Article(id=1241409512628875351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719417600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904692083, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904692083, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904692083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904692083, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=156, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409513505484900, articleId=1241409512628875351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Damage Characteristics and Impact Assessment of Blasting-induced Vibration on High-density Structures Adjacent to Diversion Tunnels, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Abstract: Vibration is a primary detrimental effect generated by blasting operations, and accurately evaluating its impact remains crucial and challenging. Based on the blasting excavation of a tunnel under the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project, this study combines numerical simulation and field investigation to assess the damage characteristics of buildings affected by various factors. The results show that blasting vibration causes “X-shaped” cracks at the four corners of windows and doorways, while uneven settlement leads to 45° diagonal cracks. Subsequently, time-frequency analysis was performed on vibration data from buildings at varying distances from the blast source. The findings indicate that forced vibration predominates in building foundations, with minimal free vibration and quickly attenuating after the blasting load ends. As horizontal distance increases, the main frequency and blasting vibration energy exhibit a downward trend based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. However, the main frequency is less sensitive to distance changes than energy. Additionally, the sensitivity of energy to distance varies across different frequency bands. Generally, energy in each frequency band rapidly attenuates close to the blast source, with slower attenuation as distance increases. Furthermore, as the distance from the last source increases, there is a shift in energy from higher to lower frequency bands towards lower frequency bands, and the effect of low-pass and high-filter results in distinct variations in energy attenuation within different frequency bands. Finally, the study highlights a significant disparity between human perception of blasting vibrations and building safety standards. Based on this observation, a comprehensive evaluation method is proposed to combine structural damage assessment with considerations of the human settlement environment.

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GUO Yi-wei (1984-), male, born in Kunming, Yunnan, master, senior engineer, and mainly engaged in the work of environmental impact assessment in water conservancy and hydropower construction, (E-mail) .
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振动是爆破作业所产生的首要有害效应,科学地对爆破影响进行评价是工程建设需要解决的重要难点。以滇中引水工程下穿建筑群的隧洞爆破开挖为工程依托,首先采用数值模拟和现场调查方法获得了建筑物受不同致损因素影响的损伤特征,爆破振动会导致建筑物窗户、门洞四角形成“X”形态裂缝,单侧不均匀沉降会导致建筑物出现沿窗户、门洞对角的45°斜裂缝。进而对不同爆源距的建筑物振动数据进行时频分析,结果表明:建筑物基础部位受迫振动占据主导作用,爆破荷载结束后自由振动轻微并迅速衰减。随着水平距离的增加,FFT(快速傅里叶变换)主频和爆破振动能量均有下降趋势,但FFT主频随距离变化不如能量敏感,并且各频段能量对距离的敏感程度亦不相同。总体上各频段能量呈现出近区衰减快、远区衰减慢的特征;随爆源距增大,高频部分的爆破能量向中低频转移,存在“低通高滤”效应,从而导致各频带能量衰减出现差异化的特征。最后通过调查发现:人体对爆破振动的感受与建筑物安全标准存在显著的差异,据此提出了基于结构损伤和人居环境影响的综合评价方法。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭镒维(1984-),男,云南昆明人,硕士、高工,主要从事水利水电建设环境影响评估等工作,(E-mail)
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饶宇(1990-),男,湖南宁乡人,博士、高工,主要从事岩土动力学的研究工作,(E-mail)

RAO Yu (1990-), male, born in Ningxiang, Hunan, Ph. D, senior engineer, and mainly engaged in the research work of geotechnical dynamics, (E-mail) .

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饶宇(1990-),男,湖南宁乡人,博士、高工,主要从事岩土动力学的研究工作,(E-mail)

RAO Yu (1990-), male, born in Ningxiang, Hunan, Ph. D, senior engineer, and mainly engaged in the research work of geotechnical dynamics, (E-mail) .

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饶宇(1990-),男,湖南宁乡人,博士、高工,主要从事岩土动力学的研究工作,(E-mail)

RAO Yu (1990-), male, born in Ningxiang, Hunan, Ph. D, senior engineer, and mainly engaged in the research work of geotechnical dynamics, (E-mail) .

