Article(id=1241409513509679205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701619200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904692294, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904692294, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904692294, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904692294, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=107, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409515233538158, articleId=1241409513509679205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Zoning Layout Method and Application of Contour Holes for Blasting of Jointed Rock Mass Tunnel, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rock mass joints can affect the propagation of explosive stress waves. The angle between their direction and the surrounding holes and the relative position changes have different effects on the blasting effect. Based on the attenuation law of stress waves at different jointed angles, a method was proposed for zoning the surrounding holes of tunnel blasting in jointed rock masses. The parameters of the surrounding holes are optimized when the angle between the joint and the surrounding hole is 30°, 60°, 90°, and 0° (parallel). The zoning layout method was validated by combining LS-PREPOST numerical simulation and on-site tests regarding rock damage depth and blasting vibration speed. The results show that the rock mass's damage depth and blasting vibration speed under the zoning arrangement of surrounding holes are significantly better than that of the original layout plan of surrounding holes. Based on the geological conditions of the research section of the Bayueshan Tunnel of the Tongliang Anyue Expressway, the angles between the joints and the surrounding holes are set to 30°, 60°, and 90°, respectively. The spacings between the surrounding holes are set to 43 cm, 50 cm, 58 cm, and 60 cm when the joints parallel the surrounding holes. The average over-excavation value can be controlled at 18cm after blasting, and the over-consumption of concrete is controlled within 100% per linear meter.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TAO Tie-jun (1984-), male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .
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节理的存在会影响爆炸应力波传播,其走向与周边孔连的夹角和相对位置的变化会对爆破效果产生不同的影响。基于应力波在不同角度节理岩体中的衰减规律,提出了节理岩体隧道爆破周边孔分区布设方法,对节理与周边孔连线夹角为30°、60°、90°以及平行时的周边孔参数进行了优化。结合LS-PREPOST数值仿真和现场爆破试验,从岩体损伤深度和爆破振动速度方面对分区布设方法进行了验证。结果表明:通过对周边孔的分区布设,岩体的损伤深度与爆破振动速度明显优于原始周边孔布设方案。结合铜梁至安岳高速公路巴岳山隧道研究段地质条件,将节理与周边孔连线夹角为30°、60°、90°以及平行时的周边孔间距分别设置为43 cm、50 cm、58 cm、60 cm。爆破后平均超挖值可控制在18 cm,每延米混凝土超耗均控制在100%以内。研究结果为大断面节理岩体隧道爆破超欠挖控制提供参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事隧道工程、爆破工程科研,(E-mail)
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张凯(1999-),男,硕士,主要从事隧道工程、结构工程研究,(E-mail)

ZHANG Kai (1999-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and structural engineering, (E-mail) .

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张凯(1999-),男,硕士,主要从事隧道工程、结构工程研究,(E-mail)

ZHANG Kai (1999-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and structural engineering, (E-mail) .

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张凯(1999-),男,硕士,主要从事隧道工程、结构工程研究,(E-mail)

ZHANG Kai (1999-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and structural engineering, (E-mail) .

