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Article(id=1241409513027334235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713456000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904692179, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904692179, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904692179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904692179, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=116, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409513421598819, articleId=1241409513027334235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Application of RTK Line Lofting Technology in Borehole Arrangement for Bench Blasting, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development of precision step blasting technology in open pit mines, the disadvantages of traditional layout methods in layout precision and construction efficiency are becoming more and more prominent. In order to improve the precision and efficiency of hole layout, the theory of hole layout is combined with RTK line lofting technology. According to the designed values of the chassis resistance line, hole spacing and row spacing, the RTK line lofting method is used to measure the size of the chassis resistance line and determine the line coordinates and layout direction of the first row of holes. Then, each row of holes can be laid out for construction by setting parameters such as mileage, mileage increment, deviation and deviation direction in the RTK manual book. Finally, a single person can achieve high-precision and high-efficiency hole laying while recording the hole position and measuring the design hole depth. This paper introduces a construction method of RTK line lofting and hole layout in detail, applies it to the actual construction, and gets a good effect. Applying this method provides a new idea for the precision, standardization and high efficiency of the open-pit bench blasting construction, improves the construction efficiency and precision while saving workforce, and reduces the cost of open-pit blasting.

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随着露天矿山精准台阶爆破技术的不断发展，传统露天台阶爆破施工中的布孔方法在布孔精度、施工效率等方面的弊端日益突出。为提高布孔精度和布孔施工效率，将炮孔布置理论与RTK线放样定位技术相结合，根据设计的底盘抵抗线、孔距和排距数值，利用RTK线放样施工方法，首先测定底盘抵抗线的大小、确定第一排孔的线坐标及布置方向，然后通过设置RTK手簿中里程、里程增量、偏距、偏距方向等参数进行每排孔的布孔施工，最终实现单人高精度高效率布孔施工同时记录炮孔位置、测定设计孔深。详细介绍了RTK线放样布孔法的施工方法，并将其应用到实际施工中，实施效果良好。该方法的应用为露天台阶爆破布孔施工精准化、规范化及高效化提供了新思路，在节省人力的同时，提高了施工效率和施工精度，为露天矿山爆破降低了成本。

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颜世留（1978-），男，本科、中级爆破工程师，从事露天矿山爆破施工，（E-mail）。

YAN Shi-liu (1978-), male, bachelor degree, intermediate blasting engineer, engaged in open-pit mine blasting construction, (E-mail) .

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颜世留（1978-），男，本科、中级爆破工程师，从事露天矿山爆破施工，（E-mail）。

YAN Shi-liu (1978-), male, bachelor degree, intermediate blasting engineer, engaged in open-pit mine blasting construction, (E-mail) .

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颜世留（1978-），男，本科、中级爆破工程师，从事露天矿山爆破施工，（E-mail）。

YAN Shi-liu (1978-), male, bachelor degree, intermediate blasting engineer, engaged in open-pit mine blasting construction, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese)., articleTitle=GPS measurement in engineering measurement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409535064208119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513027334235, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=30, issue=2, pageStart=57, pageEnd=61, 67, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=贾秀芳, journalName=水利科技与经济, refType=null, unstructuredReference=贾秀芳. RTK定位系统中GPS测量技术在水利水电工程测量中的应用研究[J]. 水利科技与经济, 2024, 30(2): 57-61, 67., articleTitle=RTK定位系统中GPS测量技术在水利水电工程测量中的应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409535152288510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513027334235, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=30, issue=2, pageStart=57, pageEnd=61, 67, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=JIA Xiu-fang, journalName=Water Conservancy Technology and Economy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIA Xiu-fang. 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Measuring data of tape hole method

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点号 Y X孔深
1-11 YYY274.398 XXX2079.84916.388
1-12 YYY267.692 XXX2079.76416.393
1-13 YYY261.069 XXX2079.82016.477
1-14 YYY254.800 XXX2079.89016.740
1-15 YYY247.823 XXX2080.24316.619
1-16 YYY240.991 XXX2080.29416.566
1-17 YYY234.204 XXX2079.93516.243
1-18 YYY227.741 XXX2079.98916.297
), ArticleFig(id=1241409533529092773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409513027334235, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

