Article(id=1241409513094435147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716220800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904692195, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904692195, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904692195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904692195, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409515124478293, articleId=1241409513094435147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Bench Blasting Parameters Optimization with Air-decked Charge Structure based on Fragmentation Control, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study presents a comprehensive approach to solve the problem of low ore recovery caused by the difficulty in separating small-particle size ore from soil after blasting in a limestone building stone mine. Firstly, a correlation model between blasting fragmentation and dynamic damage of rock mass was established based on field measurement data and numerical simulation results, which can determine dynamic damage thresholds corresponding to various rock particle sizes. Secondly, the numerical simulation test of bench blasting in a three-dimensional fractured rock mass was carried out by using different air-decked charging stages and borehole distribution parameters, which can improve the particle size yield of 0.3~0.9 m and control the bulk ratio to obtain the best blasting parameters. Finally, the field blasting tests were conducted to optimize the charge structure and borehole distribution parameters based on numerical simulation results. The results show a negative exponential function relationship between the blasting block size and the dynamic damage value of the limestone. Specifically, the dynamic damage thresholds corresponding to the blasting size of 0.3 m and 0.9 m are 0.793 and 0.286, respectively. Using only an air-decked charging structure alone can increase the particle size ratio of 0.3~0.9 m and significantly raise the bulk rate. Conversely, combining an air-decked charging structure with a reduced hole spacing markedly enhances the particle size ratio of 0.3~0.9 m while maintaining a stable bulk rate. Optimal blasting results are achieved using a two-stage air interval charging structure and a strategic reduction in hole distribution parameters. The field application results show a 20.09 percentage point increase in the 0.3~0.9 m particle size ratio, with the bulk rate remaining virtually unchanged. Additionally, the unit consumption of explosives decreased by 10.29%.

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LEI Tao (1983-), male Ph. D, lecturer, mainly engaged in mining, safety, numerical mining and other aspects of teaching and research, (E-mail) .
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为解决某灰岩建筑石料矿山爆破后小粒径矿石难以与土分离而导致矿石回收率低下的问题,首先基于现场实测数据和数值模拟结果,构建爆破块度与岩体动力损伤关联模型,确定不同岩块粒径对应的动力损伤阈值;其次选用不同空气间隔装药段数和孔网参数开展三维裂隙岩体台阶爆破数值模拟试验,以提高0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径产率为目的,兼顾控制大块率,获取最佳爆破参数;最后,在数值模拟结果的基础上,开展现场爆破试验,优化装药结构和孔网参数。结果表明:灰岩爆破块度尺寸与动力损伤值之间存在负指数函数关系,爆破块度尺寸0.3 m和0.9 m所对应的岩体动力损伤阈值分别为0.793和0.286;仅采用空气间隔装药结构可提高0.3~0.9 m粒径占比,但大块率增幅较大;采用空气间隔装药结构、适当缩小孔网参数可显著提升0.3~0.9 m粒径占比,同时大块率几乎不变;其中采用二段空气间隔装药结构、适当缩小孔网参数,爆破效果最优。矿山现场应用结果表明,0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比提高了20.09个百分点,大块率基本不变,炸药单耗降低10.29%。

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雷涛(1983-),男,博士、讲师,主要从事采矿、安全、数字化矿山等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)
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叶海旺(1971-),男,博士、教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

YE Hai-wang (1971-), male, Ph. D, professor, mainly engaged in mining, blasting, safety and other aspects of teaching and research work, (E-mail) .

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1b.Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Key Non-metallic Mineral Resources Green Utilization, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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1b.武汉理工大学 关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,武汉 430070
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叶海旺(1971-),男,博士、教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

YE Hai-wang (1971-), male, Ph. D, professor, mainly engaged in mining, blasting, safety and other aspects of teaching and research work, (E-mail) .

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叶海旺(1971-),男,博士、教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

YE Hai-wang (1971-), male, Ph. D, professor, mainly engaged in mining, blasting, safety and other aspects of teaching and research work, (E-mail) .