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Engineering Mechanics, 2014, 31(3): 197-204., articleTitle=Method for determining parameters of rock Holmquist Johnson cook model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409548649558093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=31, authorNames=丁黄平, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁黄平. 节理裂隙岩体隧道爆破成型效果研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2009., articleTitle=节理裂隙岩体隧道爆破成型效果研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409548905410641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=32, authorNames=DING Huang-ping, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING Huang-ping. Study on the shaping effect of jointed rockmass under blasting in tunnel[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2009. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the shaping effect of jointed rockmass under blasting in tunnel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409548993491027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=9, pageStart=57, pageEnd=62, 96, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=刘江超, 高文学, 王林台, journalName=振动与冲击, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘江超, 高文学, 王林台, 等. 水封爆破装药结构优化数值分析及其应用[J]. 振动与冲击, 2020, 39(9): 57-62, 96., articleTitle=水封爆破装药结构优化数值分析及其应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409549098348631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=9, pageStart=57, pageEnd=62, 96, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=LIU Jiang-chao, GAO Wen-xue, WANG Lin-tai, journalName=Vibration and Impact, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Jiang-chao, GAO Wen-xue, WANG Lin-tai, et al. 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Optimization of wedge cut blasting parameters for large section[D]. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2020. 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Numerical simulation research on blasting of hollow hole and wedge-shaped cutting[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Technology, 2018. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Numerical simulation research on blasting of hollow hole and wedge-shaped cutting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409551182917732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=8, issue=9, pageStart=1675, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=39, authorNames=WANG Jian-xiu, YIN Yao, LUO Chuan-wen, journalName=Applied Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Jian-xiu, YIN Yao, LUO Chuan-wen. Rock Materials: Parameter Determination and Application in Tunnel Smooth Blasting[J]. 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Static parameters of jointed slate at different angles

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节理角度/°密度ρ/(kg·m-3抗拉强度fc/MPa抗压强度T/MPa弹性模量E/GPa泊松比
302 762.648.8168.7277.090.27
602 746.285.9434.4345.490.22
902 749.363.27164.44108.770.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539170431853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同角度节理板岩静力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节理角度/°密度ρ/(kg·m-3抗拉强度fc/MPa抗压强度T/MPa弹性模量E/GPa泊松比
302 762.648.8168.7277.090.27
602 746.285.9434.4345.490.22
902 749.363.27164.44108.770.25
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Peak stress of jointed rock samples at different angles under different impact pressures (unit: MPa)

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节理角度/°冲击气压/MPa
0.150.20.3
3089.83106.12138.14
6073.8191.25114.86
90163.74184.56229.96
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各角度节理岩样不同冲击气压下破坏的峰值应力(单位:MPa)

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节理角度/°冲击气压/MPa
0.150.20.3
3089.83106.12138.14
6073.8191.25114.86
90163.74184.56229.96
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Contour hole spacing at different joint angles

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节理倾角30°60°90°
节理修正系数K0.4900.4400.409
周边孔间距/cm435058
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不同节理倾角的周边孔间距

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节理倾角30°60°90°
节理修正系数K0.4900.4400.409
周边孔间距/cm435058
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Slate constitutive model parameters

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基本物理及力学参数强度参数损伤参数压力参数
ρ2755.3 kg·m-3 A0.4 D10.02 Pc11.48 MPa
fc34.43 MPa B0.632 D21.0 μc5.7×10-4
G10.26 GPa C0.000624 EFMIN0.01 Pl2.0 GPa
T5.94 MPa N2.335 FS0.004 μl0.056
   SFMAX20.0   K139 GPa
   EPSO1.0   K2-223 GPa
       K3550 GPa
), ArticleFig(id=1241409540076401560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

板岩本构模型参数

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基本物理及力学参数强度参数损伤参数压力参数
ρ2755.3 kg·m-3 A0.4 D10.02 Pc11.48 MPa
fc34.43 MPa B0.632 D21.0 μc5.7×10-4
G10.26 GPa C0.000624 EFMIN0.01 Pl2.0 GPa
T5.94 MPa N2.335 FS0.004 μl0.056
   SFMAX20.0   K139 GPa
   EPSO1.0   K2-223 GPa
       K3550 GPa
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Basic parameters of joint materials

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密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa剪切模量/GPa
2500300.3411.5
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节理材料基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa剪切模量/GPa
2500300.3411.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241409541913506730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Basic parameters of emulsion explosive

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密度/(kg·m-3爆速/(m·s-1 A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa V
12404200214.40.1824.20.90.154.1921
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乳化炸药基本参数

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密度/(kg·m-3爆速/(m·s-1 A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa V
12404200214.40.1824.20.90.154.1921
), ArticleFig(id=1241409542274216889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Basic parameters of air materials