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Journal of Vibroengineering, 2017, 19(7): 5498-5519., articleTitle=Survey on the influencing factors of human comfort in a long-period frequent blast vibration environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409540269339551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=21, authorNames=刘德平, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘德平. 建筑物常见裂缝原因分析及防治措施[D]. 上海: 同济大学, 2007., articleTitle=建筑物常见裂缝原因分析及防治措施, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409540382585763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=22, authorNames=LIU De-ping, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU De-ping. Analysis and prevention measures of conventional cracks for buildings[D]. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2007. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis and prevention measures of conventional cracks for buildings, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409541896729510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=36, issue=7, pageStart=191, pageEnd=198, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=23, authorNames=饶宇, 夏元友, 胡英国, journalName=振动与冲击, refType=null, unstructuredReference=饶宇, 夏元友, 胡英国, 等. 预裂缝对爆破振动频谱分布特征的影响[J]. 振动与冲击, 2017, 36(7): 191-198., articleTitle=预裂缝对爆破振动频谱分布特征的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409542022558639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=36, issue=7, pageStart=191, pageEnd=198, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=24, authorNames=RAO Yu, XIA Yuan-you, HU Ying-guo, journalName=Journal of Vibration and Shock, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAO Yu, XIA Yuan-you, HU Ying-guo, et al. Influence of pre-splitting crack on spectrum distribution characteristics of blasting vibration[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2017, 36(7): 191-198. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Influence of pre-splitting crack on spectrum distribution characteristics of blasting vibration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409542135804854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=74, issue=null, pageStart=2919, pageEnd=2923, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=25, authorNames=CHEN S, ZHANG Z, WU J, journalName=Environmental Earth Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN S, ZHANG Z, WU J. Human comfort evaluation criteria for blast planning[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2015, 74: 2919-2923., articleTitle=Human comfort evaluation criteria for blast planning, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241409535508804368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, awardId=52079009, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52079009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241409535659799317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, awardId=52079009, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52079009), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241409522619707660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241409522632290573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, companyId=1241409522619707660, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering of Ministry of Water Resources, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241409522644873486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, companyId=1241409522619707660, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长江科学院 水利部岩土力学与工程重点实验室,武汉 430010)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241409524037382429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241409524045771037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, companyId=1241409524037382429, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241409524049965342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, companyId=1241409524037382429, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241409524356149541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241409524368732455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, companyId=1241409524356149541, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Central Yunnan Water Diversion Engineering Construction Administration Bureau, Kunming 650205, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241409524377121064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, companyId=1241409524356149541, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.云南省滇中引水工程建设管理局,昆明 650205)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241409524783968562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241409524792357171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, companyId=1241409524783968562, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Central Yunnan Water Diversion Engineering Co. Ltd., Kunming 650205, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241409524800745780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, companyId=1241409524783968562, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.云南省滇中引水工程有限公司,昆明 650205)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241409530412724785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The induced crack geometry of building by using ABAQUS, figureFileSmall=u33uzZ2vgQT5rzfOVydvLQ==, figureFileBig=gGqUiBChczjF91VIY8Oznw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530509193784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同因素导致建筑物裂缝形态的数值模拟结果, figureFileSmall=u33uzZ2vgQT5rzfOVydvLQ==, figureFileBig=gGqUiBChczjF91VIY8Oznw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530760852043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The schematic diagram of LQ tunnel (1#~2#adit) and surrounding protection, figureFileSmall=e5PHpTIEPboRL9ui7hwMZg==, figureFileBig=+XUh5E2ioMvW0XbJGT1LwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530886681169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图2, caption= LQ隧洞1#~2#施工支洞区间段与周边保护物的相互位置示意, figureFileSmall=e5PHpTIEPboRL9ui7hwMZg==, figureFileBig=+XUh5E2ioMvW0XbJGT1LwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530974761561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The section of LQ tunnel, figureFileSmall=QnquBJT5qRMilIgyHJQVag==, figureFileBig=KZ+iA2L4SGQq14yHUwYV1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409531092202081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图3, caption= LQ隧洞断面, figureFileSmall=QnquBJT5qRMilIgyHJQVag==, figureFileBig=KZ+iA2L4SGQq14yHUwYV1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409531197059691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The types of cracks in buildings, figureFileSmall=vdPPSzn6i24jv3ZPhg7pYA==, figureFileBig=f+wbwwsvcFFeSk1C5onKrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409531310305907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图4, caption=建筑物常见裂缝类型, figureFileSmall=vdPPSzn6i24jv3ZPhg7pYA==, figureFileBig=f+wbwwsvcFFeSk1C5onKrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409531423552122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The measuring point of buildings, figureFileSmall=FrfKJJbb7Gf783wBpBiEWA==, figureFileBig=zwD5rLr/Ab2LKm3SONSKCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533017387651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图5, caption=建筑物测点布置示意, figureFileSmall=FrfKJJbb7Gf783wBpBiEWA==, figureFileBig=zwD5rLr/Ab2LKm3SONSKCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533147411085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The transverse velocity and its amplitude spectrum at different horizontal distances, figureFileSmall=AbbDJhq8asoOpsoikowEhg==, figureFileBig=wvWxOyG2RVOqCiFCJf9pqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533298406039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图6, caption=切向爆破振动速度及幅度频谱沿水平距离的变化, figureFileSmall=AbbDJhq8asoOpsoikowEhg==, figureFileBig=wvWxOyG2RVOqCiFCJf9pqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533415846558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=PSD of blast-induced velocity, figureFileSmall=N17R+ePKUh1KNTEV15qGiQ==, figureFileBig=0o2N2NEypNwnDky7DEipcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533516509861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图7, caption=爆破振动速度功率谱, figureFileSmall=N17R+ePKUh1KNTEV15qGiQ==, figureFileBig=0o2N2NEypNwnDky7DEipcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533633950376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Peak PSD of different frequency bands at different horizontal distances, figureFileSmall=oPJGBsiX14mIrwDES0565g==, figureFileBig=8WpkyIKsjzzzH6OqKR8r8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533743002288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同频段峰值功率谱密度沿距离的衰减曲线, figureFileSmall=oPJGBsiX14mIrwDES0565g==, figureFileBig=8WpkyIKsjzzzH6OqKR8r8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533868831417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The overall procedure for the effect assessment of blasting-induced vibrations, figureFileSmall=RZMpDVB4C9spODI+1n+McA==, figureFileBig=b2pYcdhqga13RFXoe0YBrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533986271936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=图9, caption=爆破振动影响评价一般流程, figureFileSmall=RZMpDVB4C9spODI+1n+McA==, figureFileBig=b2pYcdhqga13RFXoe0YBrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409534191792839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Material parameters of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料损伤模型密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/MPa泊松比膨胀角/°偏心率应力比 k粘性系数
C20混凝土CDP240025 5000.2300.11.160.6670.005
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534279873234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混凝土材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料损伤模型密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/MPa泊松比膨胀角/°偏心率应力比 k粘性系数
C20混凝土CDP240025 5000.2300.11.160.6670.005
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534405702361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The used JWL parameters of explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药密度/(kg·m-3爆速/(m·s-1爆压/GPa参数A/GPa参数B/GPa参数R1参数R2参数ω单位体积内能/GPa
110038009.53740.1824.150.90.304.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534531531488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