皮尺布孔法测量数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点号 Y X孔深
1-11 YYY274.398 XXX2079.84916.388
1-12 YYY267.692 XXX2079.76416.393
1-13 YYY261.069 XXX2079.82016.477
1-14 YYY254.800 XXX2079.89016.740
1-15 YYY247.823 XXX2080.24316.619
1-16 YYY240.991 XXX2080.29416.566
1-17 YYY234.204 XXX2079.93516.243
1-18 YYY227.741 XXX2079.98916.297
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Measurement data of RTK line lofting and hole layout method

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点号 Y X孔深
2-11 YYY385.213 XXX2087.64316.216
2-12 YYY391.694 XXX2087.55516.146
2-13 YYY398.253 XXX2087.70216.372
2-14 YYY404.782 XXX2087.68316.693
2-15 YYY411.213 XXX2087.60916.874
2-16 YYY417.74 XXX2087.61916.681
2-17 YYY424.211 XXX2087.63316.436
2-18 YYY430.707 XXX2087.61216.294
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RTK线放样布孔法测量数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点号 Y X孔深
2-11 YYY385.213 XXX2087.64316.216
2-12 YYY391.694 XXX2087.55516.146
2-13 YYY398.253 XXX2087.70216.372
2-14 YYY404.782 XXX2087.68316.693
2-15 YYY411.213 XXX2087.60916.874
2-16 YYY417.74 XXX2087.61916.681
2-17 YYY424.211 XXX2087.63316.436
2-18 YYY430.707 XXX2087.61216.294
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Comparison of hole distribution efficiency

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序号孔数布孔人数布孔时间/min单人单位时间的布孔数量/（个/人/min）
1903350.86
2901452.00
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布孔效率对比表

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序号孔数布孔人数布孔时间/min单人单位时间的布孔数量/（个/人/min）
1903350.86
2901452.00
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RTK线放样技术在露天台阶爆破布孔中的应用研究
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颜世留 , 陈运成 , 朱伟 , 李铁龙
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(4): 116-121
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(4): 116-121
RTK线放样技术在露天台阶爆破布孔中的应用研究
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颜世留 , 陈运成, 朱伟, 李铁龙
作者信息
  • 宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司，广州　510000

    • 颜世留（1978-），男，本科、中级爆破工程师，从事露天矿山爆破施工，（E-mail）。

    YAN Shi-liu (1978-), male, bachelor degree, intermediate blasting engineer, engaged in open-pit mine blasting construction, (E-mail) .

Application of RTK Line Lofting Technology in Borehole Arrangement for Bench Blasting
Shi-liu YAN , Yun-cheng CHEN, Wei ZHU, Tie-long LI
Affiliations
  • Hongda Blasting Engineering Group Co, Ltd, Guangzhou 510000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.014
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摘要
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随着露天矿山精准台阶爆破技术的不断发展，传统露天台阶爆破施工中的布孔方法在布孔精度、施工效率等方面的弊端日益突出。为提高布孔精度和布孔施工效率，将炮孔布置理论与RTK线放样定位技术相结合，根据设计的底盘抵抗线、孔距和排距数值，利用RTK线放样施工方法，首先测定底盘抵抗线的大小、确定第一排孔的线坐标及布置方向，然后通过设置RTK手簿中里程、里程增量、偏距、偏距方向等参数进行每排孔的布孔施工，最终实现单人高精度高效率布孔施工同时记录炮孔位置、测定设计孔深。详细介绍了RTK线放样布孔法的施工方法，并将其应用到实际施工中，实施效果良好。该方法的应用为露天台阶爆破布孔施工精准化、规范化及高效化提供了新思路，在节省人力的同时，提高了施工效率和施工精度，为露天矿山爆破降低了成本。