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ρ/(kg·m-3 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E V0
129000000.40.402.5e-61
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空气材料基本参数

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ρ/(kg·m-3 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E V0
129000000.40.402.5e-61
), ArticleFig(id=1241409542517486528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Basic parameters of mortar material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 E/GPa μ
1 8501.6e-40.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241409542668481478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

炮泥材料基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 E/GPa μ
1 8501.6e-40.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241409542769144779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Average peak vibration velocity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周边孔布置方案平均峰值振动速度
区域1区域2区域3区域4区域5区域6区域7
分区布设第1组135137125146133116143
第2组989884919286100
第3组69665964636270
第4组47483944434347
D=50 cm第1组138112158134129110139
第2组108791181019683105
第3组79598573715975
第4组60446454534157
), ArticleFig(id=1241409542865613776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513509679205, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

平均峰值振动速度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周边孔布置方案平均峰值振动速度
区域1区域2区域3区域4区域5区域6区域7
分区布设第1组135137125146133116143
第2组989884919286100
第3组69665964636270
第4组47483944434347
D=50 cm第1组138112158134129110139
第2组108791181019683105
第3组79598573715975
第4组60446454534157
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节理岩体隧道爆破周边孔分区布设方法与应用研究
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张凯 1a , 陶铁军 1b , 田兴朝 1a , 刘璇 2 , 覃鹤 2 , 张明伟 3
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(4): 107-115
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(4): 107-115
节理岩体隧道爆破周边孔分区布设方法与应用研究
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张凯1a , 陶铁军1b , 田兴朝1a, 刘璇2, 覃鹤2, 张明伟3
作者信息
  • 1a.贵州大学 土木工程学院,贵阳 550025
  • 1b.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
  • 2.贵州建工集团第一建筑工程有限责任公司,贵阳 550002
  • 3.贵州省公路工程集团有限公司,贵阳 550000
  • 张凯(1999-),男,硕士,主要从事隧道工程、结构工程研究,(E-mail)

    ZHANG Kai (1999-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and structural engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事隧道工程、爆破工程科研,(E-mail)
Research on Zoning Layout Method and Application of Contour Holes for Blasting of Jointed Rock Mass Tunnel
Kai ZHANG1a , Tie-jun TAO1b , Xing-chao TIAN1a, Xuan LIU2, He QIN2, Ming-wei ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1a.School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 1b.School of Mining and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2.Guizhou Construction Group First Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550002, China
  • 3.Guizhou Highway Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.013
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节理的存在会影响爆炸应力波传播,其走向与周边孔连的夹角和相对位置的变化会对爆破效果产生不同的影响。基于应力波在不同角度节理岩体中的衰减规律,提出了节理岩体隧道爆破周边孔分区布设方法,对节理与周边孔连线夹角为30°、60°、90°以及平行时的周边孔参数进行了优化。结合LS-PREPOST数值仿真和现场爆破试验,从岩体损伤深度和爆破振动速度方面对分区布设方法进行了验证。结果表明:通过对周边孔的分区布设,岩体的损伤深度与爆破振动速度明显优于原始周边孔布设方案。结合铜梁至安岳高速公路巴岳山隧道研究段地质条件,将节理与周边孔连线夹角为30°、60°、90°以及平行时的周边孔间距分别设置为43 cm、50 cm、58 cm、60 cm。爆破后平均超挖值可控制在18 cm,每延米混凝土超耗均控制在100%以内。研究结果为大断面节理岩体隧道爆破超欠挖控制提供参考。