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size after blasting with different schemes, figureFileSmall=Jnom8WLWGxlg08LckwtABQ==, figureFileBig=HFVAClVE8wu3nVM1rsjkGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409537631113251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同方案爆破后各区间粒径体积占比, figureFileSmall=Jnom8WLWGxlg08LckwtABQ==, figureFileBig=HFVAClVE8wu3nVM1rsjkGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409537735970857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Bench slope and charge structure of field test (unit: m), figureFileSmall=FkzZjUYMCWH4VxgcdTCOKQ==, figureFileBig=ItyQgsLXgPiI66s77NjfQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409537966657590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=图9, caption=现场试验台阶边坡及装药结构(单位:m), figureFileSmall=FkzZjUYMCWH4VxgcdTCOKQ==, figureFileBig=ItyQgsLXgPiI66s77NjfQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409538167984188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Blasting effect comparison before and after optimization, figureFileSmall=7WE6QQeXYfXON9g19O4eMA==, figureFileBig=QA5OMfB8mccTMlfr6h7rBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409538277036101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=图10, caption=优化前后爆破效果对比, figureFileSmall=7WE6QQeXYfXON9g19O4eMA==, figureFileBig=QA5OMfB8mccTMlfr6h7rBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409538348339272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical and mechanical parameters of ore

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3泊松比单轴抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa内摩擦角/°粘聚力/MPa
27000.2579.9011.6469.54213
), ArticleFig(id=1241409538457391183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿石基本物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3泊松比单轴抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa内摩擦角/°粘聚力/MPa
27000.2579.9011.6469.54213
), ArticleFig(id=1241409538608386137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Open-pit bench blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔参数
钻孔形式炮孔直径d/mm炮孔长度l/m超深lc/m堵塞长度ld/m孔距a/m排距b/m
垂直炮孔11517.023.573.5
台阶参数装药参数起爆参数
台阶高度H/m坡面角α/°台阶装药形式单孔装药量Q/kg炸药单耗q/(kg·t-1孔间延时/ms排间延时/ms
15.070连续耦合装药1250.1263595
), ArticleFig(id=1241409538730020956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

露天台阶爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔参数
钻孔形式炮孔直径d/mm炮孔长度l/m超深lc/m堵塞长度ld/m孔距a/m排距b/m
垂直炮孔11517.023.573.5
台阶参数装药参数起爆参数
台阶高度H/m坡面角α/°台阶装药形式单孔装药量Q/kg炸药单耗q/(kg·t-1孔间延时/ms排间延时/ms
15.070连续耦合装药1250.1263595
), ArticleFig(id=1241409538830684255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material constitutive model and state equation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料本构模型参数取值
岩石RHT ρ0/(kg·m-3
2700
fc/MPa
79.90
G/GPa
27.77

0.05

0.02
βc
0.01
βt
0.02
 
炸药MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN ρz/(kg·m-3
1060
D/(m·s-1
3900
A/GPa
49.4
B/GPa
1.89
R1
3.9
R2
1.11
ω
0.33
E0 e/GPa
2.84
节理裂隙MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC ρj/(kg·m-3
1800
E0/GPa
28
μ
0.241
σ/GPa
0.25
β
0.5
Etan/MPa
0.025
  
), ArticleFig(id=1241409538985873508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

材料本构模型及状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料本构模型参数取值
岩石RHT ρ0/(kg·m-3
2700
fc/MPa
79.90
G/GPa
27.77

0.05

0.02
βc
0.01
βt
0.02
 
炸药MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN ρz/(kg·m-3
1060
D/(m·s-1
3900
A/GPa
49.4
B/GPa
1.89
R1
3.9
R2
1.11
ω
0.33
E0 e/GPa
2.84
节理裂隙MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC ρj/(kg·m-3
1800
E0/GPa
28
μ
0.241
σ/GPa
0.25
β
0.5
Etan/MPa
0.025
  