台阶爆破  /  布孔  /  RTK  /  线放样

With the continuous development of precision step blasting technology in open pit mines, the disadvantages of traditional layout methods in layout precision and construction efficiency are becoming more and more prominent. In order to improve the precision and efficiency of hole layout, the theory of hole layout is combined with RTK line lofting technology. According to the designed values of the chassis resistance line, hole spacing and row spacing, the RTK line lofting method is used to measure the size of the chassis resistance line and determine the line coordinates and layout direction of the first row of holes. Then, each row of holes can be laid out for construction by setting parameters such as mileage, mileage increment, deviation and deviation direction in the RTK manual book. Finally, a single person can achieve high-precision and high-efficiency hole laying while recording the hole position and measuring the design hole depth. This paper introduces a construction method of RTK line lofting and hole layout in detail, applies it to the actual construction, and gets a good effect. Applying this method provides a new idea for the precision, standardization and high efficiency of the open-pit bench blasting construction, improves the construction efficiency and precision while saving workforce, and reduces the cost of open-pit blasting.

bench blasting  /  borehole arrangement  /  RTK  /  line lofting
颜世留, 陈运成, 朱伟, 李铁龙. RTK线放样技术在露天台阶爆破布孔中的应用研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 116 -121 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.014
Shi-liu YAN, Yun-cheng CHEN, Wei ZHU, Tie-long LI. Application of RTK Line Lofting Technology in Borehole Arrangement for Bench Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 116 -121 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.014
正文
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台阶爆破施工是露天矿山开采的重要工序，为后续的矿山的采剥提供了基础。爆破设计实施的精准与否直接影响到爆破效果及后续挖装、加工及施工效率、成本等。传统的爆破布孔作业基本上都采用步量法、皮尺法等作业方式，这往往会导致布孔累积误差大、施工效率低，爆破作用和爆后块度不均匀，甚至爆后大块和根底较多[1]。如果采用精确的数据采集方法、测量定位等现代化技术，加上爆破工程师长期的工作经验，做到高精度布孔施工定能改善爆破效果、提高施工效率，实现精准台阶爆破的布孔施工[2]。