隧道爆破  /  数值仿真  /  分区布设  /  节理

The rock mass joints can affect the propagation of explosive stress waves. The angle between their direction and the surrounding holes and the relative position changes have different effects on the blasting effect. Based on the attenuation law of stress waves at different jointed angles, a method was proposed for zoning the surrounding holes of tunnel blasting in jointed rock masses. The parameters of the surrounding holes are optimized when the angle between the joint and the surrounding hole is 30°, 60°, 90°, and 0° (parallel). The zoning layout method was validated by combining LS-PREPOST numerical simulation and on-site tests regarding rock damage depth and blasting vibration speed. The results show that the rock mass's damage depth and blasting vibration speed under the zoning arrangement of surrounding holes are significantly better than that of the original layout plan of surrounding holes. Based on the geological conditions of the research section of the Bayueshan Tunnel of the Tongliang Anyue Expressway, the angles between the joints and the surrounding holes are set to 30°, 60°, and 90°, respectively. The spacings between the surrounding holes are set to 43 cm, 50 cm, 58 cm, and 60 cm when the joints parallel the surrounding holes. The average over-excavation value can be controlled at 18cm after blasting, and the over-consumption of concrete is controlled within 100% per linear meter.

tunnel blasting  /  numerical simulation  /  zoning layout  /  joint
张凯, 陶铁军, 田兴朝, 刘璇, 覃鹤, 张明伟. 节理岩体隧道爆破周边孔分区布设方法与应用研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 107 -115 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.013
Kai ZHANG, Tie-jun TAO, Xing-chao TIAN, Xuan LIU, He QIN, Ming-wei ZHANG. Research on Zoning Layout Method and Application of Contour Holes for Blasting of Jointed Rock Mass Tunnel[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 107 -115 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.013