炸药JWL状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药密度/(kg·m-3爆速/(m·s-1爆压/GPa参数A/GPa参数B/GPa参数R1参数R2参数ω单位体积内能/GPa
110038009.53740.1824.150.90.304.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534657360614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The analysis of typical structural damages and their influencing factors in buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤类型形态特征主导原因
收缩裂缝裂缝较窄、长度不一,呈无规则的网状龟裂。材料塑性收缩或干燥过程中养护不当造成。
温度裂缝檐口、窗台部位细小裂缝,天棚和墙面出现贯通型裂缝。温差较大的地区房屋沿檐口、窗台部位出现方向较为一致的细小裂缝,长度较大的混凝土屋盖可能导致天棚和墙面同一部位出现贯通型裂缝。
砌筑质量沿砌块之间的竖向贯通型裂缝,墙面上部、特别是梁下的水平横缝。竖向灰缝不足导致出现竖向裂缝、水平灰缝过厚或框架梁底部斜砌砂浆不饱满导致填充墙沉降呈水平横缝。
沉降裂缝斜向为主,水平、竖向及八字形不常见,一般呈“上宽下窄”、左右宽中间窄。建筑物一端较软弱可导致斜向裂缝,地基突变处易导致顶部拉裂呈竖向裂缝,长度大的墙面因地基变形不协调出现正八字形(中部)裂缝。
构造裂缝沿窗户及门洞过梁两端的斜向及水平缝。门窗洞口过梁的支撑处,局部应力集中出现斜向和水平向裂缝。
外力作用“X”型裂缝及沿原有裂缝方向增宽、增长。常见沿窗户门洞四周向外延伸的“X”型裂缝,或导致原有裂缝扩展。
相邻建(构)筑物影响与建(构)筑物布置有关。部分民房通过下沉地基建造低于周边路基的地下室,通过盖板搭建形成外出通道,外地面变形及车辆碾压对墙面挤压形成水平横缝等。
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534724469483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

