /  延时起爆网路

The construction of a blasting network is challenging, with high risks and costs associated with blasting equipment. Considering the geological structure, physical and mechanical properties of the excavation target, and the detonation characteristics of the detonating cable, a delayed detonation network was designed to combine a digital electronic detonator and a detonating cord. This design replaced the digital electronic detonator with the detonating cord in auxiliary and peripheral holes within the same section. In contrast, a single digital electronic detonator was used to initiate detonation to reduce the networking complexity and improve the overall reliability of the network. Field tests conducted at Guangshan iron mine and Gemstone phosphate mine verified the applicability of this method in different mineral environments. The results show that the fusion delay detonation network can significantly reduce detonation equipment costs, simplify initiation network construction, improve cutting effectiveness, and reduce safety risks during excavating small-section roadways in iron mines. However, during the underground phosphate rock test, the unique geological structure and the properties of phosphate rock prevented the designed network from achieving the expected results, indicating a need for further research.

small section excavation  /  digital electronic detonator  /  detonating cord  /  fuse  /  delayed initiation network
秦绍兵, 许自栋, 王道银, 秦梓航, 葛永翔. 井下小断面开挖融合延时起爆网路试验研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 174 -180 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.022
Shao-bing QIN, Zi-dong XU, Dao-yin WANG, Zi-hang QIN, Yong-xiang GE. Experimental Study on Fusion Delay Detonation Network in Small Section Excavation[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 174 -180 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.022
正文
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根据《“十四五”民用爆炸物品行业安全发展规划》（2021年）的进度安排，我国应全面推广工业数码电子雷管，除保留少量产能用于出口或其它经许可的特殊用途外，至2022年6月底前停止生产、8月底前停止销售普通工业雷管。相关政策的推进必将引起工程爆破领域的技术变革。
数码电子雷管作为一种新型的电子引爆装置，相较于普通工业雷管具有本质安全度高、公共安全性好、稳定可靠性高、爆破效果好、爆破振动低等优势[1,2]。目前绝大多数省份已经全面使用数码电子雷管，但在考虑经济合理和技术可行的前提下，如何充分利用数码电子雷管的优越性，设计基于数码电子雷管的融合起爆网络，攻克各类应用场景的技术应用壁垒，依旧是急需攻关的重点方向。
如图1所示，在井下小断面、多孔数的巷道掘进过程中，由于井下环境复杂且孔间距较小，先起爆炮孔势必对未起爆雷管的芯片、引火药头等内部结构造成破坏，进而产生盲炮、拒爆现象，在降低作业效率的同时增加了盲炮处理风险[3-6]。同时由于数码电子雷管造价高，矿山企业为节省成本，通常从钻孔量、药量和孔数方面进行压减，这势必会降低巷道成巷质量，进一步增加了井下作业安全风险和冒顶片帮事故隐患。