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539153645677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The unit volume proportion of different damage intervals in the blasting area of numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤区间0~0.10.1~0.20.2~0.30.3~0.40.4~0.5
体积占比/%24.6616.7712.2913.1610.70
损伤区间0.5~0.60.6~0.70.7~0.80.8~0.90.9~1.0
体积占比/%8.286.404.352.141.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539262697587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数值模型爆破区域不同损伤区间单元体积占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤区间0~0.10.1~0.20.2~0.30.3~0.40.4~0.5
体积占比/%24.6616.7712.2913.1610.70
损伤区间0.5~0.60.6~0.70.7~0.80.8~0.90.9~1.0
体积占比/%8.286.404.352.141.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539409498231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The rock fragments volume proportion of different particle intervals in the blast pile of the field test area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/m0~0.10.1~0.20.2~0.30.3~0.40.4~0.50.5~0.6
占比/%24.887.510.3513.3811.719.00
粒径/m0.6~0.70.7~0.80.8~0.90.9~1.01.0~1.3 
占比/%6.094.983.673.454.99 
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539526938751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

现场试验区域爆堆不同粒径区间岩块体积占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/m0~0.10.1~0.20.2~0.30.3~0.40.4~0.50.5~0.6
占比/%24.887.510.3513.3811.719.00
粒径/m0.6~0.70.7~0.80.8~0.90.9~1.01.0~1.3 
占比/%6.094.983.673.454.99 
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539615019141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The numerical simulation test scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号装药结构孔网参数/m装药长度/m
下部中部上部
1连续装药7.0×3.5 13.5 
2一段空气间隔7.0×3.58.0-4.5
3一段空气间隔6.5×3.58.0-4.5
4二段空气间隔7.0×3.56.53.02.0
5二段空气间隔6.5×3.56.53.02.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539774402700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

数值模拟试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号装药结构孔网参数/m装药长度/m
下部中部上部
1连续装药7.0×3.5 13.5 
2一段空气间隔7.0×3.58.0-4.5
3一段空气间隔6.5×3.58.0-4.5
4二段空气间隔7.0×3.56.53.02.0
5二段空气间隔6.5×3.56.53.02.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539891843223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Air material and state equation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρk/(kg·m-3 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E0 a V0
1.200000.40.40253 3001
), ArticleFig(id=1241409540088975517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

空气材料及状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρk/(kg·m-3 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E0 a V0
1.200000.40.40253 3001
), ArticleFig(id=1241409540239970468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Damage unit volume statistics of blasting numerical models with different schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号装药结构块度尺寸
损伤区间
爆破总体积/m3
0~0.3 m
0.793<D<1
0.3~0.9 m
0.286<D<0.793
0.9 m以上
0<D<0.286
体积/m3占比/%体积/m3占比/%体积/m3占比/%
1连续装药-7×3.5m1238.2663.653.59515.441.6259.24.79
2一段空气间隔-7×3.5m1234.2509.141.25583.547.28141.611.47
3一段空气间隔-6.5×3.5m1086.0473.143.56570.952.5742.03.87
4二段空气间隔-7×3.5m1240.1423.234.13586.647.30230.318.57
5二段空气间隔-6.5×3.5m1051.6326.531.05662.262.9762.95.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241409540390965417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同方案的爆破数值模型损伤单元体积统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号装药结构块度尺寸
损伤区间
爆破总体积/m3
0~0.3 m
0.793<D<1
0.3~0.9 m
0.286<D<0.793
0.9 m以上
0<D<0.286
体积/m3占比/%体积/m3占比/%体积/m3占比/%
1连续装药-7×3.5m1238.2663.653.59515.441.6259.24.79
2一段空气间隔-7×3.5m1234.2509.141.25583.547.28141.611.47
3一段空气间隔-6.5×3.5m1086.0473.143.56570.952.5742.03.87
4二段空气间隔-7×3.5m1240.1423.234.13586.647.30230.318.57
5二段空气间隔-6.5×3.5m1051.6326.531.05662.262.9762.95.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241409541896720559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Fragmentation statistics of on-site blasting test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号工况炸药单耗q/(kg·m-3各粒径占比/%
0~0.3 m0.3~0.9 m>0.9 m
1#试验组二段空气间隔装药-6.5×3.5 m0.30530.1660.769.08
2#对照组连续装药-7×3.5 m0.34052.2440.677.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241409541963829429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513094435147, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