钻爆法由于其经济高效的优点,在我国隧道及地下工程开挖中始终占据主导地位。而如何解决超欠挖问题一直是爆破施工中的难点,超欠挖不仅会影响隧道开挖轮廓效果,也会增加施工成本,降低施工进度。同时,在节理的影响下爆破超欠挖控制变得更为复杂,节理与周边孔连线的夹角和相对位置的变化会对爆破效果产生不同程度的影响。因此,提出节理影响下的隧道爆破周边孔分区布设,进行不同区域周边孔参数优化对爆破超欠挖控制具有重要意义。
张继春等人使用低爆速、小直径的专用光面爆破炸药有效地减弱围岩爆破损伤、控制超欠挖问题[1]。于飞飞等通过对炮孔间距[2],“长短眼”加“空眼”的组合布孔,增加辅助眼等进行优化进而减少超欠挖面积,达到良好的爆破效果。张运良等根据大林隧道工程特点[3],通过控制周边孔的外插角,不断调整光面爆破参数进行优化。节理存在会使爆炸应力波形成反射、透射和应力集中作用等现象。Perino A.等推导了交叉节理中应力波的传播与衰减规律[4]。李新平等通过模型试验对弹性波在深部裂隙岩体中的传播衰减规律进行了研究[5]。杨仁树等基于ABAQUS/EXPLICIT的有限元数值模型研究[6],得到了爆炸应力波传播在节理岩体中的传播规律。邓祥辉等针对水平层状岩隧道拱顶处[7],即与周边孔连线平行位置,通过内移周边眼、适当增加周边眼间距、减少装药量以及非连续装药等措施来控制超挖、欠挖等问题。李国庆等通过数值模拟分析了节理和地应力对周边孔爆破的影响[8],对周边孔间距进行了优化,降低了超欠挖面积得到良好的爆破效果。徐帮树等针对节理裂隙发育的水平层状岩体隧道[9],提出周边孔“长短孔+空孔”的布设,采用优化的爆破参数进行开挖,隧道轮廓最大线性超欠挖明显减小。
以上学者对节理岩体隧道爆破机理与周边孔参数优化展开了诸多研究,显著改善了隧道爆破效果,但基本集中在周边孔整体的参数优化方面,由于周边孔连线与节理的夹角和相对位置变化,岩体损伤和超欠挖程度也将产生较大变化[10,11],因此,迫切需要开展节理岩体隧道爆破周边孔分区布设方法研究。本文以巴岳山隧道为工程背景,基于应力波在不同角度节理岩体中的衰减规律,提出了节理岩体隧道爆破周边孔分区布设方法。通过室内实验测定层理板岩的动静力学参数,确定了节理与周边孔连线平行以及夹角为30°、60°、90°时的周边孔间距。结合LS-PREPOST数值仿真和现场爆破试验,从岩体损伤深度和爆破振动速度方面对分区布设方法进行了验证。本文的研究结果可为大断面节理岩体隧道爆破超欠挖控制提供参考。
炮孔起爆后,应力波在完整岩体中的传播随着距离增加而产生几何衰减和物理衰减[12],应力波的空间能量分布的增加导致的衰减是几何衰减,波阵面上质点振速和应力均以r-1/2衰减[13]r为波阵面与炸药之间的距离,波阵面上任一点的衰减速度vr
式中:r0v0分别为初始波阵面的半径和振速。完整岩体中波阵面的物理衰减是由介质传播内部微裂缝的效应产生的。且质点振速随距离增加呈负指数衰减
根据应力波传播理论,柱状波阵面引起岩体内部某点的径向应力为σr
根据弹性力学理论,在切向应变εθ不考虑的情况下,认为岩体内的径向应力为σr
综合式(3)和式(4),可得
式中:Ed为动态弹性模量。假定模型材料的密度、径向波速和弹性模量在爆破过程中均保持不变,则波阵面上任一质点的径向应变和振速近似正比关系,可认为质点的径向应变和振速近似相同,即
本文针对不同走向节理对隧道爆破效果的影响进行研究,在文中提到的节理与周边孔连线的夹角均指节理的走向与周边孔连线的夹角。董千通过模型试验得到了不同节理角度下应力波的透射系数[14],并得出完整岩石中柱面波的物理衰减系数a随围压σ的变化关系
由于本文参考工程研究段为浅埋隧道,可忽略地应力的影响,故取围压σ=0,得到不考虑围压时完整岩石中柱面波物理衰减系数a=0.649,则不考虑围压时完整岩石中的径向应力衰减规律
节理的存在会对爆炸应力波产生衰减作用,应力波在节理处会产生多次折射、反射,会大大地影响质点的径向应力衰减规律,因此,需建立含层理面质点的径向应力衰减关系
式中:K为层理修正系数[15],与层理性质相关,0≤K≤1。
据式(8),考虑节理存在的影响,距炮孔中心r处的径向应力和切向应力分别为
式中:r0为炮孔半径;b为侧压力系数,b=μd/(1-μd),μd为动泊松比。
应力波与爆生气体共同作用理论认为,岩体裂隙的形成条件为
式中:DP为周边孔孔距;Pb为炮孔内充满爆生气体时的压力,Pa。基于熵膨胀理论,炮孔内充满爆生气体时的压力Pb