针对井下小断面开挖爆破所存在的问题，业内诸多学者开展了相关研究。金小淳等分析了电子雷管在小断面隧道应用过程中出现拒爆、盲炮以及爆破效果差的原因[7]，并针对雷管特点和隧道地质条件以及孔网参数等因素，提出了适用于小断面隧道爆破开挖的逐孔起爆技术。章逸锋等为了提高小断面巷道掘进炮孔利用率[8]，优化了对角柱形掏槽爆破参数，优化后的对角柱形炮孔利用率可由80%提高至93%。万嗣鹏等为解决小断面隧道爆破开挖时爆破振动速度过大等问题[9]，从水压爆破、准直眼掏槽形式、毫秒延时爆破三个方面对爆破方案进行了优化，并从理论上给出了降振效果的最优毫秒延时范围。陈迎军等结合大红山铁矿小断面箕斗竖井中深孔爆破技术的应用情况[10]，采用导爆管雷管及电磁雷管爆破网路，提高了网路的准爆性和爆破效率，降低了爆破飞石的冲击。
因此，在现有研究的基础上，结合政策的驱动性和数码电子雷管的优越性，针对井下小断面井巷施工的掘进爆破作业需求，设计一种基于数码电子雷管的融合起爆网路的安全、高效、经济的爆破施工工艺，对于矿山企业改善巷道成巷质量、保障安全生产、降低生产成本具有重要的实际意义。
1　融合延时起爆网路设计
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针对小断面开挖爆破过程中，矿岩夹制作用大（自由面小、需布置密集的掏槽孔和辅助孔）、炮孔之间相互影响大（先爆孔可能导致后爆孔中雷管芯片受损、先爆孔矿岩体位移可能破坏后爆网路）、炮孔数量多（数码电子雷管用量多、成本高）、网路复杂（炮孔密集、段别多、延时设置及组网工作出错率高）等特点[11-15]，设计了一种数码电子雷管与导爆索融合的延时起爆网路，如图2所示。即在同段别辅助孔和周边孔中用导爆索代替数码电子雷管，利用一发数码电子雷管起爆，实现爆破过程的组网简单、操作便利，并降低成本。
1.1　小断面巷道开挖的网路设计
针对三心拱形断面（多适用于铁、铜等火成岩类金属矿）和矩形断面（多适应于磷、石膏等沉积岩类非金属矿）巷道，并结合不同的断面积，分别设计了如下数码电子雷管与导爆索融合的延时起爆网路，如图3所示为不同形状断面巷道炮孔布置平面示意图，图4所示为不同形状断面巷道延时起爆网路段别设计平面示意图，图5所示为融合延时起爆网路段别设计剖面示意图。
在针对以上网路设计过程中，孔数和孔位可根据现场实际情况适当调整，其中掏槽孔均为数码电子雷管直接起爆孔内炸药，其余孔均由1发数码电子雷管孔内或孔外引爆导爆索、进而引爆同段炮孔内的炸药。
1.2　小断面巷道开挖的网路延时时间设计
针对三心拱形断面和矩形断面巷道，结合不同的断面积和不同的矿岩物理力学性质，分别设计了不同的数码电子雷管与导爆索融合的起爆网路延时时间。如表1所示为金属矿山小断面巷道开挖爆破延时时间设计。
1.3　融合延时起爆网路连接方式
融合延时起爆网路连接包括导爆索与导爆索之间的连接和数码电子雷管与导爆索之间的连接，考虑到施工的便利性及连接的可靠性，在现场试验过程中，导爆索与导爆索之间的连接采用绑结方式连接，如图6所示。
数码电子雷管与导爆索之间的连接方式，如图7所示。
在试验及现场应用过程中，网路连接时应注意：起爆导爆索的雷管与导爆索绑扎端端头的距离不应小于15 cm，雷管的聚能穴应朝向导爆索的传爆方向，切忌雷管反向；采用绑结方式连接导爆索网路时，两根导爆索的重叠长度应不小于10 cm。
2　现场试验
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针对全数码电子雷管方案及上述所设计的融合延时起爆网路方案，分别在鄂东广山铁矿和鄂西宝石山磷矿的小断面巷道开挖爆破过程中开展了现场对比试验，以验证其在不同矿种井下巷道开挖爆破过程中的适用性。为保证试验效果的可比性，同类型矿种的试验选择在同一采区相邻进路中进行，其巷道断面形状、大小、岩性均基本相同。
2.1　金属矿现场试验
（1）全数码电子雷管方案
铁矿巷道为宽4.2 m、高3.7 m的三心拱形断面，原设计钻孔56个（含4个空孔），设计装药方式及段别为：共56个孔，4个大孔不装药。1段共2发、1个掏槽孔；2段共4发、4个辅助孔；3段共4发、4个辅助孔；4段共4发、4个辅助孔；5段共4发、4个辅助孔；6段共5发、5个辅助孔；7段共6发、6个辅助孔；8段共15发、3个辅助孔、4个底孔、8个周边孔（帮部）；9段共9发、2个底孔、7个周边孔（拱顶）；共使用数码电子雷管53发。延时时间设计为：1段设置为0 ms，2段延时150 ms，3段延时300 ms，3段之后的段别，段间延时200~500 ms。
（2）融合延时起爆网路设计方案
针对设计的融合延时起爆网路，按照图4所示的三心拱形断面炮孔形式布置，实际共钻孔56个（含4个空孔），装药方式及段别为：共56个孔，4个大孔不装药。1段共4发、空孔之外的4个掏槽孔；2段共4发、空孔之外的4个掏槽孔；3段1发、空孔之内的1个中心掏槽孔；4段“1发+导爆索”、共6个辅助孔；5段“1发+导爆索”、共5个辅助孔；6段“1发+导爆索”、共7个辅助孔；7段“1发+导爆索”、共9个辅助孔；8段“2发+导爆索”、4个底孔、4个周边孔（帮部）；9段“1发+导爆索”、8个周边孔（拱顶）。共使用数码电子雷管16发、导爆索128 m。采用数码电子雷管孔内起爆导爆索的连接方式，延时时间设计为：1段设置为0 ms，2段延时100 ms，3段延时150 ms，3段之后的段别，段间延时均为80 ms。
（3）试验效果及起爆器材成本比较
通过对两种方案12次现场试验情况统计分析，爆破效果对比情况如表2所示，起爆器材成本对比情况如表3所示。
根据表2、表3所示数据，两种方案的爆破效果（循环进尺）基本一致，但所设计的融合延时起爆网路方案在凿岩量、装药量不变的情况下，组网工作操作便利，起爆器材成本大大降低，单循环节约成本达326.5元。
2.2　磷矿现场试验