现场爆破试验爆堆块度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号工况炸药单耗q/(kg·m-3各粒径占比/%
0~0.3 m0.3~0.9 m>0.9 m
1#试验组二段空气间隔装药-6.5×3.5 m0.30530.1660.769.08
2#对照组连续装药-7×3.5 m0.34052.2440.677.09
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基于爆破块度控制的空气间隔装药台阶爆破参数优化
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叶海旺 1a, 1b, 1c , 余梦豪 1a , 刘聪 2 , 陈家涛 2 , 周发明 2 , 王浩 2 , 杨保忠 2 , 雷涛 1a, 1b, 1c
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(4): 84-90
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(4): 84-90
基于爆破块度控制的空气间隔装药台阶爆破参数优化
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叶海旺1a, 1b, 1c , 余梦豪1a, 刘聪2, 陈家涛2, 周发明2, 王浩2, 杨保忠2, 雷涛1a, 1b, 1c
作者信息
  • 1a.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 1b.武汉理工大学 关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 1c.武汉理工大学 矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 2.滁州琅琊山矿业工程技术有限公司,滁州 239000
  • 叶海旺(1971-),男,博士、教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

    YE Hai-wang (1971-), male, Ph. D, professor, mainly engaged in mining, blasting, safety and other aspects of teaching and research work, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

雷涛(1983-),男,博士、讲师,主要从事采矿、安全、数字化矿山等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)
Bench Blasting Parameters Optimization with Air-decked Charge Structure based on Fragmentation Control
Hai-wang YE1a, 1b, 1c , Meng-hao YU1a, Cong LIU2, Jia-tao CHEN2, Fa-ming ZHOU2, Hao WANG2, Bao-zhong YANG2, Tao LEI1a, 1b, 1c
Affiliations
  • 1a.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 1b.Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Key Non-metallic Mineral Resources Green Utilization, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 1c.Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Chuzhou Langyashan Mining Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Chuzhou 239000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.010
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为解决某灰岩建筑石料矿山爆破后小粒径矿石难以与土分离而导致矿石回收率低下的问题,首先基于现场实测数据和数值模拟结果,构建爆破块度与岩体动力损伤关联模型,确定不同岩块粒径对应的动力损伤阈值;其次选用不同空气间隔装药段数和孔网参数开展三维裂隙岩体台阶爆破数值模拟试验,以提高0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径产率为目的,兼顾控制大块率,获取最佳爆破参数;最后,在数值模拟结果的基础上,开展现场爆破试验,优化装药结构和孔网参数。结果表明:灰岩爆破块度尺寸与动力损伤值之间存在负指数函数关系,爆破块度尺寸0.3 m和0.9 m所对应的岩体动力损伤阈值分别为0.793和0.286;仅采用空气间隔装药结构可提高0.3~0.9 m粒径占比,但大块率增幅较大;采用空气间隔装药结构、适当缩小孔网参数可显著提升0.3~0.9 m粒径占比,同时大块率几乎不变;其中采用二段空气间隔装药结构、适当缩小孔网参数,爆破效果最优。矿山现场应用结果表明,0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比提高了20.09个百分点,大块率基本不变,炸药单耗降低10.29%。

爆破块度  /  岩体损伤  /  空气间隔装药  /  裂隙岩体  /  数值模拟

This study presents a comprehensive approach to solve the problem of low ore recovery caused by the difficulty in separating small-particle size ore from soil after blasting in a limestone building stone mine. Firstly, a correlation model between blasting fragmentation and dynamic damage of rock mass was established based on field measurement data and numerical simulation results, which can determine dynamic damage thresholds corresponding to various rock particle sizes. Secondly, the numerical simulation test of bench blasting in a three-dimensional fractured rock mass was carried out by using different air-decked charging stages and borehole distribution parameters, which can improve the particle size yield of 0.3~0.9 m and control the bulk ratio to obtain the best blasting parameters. Finally, the field blasting tests were conducted to optimize the charge structure and borehole distribution parameters based on numerical simulation results. The results show a negative exponential function relationship between the blasting block size and the dynamic damage value of the limestone. Specifically, the dynamic damage thresholds corresponding to the blasting size of 0.3 m and 0.9 m are 0.793 and 0.286, respectively. Using only an air-decked charging structure alone can increase the particle size ratio of 0.3~0.9 m and significantly raise the bulk rate. Conversely, combining an air-decked charging structure with a reduced hole spacing markedly enhances the particle size ratio of 0.3~0.9 m while maintaining a stable bulk rate. Optimal blasting results are achieved using a two-stage air interval charging structure and a strategic reduction in hole distribution parameters. The field application results show a 20.09 percentage point increase in the 0.3~0.9 m particle size ratio, with the bulk rate remaining virtually unchanged. Additionally, the unit consumption of explosives decreased by 10.29%.