式中:Pa为爆压,MPa;Pk为爆生气体膨胀过程中的临界压力,取100 MPa;VcVb分别为药卷和炮孔体积;k为炸药绝热系数;h为炸药等熵系数,k=h=3.0。
由此得出节理作用下的周边孔孔距计算表达式
当周边孔连线与节理走向平行时,虽然炮孔间应力波未穿越节理,没有受到节理的衰减作用,但应力波在平行炮孔的节理或层理面处反射,形成反射拉伸波,导致靠近节理一侧岩石损伤程度增大[15],爆破后软弱结构面失效而脱离围岩的岩体受到重力因素的影响,容易造成正常岩体的大面积脱落。且因为岩体抗压能力远大于抗拉能力,位于平行层理之间的岩体受到拉伸破坏,更容易形成超挖现象。
当周边孔连线与节理走向平行时,在两炮孔间能形成贯通裂缝的基础上,适当增大炮眼间距,可减轻节理弱面的破坏,改善光面爆破效果[16]
巴岳山隧道位于重庆市位于铜梁区,研究段围岩级别为Ⅳ级,围岩岩性以板岩为主,且存在多条与水平成30°的节理裂隙,其与炮孔连线形成不同的夹角和相对位置。对地勘资料选取地址情况变化稳定的同一施工段的同一岩块进行取样,在室内按照国际岩石学会实验要求将岩石打磨成标准试件,试样尺寸分别为:单轴和三轴岩样50 mm×100 mm、劈裂岩样50 mm×50 mm、SHPB岩样50 mm×25 mm。按照层理角度将试件分为30°、60°、90°的层理板岩试样,开展动静力学试验,为理论计算和数值模拟提供基本力学参数。巴岳山隧道及各角度层理板岩试样如图1所示。
由实验得到的静力学参数如表1所示。
动力学实验采用阿基米德工业科技有限公司研制的分离式Hopkinson压杆测试系统ALT100,如图2所示。主要部件包括操作台、压杆主体部分以及数据采集部分。压杆主体部分包括炮管、撞击杆、入射杆、透射杆、能量吸收器以及相应的气压装置。
分别以0.15 MPa、0.2 MPa和0.3 MPa的冲击气压对30°、60°、90°节理板岩岩样进行冲击压缩试验。得到各角度节理岩样不同冲击气压下破坏的峰值应力如表2所示。
结合隧道现场实况,计算周边孔连线与节理夹角为30°、60°、90°的周边孔间距,现场采用2#乳化炸药[15],密度为1240 kg/m3,爆速为4200m/s,炮孔直径42 mm,药卷直径32 mm,以倾角为90°为例,节理修正系数K为0.409,动态泊松比μd=0.8μ=0.2,b=μd/(1-μd)=0.25,动态抗拉强度为3.27 MPa,计算得裂隙区半径R=20.1 cm。爆压Pa=3.7774 GPa,Pb=24.6 MPa。则周边孔孔距为
田兴朝定义节理修正系数K为穿越节理前的应力时程曲线峰值与式(8)计算的应力峰值的比值[15],结合董千的模型试验[14],采用模型试验中测点应力时程曲线峰值数据与(8)计算测点的应力峰值相比,计算出了不同角度节理修正系数K,将K值代入式(10),结合式(14)即可计算出不同节理与周边孔连线夹角的周边孔间距如表3所示。
结合LS-PREPOST软件,分别建立周边孔分区布设和均匀布设下(周边孔间距固定为50 cm)的节理岩体隧道爆破三维数值分析模型,如图3所示。模型尺寸为20 m×20 m×2 m,炮孔直径42 mm,炮孔深度1.4 m,药卷直径32 mm。岩石定义为固体,采用HJC(Holmquist-Johnson-Cook)本构模型,参数如表4所示。节理参数如表5所示。炸药、空气定义为流体,参数如表6表7所示。流体采用共节点方式划分网格,固体与流体之间通过流固耦合方式连接。除自由面外,所有面皆设置为无反射边界条件。
对于周边孔均匀布设方案,结合现场,从断面整体上考虑节理对爆破效果的影响,将周边孔孔距设置为50 cm,如图3(a)所示。
对于周边孔分区布设方案,将周边孔按不同节理与周边孔连线的夹角和相对位置将周边孔分成7个区域布设,如图3(b)所示。为方便计算和现场施工,位置1、5、7节理与炮孔连线角度可视为60°,周边孔间距设为50 cm;位置2、4理与炮孔连线角度可视为30°,周边孔间距设为43 cm;位置6节理与炮孔连线角度可视为90°,周边孔间距设为58 cm;位置3周边孔连线与节理方向平行处,由于应力波在节理面出现反射拉伸作用,易使节理弱面岩体产生拉伸破坏,且在岩体自重作用下,会形成大面积脱落。结合崔新壮等人对周边孔连线与节理方向平行处的周边孔参数进行优化的研究[12,13],通过适当增加炮孔间距,考虑到90°节理对应力波传播影响最小[14],炮孔间距为58 cm,将平行时孔距由原方案50 cm调整为60 cm,略大于节理为90°的孔距,炮孔间既能形成贯通裂缝,也能降低对节理面的破坏作用。