2.2.1　全数码电子雷管方案
磷矿巷道为宽3.8 m、高3.0 m的矩形断面，原设计钻孔38个（含6个空孔），设计装药方式及段别为：共38个孔，6个大孔不装药。采取从掏槽孔到辅助孔到顶板孔到底板孔到帮孔的逐孔起爆方式，每孔之间延时240 ms。
2.2.2　融合延时起爆网路设计方案
针对本磷矿设计的融合延时起爆网路，与图4中矩形断面炮孔布置情况基本一致，实际共钻孔38个（含4个空孔），装药方式及段别为：共38个孔，6个大孔不装药。1段共3发、空孔之外的3个掏槽孔；2段共3发、空孔之外的3个掏槽孔；3段1发、空孔之内的1个中心掏槽孔；4段“1发+导爆索”、共4个辅助孔；5段“1发+导爆索”、共4个辅助孔；6段“1发+导爆索”、共4个辅助孔和3个顶板孔；7段“1发+导爆索”、共6个帮孔和4个底板孔。共使用数码电子雷管11发、导爆索80 m。采用数码电子雷管孔内起爆导爆索的连接方式，延时时间设计为：1段设置为0 ms，2段延时100 ms，3段延时250 ms，3段之后的段别，段间延时均为50 ms。
2.2.3　试验效果及起爆器材成本比较
两种方案的起爆器材成本对比情况如表4所示。
根据表4中数据对比可知，在凿岩量、装药量不变的情况下，利用所设计的融合延时起爆网路方案时组网工作操作便利，起爆器材成本有所降低，单循环节约成本达110.5元。
经过对矿山近一个月现场试验情况统计分析，全数码电子雷管方案在孔深为2.5 m时，循环进尺可达2.4左右。使用融合延时起爆网路，现场试验情况如图8所示，受磷矿特殊矿岩地质构造及岩石物理力学性质影响，延时间隔特别难以把握。延时间设置不当，经常出现邻近孔内的数码电子雷管芯片被挤坏及先爆孔的冲击波和飞石炸断邻近的导爆索的情况，从而导致拒爆现象。
铁矿较为致密且多为块状构造，而磷矿具有典型的层理构造。相较于铁矿的“均匀性”，磷矿由于含有不规则层理结构面的存在，阻碍了爆炸应力波的传播并使得爆破能量传播分布具有了不均匀性，进而导致合理的延时间隔具有极强的空间差异性。因此，对于磷矿小断面巷道开挖爆破的融合延时起爆网路设计需要考虑层理构造分布，进而优化爆破参数设计。
3　分析与结论
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针对矿山井下小断面巷道开挖爆破过程存在的难题，设计了一种数码电子雷管与导爆索融合的延时起爆网路，并分别在地下铁矿和磷矿开展了现场试验，进一步验证了该方案在不同矿种环境下的适用性，得出如下结论：
（1）突破传统工法，改变空心孔之内、外掏槽孔的起爆顺序，即先起爆空心孔之外掏槽孔，再起爆空心孔之内掏槽孔，利用该孔爆破作用将之前破碎矿岩彻底推出，形成一个较大空腔，从而为后续辅助孔爆破创造充分的自由面，可以有效改善爆破效果，提高掘进炮孔利用率。
（2）金属矿现场试验效果表明，数码电子雷管与导爆索融合的延时起爆网路应用于小断面开挖爆破，只要延时间隔选择适当，可以在保证同样爆破效果的基础上，大幅度降低起爆器材成本。同时改善了周边孔成巷质量，提高了起爆网路施工的便利性、降低了作业过程中的安全风险。
（3）融合的延起爆网路在磷矿现场试验未获得预期效果。经分析研究，延时间隔小于100 ms时，掏槽及后续孔爆破效果较差；由于磷矿相较于金属矿，具有较为复杂的层理结构，而不同倾角的层理结构对于爆破效果具有极大的影响，进而导致不同方向的延期间隔应存在差异性，故延时间隔大于100 ms时，会出现损坏相邻孔雷管芯片和先爆孔会炸断后续孔传爆导爆索等现象，从而导致拒爆；磷矿小断面开挖由于矿岩较软，孔网参数较大，炮孔数量少、深度大、单孔导爆索使用量高，使用导爆索取代数码电子雷管的成本优势不明显。
综上，数码电子雷管与导爆索融合的延时起爆网路应用金属矿小断面开挖中，在保证掘进效率的基础上，可有效改善成巷质量、提高经济效益、降低安全风险，不失为一种有益的尝试。但受制于磷矿及其他岩体特殊矿岩地质构造及岩石物理力学性质，此融合延时网路应用时，如何保障质量、效率、成本和安全，还有待在优化孔网参数、延时间隔和探索磷矿及其他岩体岩石物理力学性质及应力波传递规律等方面开展进一步研究。
基金
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  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2022BEC040)
文献
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.022
  • 接收时间：2024-05-10
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-10
基金
The Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2022BEC040)
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2022BEC040)
作者信息
    1.中钢集团　武汉安全环保研究院有限公司，武汉　430081
    2.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
    3.福建省奕顺建设工程有限公司，泉州　362200
    4.宜昌宝石山矿业有限公司，宜昌　443145

通讯作者:

秦梓航（1996-），男，助理工程师，主要从事矿山开采安全技术、职业健康管理和职业病危害控制技术研究与应用等工作，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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