blasting fragments  /  rock damage  /  air-decked charge  /  fractured rock mass  /  numerical simulation
叶海旺, 余梦豪, 刘聪, 陈家涛, 周发明, 王浩, 杨保忠, 雷涛. 基于爆破块度控制的空气间隔装药台阶爆破参数优化. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 84 -90 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.010
Hai-wang YE, Meng-hao YU, Cong LIU, Jia-tao CHEN, Fa-ming ZHOU, Hao WANG, Bao-zhong YANG, Tao LEI. Bench Blasting Parameters Optimization with Air-decked Charge Structure based on Fragmentation Control[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 84 -90 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.010
台阶爆破是目前露天建材石料矿山破碎岩石最经济有效的手段,爆破效果的好坏直接影响矿山后续生产效率和经济效益[1]。爆堆块度分布是评价爆破效果的重要指标,合理的爆堆级配有利于提高矿山铲装效率和经济效益。因此,如何保证爆破后矿石块度的合理分布是骨料矿山亟需解决的关键问题之一。
轴向空气间隔装药结构对爆破块度分布有重要影响,一方面降低了爆压峰值,减少了岩石的过度粉碎;另一方面延长了爆压作用时间,使岩石获得更大的爆破冲量,从而提高了能量利用率[2-4]。其中轴向空气间隔装药结构涉及诸多因素,例如空气间隔长度、空气间隔位置、上下段装药比例等。池恩安等研究了小孔径炮孔不同空气间隔位置和间隔比例对岩体破碎效果的影响[5],发现中部空气间隔装药可以改善爆破块度均匀性,且最佳空气层比例为5%~15%。赵明生等通过数值模拟和现场爆破试验研究了不同空气间隔长度对爆破块度的影响规律[6],认为采用空气间隔装药结构显著地降低粉矿率,且下降比例与间隔长度的增长成正比。林继凯等基于Starfield叠加法推导出不同空气间隔位置时孔壁所受冲击压力的计算公式[7],并通过数值模拟和现场试验发现垂直台阶上下段装药长度接近时,矿石块度分布较为均匀。张晓平等研究了不同上下装药比例和不同空气间隔长度对岩石破碎效果的影响[8],认为倾斜台阶上下装药比例为3∶7、空气间隔占比为15%时,孔内有效平均压力最高且作用时间长,岩石破碎块度分布更均匀。
上述学者在应用空气间隔装药技术控制岩体爆破块度方面做出了许多有益探索,但其研究均只考虑了一段空气间隔,且为纯空气间隔,同时上述研究结果大多聚焦于描述大块率和粉矿率变化规律,对于中间粒径的变化情况尚不清楚。为此,以某灰岩骨料矿山为对象,以提高0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比为目标,首先基于现场实测数据和数值模拟构建岩体块度分布与动力损伤关联数值模型,确定不同岩块尺寸对应的损伤阈值,在此基础上,采用可传爆间隔器空气间隔爆破方法,研究不同空气间隔段数和孔网参数下各粒径占比变化规律,以获取最佳爆破参数来提高0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比,同时控制大块率。
某矿山岩体以寒武系灰岩为主,多为中厚层构造,矿石属坚硬岩、半坚硬岩,最终产品为不同粒级的建筑石料用灰岩矿。生产区域地表覆盖较厚的残坡积土层,矿区已出露岩体多为土夹石,大部分区域表层土含量为20%左右。爆破后小粒径的岩块与土混合,而被当作废石进行排放,超过采出矿石量的20%,直接降低了矿石的回收率。根据矿山生产实际,需尽可能提高爆堆中0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比,以达到爆破后土岩分离目的,便于挖掘机采装。现场典型台阶坡面及爆堆如图1所示。
通过室内试验获取矿石基本物理力学参数,见表1。矿山爆破采用2号岩石乳化炸药连续装药、数码电子雷管逐孔起爆爆破工艺方法。台阶爆破基本参数见表2