RTK测量仪精度高、测量速度快[3]，本文以清远市清新区清新水泥矿山台阶爆破为应用场景，就应用中海达RTK测量仪线放样技术实现单人高精度快速布孔，进行了一些总结与分析，并阐述了具体的操作步骤。
1　RTK定位原理
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RTK技术系统用户主要包括三个部分[4]：基准站、移动站和数据链。其作业原理是基准站接收机架设在已知或未知坐标的参考点上，连续接收所有可视GNSS卫星信号；基准站将测站点坐标、伪距观测值载波相位观测值、卫星跟踪状态和接收机工作状态等通过无线数据链发送给移动站；移动站先进行初始化，完成整周未知数的搜索求解后，进入动态作业。移动站在接收来自基准站的数据时，同步观测采集GNSS卫星载波相位数据，通过系统内差分处理求解载波相位整周模糊度，根据移动站和基准站的相关性得出移动站的平面坐标N、E和高程Z。GPS-RTK测量仪技术原理见图1。
2　RTK线放样布孔法操作步骤
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2.1　设备连接并校正
作业前首先选择合适的场地架设并连接设备，然后在已知点上进行点校正。设备校正完成以后，使用碎步测量或点放样功能进行测量比对，误差控制在3 cm以内，即可满足布孔的精度要求。
2.2　操作步骤
1）确定第1排孔的位置及布置方向
根据设计的底盘抵抗线的大小和方向确定第1排孔的位置和方向，如图2。
2）布置第1排第1个孔
根据炮区规划和已确定的第一排孔位置和方向布置第1排第1个孔，如图3。
3）使用RTK碎部测量采集第1个孔的坐标
第1个孔布置完毕后，使用RTK碎部测量采集第1个孔坐标，并记住该点的名称，如图4。
4）在确定的第1排孔布置方向上，使用碎部测量采集任意一个点
第1个孔坐标采集完毕后，在第1排孔布置方向上再任意采集一点（为保证炮孔布置方向的精度，该点的采集尽量距离第一个炮孔远一些），并记住该点的名称，如图5。
5）使用RTK进行直线放样，直线起点和终点分别选取上述第1个采集点和第2个采集点
（1）添加直线，具体操作步骤如下：测量-线放样-放样线库-添加-直线-两点定线-修改线名-添加起点-添加终点-确定，如图5。
添加起点步骤：点击“点库”按钮-坐标点-点击采集的第1个点名，如图6。
添加终点步骤：点击“点库”按钮-坐标点-点击采集的第2个点名，如图6。
（2）点击上述添加的直线，点击确定。
6）根据孔距和排距大小在线放样中分别设置第1排孔的里程、里程增量、偏距、偏距方向，然后根据RTK手簿提示布置第1排孔
（1）各排孔里程、里程增量、偏距、偏距方向设置方法
进入线放样界面后点击“采样点”按钮设置里程、里程增量、偏距、偏距方向（里程：采集点与起始点在放样线方向上的距离；偏距：放样线向左或向右偏移的距离；偏距方向（向左或向右）：起点面向终点的左侧或右侧），具体设置方法如下，示意图如图7。
第1排孔设置方法：由于第1排第1个孔已布置完成，可以直接布置第2个孔，故里程设置为孔距a，里程增量设置为孔距a，第1排孔与放样线在同一条直线上，故偏距设置为0，偏距增量设置为0。
第2排孔设置方法：里程设置为孔距a/2，里程增量设置为孔距a，放样线向右偏移距离为排距b则是第二排孔所在的直线，故偏距设置为排距b，偏距增量设置为0，偏距方向设置为向右。
第3排孔设置方法：里程设置为孔距a，里程增量设置为孔距a，放样线向右偏移距离为2倍排距则是第三排孔所在的直线，故偏距设置为2倍排距（2b），偏距增量设置为0，偏距方向设置为向右。
第4排孔设置方法：里程设置为1.5a，里程增量设置为孔距a，放样线向右偏移距离为3倍排距则是第4排孔所在的直线，故偏距设置为3倍排距（3b），偏距增量设置为0，偏距方向设置为向右。
后排孔以此类推。
（2）各排孔线放样布置方法
首先点击“采样点”按钮设置第1排孔的里程、里程增量、偏距、偏距方向（假设孔距5 m，设置界面如图8），设置完成后，点击确定开始线放样布孔，首先根据提示布置第1排第2个孔（精度控制在0.03 m内，即提示向前后向后距离小于0.03 m，向左或向右提示距离小于0.03 m，如图8，第2个孔布置完毕后点击“下一个”按钮（图中方框内的按钮，也可以按键盘向右按键），根据提示布置第1排第3个孔，以此类推布置第4个、第5个……（若线放样提示为向南（北）、向东（西），可在线放样配置中将线放样提示改为向前（后））
7）第1排孔布置完毕后，按照上述6的方法依次布置第2排、第3排、第4排……
第1排孔布置完毕后点击“采样点”按钮，按照上述的设置方法设置第2排孔的里程、里程增量、偏距、偏距方向，设置完成后按照上述布孔方法布置第2排炮孔，如图9。
最后按上述方法依此类推，布置第3排孔、第4排孔……
8）根据前排实际情况调整第1排孔