(1)岩石模型与参数
板岩本构模型选用HJC本构模型[17],HJC本构模型包含基本物理及力学参数,强度参数,损伤参数以及压力参数。
由动、静力学实验得出基本力学参数,如表4所示;以0.15 MPa冲击气压试验结果为例,从特征化抗拉强度T*=T/fc出发,绘制经过不同应变率下等效强度数据点的直线,以恒定特征化静水压力P*=1/3做垂直于横轴的垂线,与不同斜率直线的交点为特征化等效应力。拟合不同应变率下特征化等效应力得出应变率影响系数C=0.000 624,如图4所示。
依据板岩的三轴压缩试验结果,计算得出黏聚力c=19 MPa,特征化凝聚强度A=c(1+ln 10-4fc,代入应变率影响系数C=0.000624,即可得出特征化凝聚强度A=0.4。依据σ*=(σ1-σ3)/fcp*=(2σ1+σ3)/3fc,绘制σ*-P*曲线,拟合可得出参数BN的取值分别为0.632、2.335。SFMAXEPSO依据文献[17]分别取20.0、1.0;损伤参数D1=0.01/(1/6+T*=0.02),D2取常数1.0。EFMINFS依据文献[17]分别取0.01、0.004;压力参数Pc=fc/3=11.48 MPa。μc=Pc/K=0.0057,μl由式μl=ρg/ρ0-1=0.1求得,其中ρg为压实密度,取2900 kg/m3。参数PlK1K2K3为非敏感参数,本文参考文献[17]的研究结果进行取值。板岩本构模型参数如表4所示。
(2)节理模型与参数
节理材料本构模型选取003号材料模型*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATI,其基本参数如表5所示[18]
(3)炸药模型与参数
炸药材料本构模型选取008号材料模型*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN,其基本参数如表6所示[19]
(4)空气模型与参数
空气材料本构模型选取009号材料模型*MAT_NULL,基本参数如表7所示[20]
(5)炮泥模型与参数
炮泥材料本构模型选取005号材料模*MAT_S OIL_AND_FOAM,其基本参数如表8所示[21]
提取模拟结果的损伤云图,如图5(a)、(b)所示,从红色时损伤值接近1向绿色和蓝色依次下降趋于0。由J Wang等人研究表明红色损伤深度线可用于估算隧道爆破后的超欠挖值[22]。因此绘制两种周边孔间距不同设置方案模拟的红色损伤深度轮廓线,如图6(a)、(b)所示。
由损伤深度轮廓线对比可看出周边孔分区布设的平均损伤小于原方案的损伤值。区域1、区域5和区域7上节理与炮孔连线角度为60°左右,计算炮孔间距为50 cm,与原方案炮孔间距相同,保留岩体的损伤深度较小,且无欠挖现象;区域2和区域4中节理与炮孔连线角度为30°左右,由于30°的节理对应力波的阻碍较大,原方案50 cm的孔间距会出现欠挖现象,分区布设的炮孔计算间距为43 cm,岩体损伤率大于原方案,但无欠挖现象;区域3节理与炮孔连线平行,由于应力波在节理界面反射出现应力波叠加,导致靠近节理一侧岩石损伤程度增大,单个炮孔损伤程度增加,通过调整炮孔间距,可减轻层理弱面的破坏[13],原方案周边孔间距为50 cm,优化后将周边孔间距设为60 cm,优化后保留岩体的损伤深度减小;区域6中节理与炮孔连线角度为90°左右,由于90°节理对应力波传播的阻碍较小,原布设孔间距D=50 cm保留岩体的损伤深度较大,分区布设计算炮孔间距为58 cm,保留岩体的损伤深度小于原布设方案,且无欠挖现象。由上述结果分析,通过按节理与炮孔连线的夹角与相对位置对周边孔间距进行分区布设,保留岩体损伤深度小,且超欠挖得到有效控制,明显优于周边孔均匀布设方案。
在模型中取距离隧道轮廓线0.5 m、1.0 m、1.5 m和2.0 m处布设4组峰值振动速度测点,每组41个测点均匀分布在隧道轮廓线周围,峰值振动曲线如图7所示。随着与隧道轮廓线距离的增加,平均峰值振动速度值逐渐减小,衰减幅度与节理分布位置有关。随着周边孔孔距的增加,各组的平均峰值振动速度值逐渐降低。周边孔分区布设方案和周边孔均匀布设方案的各位置平均峰值振动速度值如表9所示。
图7表9可知,峰值振动速度越大,损伤深度越大,依据节理岩体峰值振动速度损伤准则[23],对于硬岩,其阈值为70 cm/s。结合3.3.1节分析结果可知,区域1、区域5和区域7分区布设计算炮孔间距为50 cm,与原方案炮孔间距相同,两方案的平均峰值振动速度相差不大,岩体的损伤深度较小,且无欠挖现象;区域2、区域4、区域6原方案平均峰值振动速度值相对较小,岩体的损伤深度较小,容易形成欠挖现象;区域3原方案平均峰值振动速度值相对较大,岩体的损伤深度较大,容易造成更大的超挖现象。