选取一处岩体完整性较好、无明显表层土的待爆台阶作为试验区域,台阶高度15 m,台阶坡面角70°。经现场地质调查,该区域主要发育一组节理裂隙,其优势倾向倾角为NE321°∠69°,平均间距0.8 m,平均迹长11 m,试验区域如图2所示。
根据现场台阶和生产爆破参数,采用有限元数值模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立5孔三维均质岩体台阶爆破模型。为了模拟台阶爆破自由面条件,降低边界反射对数值模拟计算结果的影响,在模型周边增加20 m厚的岩体作为应力消减层,并将其外侧面设置为无反射边界。
节理裂隙的存在使岩体力学性质表现出各向异性和不连续性,对爆破效果有显著影响[9-11],因此需要在岩体爆破数值模型中构建符合实际分布规律的节理裂隙。通过MATLAB编写程序,结合实际节理裂隙分布参数对模型单元数据库进行解析、筛分、重组,得到符合实际节理裂隙分布规律的三维岩体台阶爆破数值模型[12],如图3所示。可以发现模型中的计算区域存在一组主要节理裂隙,其优势倾角和倾向与地质调查结果一致。
岩体模型均采用Lagrange网格划分,计算区域单元尺寸为10 cm,外围应力消减层单元尺寸由10 cm渐变至1 m。炸药、堵塞和ALE空间均采用Eulerian网格划分。岩石和节理裂隙采用1#材料算法,其余材料均采用11#材料算法。岩石、炸药和节理3种材料模型及状态方程参数见表3,材料参数设置完毕之后,设置求解参数,进行计算。
根据岩体损伤破坏理论,损伤变量D越大,岩石破碎越彻底,块度尺寸越小[16]。台阶爆破数值模型损伤分布如图4所示。根据现场爆破试验发现爆破轮廓基本沿着最后一排炮孔扩展,因此以最后一排和最左侧炮孔轴线向外0.2 m、台阶底面以上为爆破区域(见图4),统计该区域不同损伤区间单元体积占比,结果见表4所示。同时采用Split-Desktop软件对现场试验区域爆破后的爆堆块度(见图5)进行统计,结果见表5所示。
绘制数值模型损伤单元体积占比累计变化散点图和现场爆破块度分布累计折线图,如图6所示。可以发现,二者整体变化趋势基本一致,当块度尺寸较小(0~0.1 m)时,二者误差相对较大,这主要是由于现场统计方法基于图像识别技术,当岩块尺寸较小时,受识别精度影响较大。
对数值模型损伤单元体积占比累计变化散点图进行拟合,得到公式(1)
式中:D为数值模型中单元损伤值;FD)为损伤值大于D的数值模型单元体积与总单元体积比例,%。拟合精度R2为0.99。上式即为基于现场实测和数值模拟的爆破块度与岩体损伤关联模型。将现场爆破块度0~0.3 m和0~0.9 m的占比42.73%和91.56%代入式(1),得到对应的损伤变量D分别为0.793和0.286。因此在ANSYS数值模拟试验中,可分别采用损伤区间0.793~1、0.286~0.793和0~0.286的单元体积占比表示粒径0~0.3 m、0.3~0.9 m和0.9 m以上的块度分布情况。
为研究空气间隔装药结构对台阶爆破块度分布的影响,设计如表6所示的5种数值模拟方案。按照2.1节所述步骤分别建立单排3孔三维裂隙岩体台阶爆破数值模型,其中每段空气间隔长度为1 m,且同一炮孔内每段药包同时起爆。岩石、炸药、节理、堵塞的材料参数和本构方程与2.1节一致,空气采用*MAT_NULL材料本构模型和*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL状态方程对其能量传播、衰减规律进行描述[17]。其材料及状态方程参数见表7
不同试验方案的爆破数值模型损伤分布如图7所示。在LS-Prepost后处理中分别对爆破区域损伤区间0.793~1、0.286~0.793和0~0.286的单元体积进行统计,结果见表8,并绘制不同工况下爆破后各粒径体积占比柱状图,如图8所示。
分析图8可知,与连续装药爆破相比,采用一段空气间隔装药结构时,孔网参数为7 m×3.5 m工况下,0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比增加5个百分点,但大块率显著提升,由5%增加到11%;孔网参数为6.5 m×3.5 m工况下,0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比增加11个百分点,大块率降低1个百分点。采用二段空气间隔装药结构时,孔网参数为7 m×3.5 m工况下,0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比增加5个百分点,但大块率增加14个百分点,增幅较大;孔网参数为6.5 m×3.5 m工况下,0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比增加21个百分点,大块率增加1个百分点。说明仅采用空气间隔装药结构可提升0.3~0.9 m矿石粒径占比,但大块率增幅较大;采用空气间隔装药结构、适当缩小孔网参数可显著提升0.3~0.9 m粒径占比,同时大块率几乎不变。