后排孔布置完毕后，再根据掌子面和底盘抵抗线的实际情况调整第1排孔。
3　RTK线放样布孔法在清新水泥矿山的应用
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3.1　工程简述
清远清新水泥矿区位于清远市清新区石潭镇，该矿地质条件复杂，岩石节理裂隙发育，岩石硬度系数为10~12，日常爆破施工的频率高、规模大、布孔任务重、对布孔量和布孔的精度要求高。传统的皮尺布孔法施工效率不高、布孔精度差，爆后岩石块度不均匀。清新水泥矿山使用的是未装备GPS的潜孔钻机，采用RTK线放样布孔法能较好地满足了生产需要。
3.2　不同布孔方式的效果对比
在矿山选取两块岩性相同的待爆区作为试验区域，工作面较宽，岩基表面平整，爆破环境较好。爆破参数选取如下[5]：爆区台阶高度H=15 m，孔径D=140 mm，超深h=1.5 m，孔深L=h+H=16.5 m，孔距a=6 m，排距b=3.5 m。采用梅花形布孔，主装药为混装乳化炸药；采用电子雷管起爆网路逐孔起爆，孔间延期34 ms，排间延期75 ms。分别采用传统的皮尺布孔法和RTK线放样布孔法进行布孔。
3.2.1　布孔精度对比
布孔完成后，使用RTK仪器对炮孔点进行测量收集，利用南方cass进行布点。
从布置的炮区中随机选择一排炮孔作为样本进行评判，避免人工调整造成误差优先选取中间的炮孔。表1为皮尺布孔法炮孔的测量数据，表2为RTK布孔法的测量数据。
根据表1和表2的数据，分别对他们进行线性回归分析
式中：Q为残差平方和；yi为模型拟合函数预测值；y样本观测值。
皮尺布孔法：根据观测点号进行计算Q1=0.189；
RTK布孔法：根据观测点号进行计算Q2=0.014。
由Q1和Q2对比可以得出：使用RTK线放样布孔法相较于人工布孔法，确实能够大大降低布孔误差，提高工程精度。
3.2.2　布孔施工效率对比
对于布孔施工效率，采用的比较方法是相同条件同一时间内单人布孔数量对比。具体统计数据如表3所示。由表3得出：使用RTK线放样布孔法的施工效率是皮尺布孔法的2.3倍。
3.2.3　爆破效果对比
在传统的皮尺布孔法中，由于人工操作、地质条件复杂性和设备精度等因素的限制，爆破作业完成后，爆堆表面常常出现较多大块岩石的现象。此类大块岩石是由于爆炸能量分布不均或岩石物理性质差异导致的，不仅影响了矿石的进一步加工和利用，还增加了二次破碎的工作量，降低了生产效率。此外，爆堆内部岩石的破碎程度也存在不均匀性，部分区域破碎过度，而另一部分则破碎不足，这种不均匀性对于后续清运工作来说极为不利。据对皮尺布孔法的综合统计，爆堆表面大块率大约在2%左右。同时，由于这种不均匀的破碎效果，清运工作进展较为缓慢，严重制约了整个矿山开采工作的效率和进度。
然而，采用RTK布孔法后，情况得到了显著改善。RTK布孔技术通过高精度的测量手段，使得孔网误差明显减小，实际上提高了布孔的准确性和精度。因此，在爆破过程中，爆炸能量能够更加均匀地作用于目标岩石，导致爆破效果取得了很大的提高。具体表现为爆破后爆堆表面的大块岩石明显减少，爆堆内部的岩石破碎较为均匀，大块率也明显降低。根据实际统计数据，采用RTK线放样布孔技术，同样的爆破条件，大块率不足1%，相较于传统的皮尺布孔法有了大幅度的下降。这不仅减少了二次破碎的工作量，还使得清运工作变得更加高效顺畅，清运工作效率也得到明显提升。
图10所示的是传统布孔方式爆破后的爆堆表面岩石分布情况，可以看出爆堆表面大块岩石较多，且分布不均。而图11则展示了使用RTK布孔技术后爆破效果的显著改善，爆堆表面大块岩石明显减少，岩石碎片分布更加均匀。这两张图直观地展示了皮尺布孔法与RTK布孔法之间的优劣对比。
4　结论
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（1）露天台阶爆破施工中，RTK线放样布孔法较传统的皮尺布孔法布孔精度显著提高。
（2）相同的布孔条件下，RTK线放样布孔法施工效率是传统的皮尺布孔法的2.3倍。
（3）相同的爆破单耗，采用RTK线放样布孔法的爆破效果明显优于传统的皮尺布孔法。
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.014
  • 接收时间：2024-04-19
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-19
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    宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司，广州　510000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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