因此,结合保留岩体损伤深度和峰值振动速度方面考虑,周边孔分区布设方案优于原方案。
基于理论与数值分析结果,在巴岳山隧道研究段开展了3次现场爆破试验。现场原爆破方案周边孔间距为50 cm。将周边孔进行分区布设优化,周边孔间距及孔网布设如图8所示。
上台阶爆破完成后,对各部位超欠挖值进行测量,如图9所示,3次试验超欠挖控制效果较好,最大超挖25 cm,最小超挖为8 cm,平均超挖控制在18 cm内。研究段混凝土设计值为15.1 m3,3次现场试验的实际混凝土超耗量分别为11.1 m3、12.3 m3、10.6 m3,平均混凝土超耗量为11.3 m3,平均超耗率为75.1%,超耗率均控制在100%以内。
(1)基于应力波在不同角度节理岩体中的衰减规律,针对节理岩体隧道爆破提出了按节理与炮孔连线夹角与相对位置的不同对周边孔进行分区布设的方法。
(2)通过理论分析和计算,将节理与周边孔连线夹角为30°、60°、90°以及平行时的周边孔间距分别设置为43 cm、50 cm、58 cm、60 cm。在巴岳山隧道Ⅳ级围岩段开展了现场爆破试验,平均超挖值可控制在18 cm以内,每延米混凝土超耗均控制在100%以内,超欠挖和混凝土超耗控制效果较好。
(3)通过现场试验验证了本文所提节理岩体隧道爆破周边孔分区布设方法的合理性,有效地控制了超欠挖和混凝土超耗严重的问题,为大断面节理岩体隧道爆破超欠挖控制提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(52064008)
  • 贵州省高层次创新型人才(百层次)项目(黔科合平台人才-GCC[2022]004-1)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2021]一般087)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般358)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.013
  • 接收时间:2023-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Science Foundation Project(52064008)
国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(52064008)
Guizhou Province High level Innovative Talents (Hundred Level) Project(黔科合平台人才-GCC[2022]004-1)
贵州省高层次创新型人才(百层次)项目(黔科合平台人才-GCC[2022]004-1)
Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology PlanProject(黔科合成果[2021]一般087)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2021]一般087)
Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project(黔科合支撑[2023]一般358)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般358)
作者信息
    1a.贵州大学 土木工程学院,贵阳 550025
    1b.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
    2.贵州建工集团第一建筑工程有限责任公司,贵阳 550002
    3.贵州省公路工程集团有限公司,贵阳 550000

通讯作者:

陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事隧道工程、爆破工程科研,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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