由此可见,采用二段空气间隔装药结构、孔网参数为6.5 m×3.5 m时爆破效果最优,大块率为6%。
基于数值模拟结果,将矿山爆破生产原使用的连续装药结构、孔网参数7 m×3.5 m调整为二段空气间隔装药结构、孔网参数6.5 m×3.5 m,其中空气间隔段采用H 1 m×ϕ 35 mm的可传爆间隔器,炮孔深度17 m,装药段长度底部6.5 m、中部3 m、上部2 m。本次试验在同一台阶开展,分为1#试验组和2#对照组,现场试验台阶边坡及装药结构如图9所示。
试验组与对照组典型的爆堆块度分布如图10所示,分别在爆堆表面和内部选取多个区域,利用Split-Desktop块度分析软件进行统计,结果见表10。
根据表9可以发现,相较于矿山原装药结构和孔网参数,采用二段空气间隔装药结构、孔网参数6.5 m×3.5 m后,0~0.3 m粒径占比降低了22.08个百分点,0.3~0.9 m粒径占比提高了20.09个百分点,大块率提高了1.99个百分点,同时炸药单耗降低了10.29%。优化后的爆堆整体块度分布更均匀,矿石级配更合理,炸药单耗有所降低,有利于提高矿山爆后铲装效率和经济效益。
(1)基于现场实测数据和ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟构建了灰岩爆破块度尺寸与动力损伤关联模型,二者之间存在负指数函数关系,爆破块度尺寸0.3 m和0.9 m所对应的损伤阈值分别为0.793和0.286。
(2)数值模拟结果表明,当仅采用空气间隔装药结构时可提高0.3~0.9 m粒径占比,但大块率增幅较大;当采用空气间隔装药结构、适当缩小孔网参数时,显著提升0.3~0.9 m粒径占比,同时大块率基本不变,其中采用二段空气间隔装药结构时0.3~0.9 m粒径占比提升幅度最大。
(3)将矿山爆破参数由连续装药、孔网参数7 m×3.5 m调整为二段空气间隔装药、孔网参数6.5 m×3.5 m后,0.3~0.9 m粒径占比提高了20.09个百分点,大块率基本不变,炸药单耗降低10.29%。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1909602)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2021BCA152)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.010
  • 接收时间:2024-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-21
基金
National key research and development plan project(2020YFC1909602)
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1909602)
Hubei Province key research and development project(2021BCA152)
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2021BCA152)
作者信息
    1a.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
    1b.武汉理工大学 关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,武汉 430070
    1c.武汉理工大学 矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
    2.滁州琅琊山矿业工程技术有限公司,滁州 239000

通讯作者:

雷涛(1983-),男,博士、讲师,主要从事采矿、安全、数字化矿山等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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