建筑物常见损伤及影响因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤类型形态特征主导原因
收缩裂缝裂缝较窄、长度不一,呈无规则的网状龟裂。材料塑性收缩或干燥过程中养护不当造成。
温度裂缝檐口、窗台部位细小裂缝,天棚和墙面出现贯通型裂缝。温差较大的地区房屋沿檐口、窗台部位出现方向较为一致的细小裂缝,长度较大的混凝土屋盖可能导致天棚和墙面同一部位出现贯通型裂缝。
砌筑质量沿砌块之间的竖向贯通型裂缝,墙面上部、特别是梁下的水平横缝。竖向灰缝不足导致出现竖向裂缝、水平灰缝过厚或框架梁底部斜砌砂浆不饱满导致填充墙沉降呈水平横缝。
沉降裂缝斜向为主,水平、竖向及八字形不常见,一般呈“上宽下窄”、左右宽中间窄。建筑物一端较软弱可导致斜向裂缝,地基突变处易导致顶部拉裂呈竖向裂缝,长度大的墙面因地基变形不协调出现正八字形(中部)裂缝。
构造裂缝沿窗户及门洞过梁两端的斜向及水平缝。门窗洞口过梁的支撑处,局部应力集中出现斜向和水平向裂缝。
外力作用“X”型裂缝及沿原有裂缝方向增宽、增长。常见沿窗户门洞四周向外延伸的“X”型裂缝,或导致原有裂缝扩展。
相邻建(构)筑物影响与建(构)筑物布置有关。部分民房通过下沉地基建造低于周边路基的地下室,通过盖板搭建形成外出通道,外地面变形及车辆碾压对墙面挤压形成水平横缝等。
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534841910000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Measuring results of blasting-induced PPV at different horizontal distances (HD)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建筑物测点编号距离/m径向(Long.)切向(Tran.)铅锤向(Vert.)
水平(HD埋深(Depth PPV/(mm·s-1频率/Hz时刻/ms PPV/(mm·s-1频率/Hz时刻/ms PPV/(mm·s-1频率/Hz时刻/ms
10408.7466.25666.1845.457214.4079.99378
222406.0045.37733.1345.37688.2140.7620
325404.8245.37672.3440.76628.0240.76525
442403.4245.37682.6240.76634.7540.7669
554402.2523.84622.0635.38673.1140.7624
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535068402425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同水平距离的建筑物基础部位爆破振动速度监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建筑物测点编号距离/m径向(Long.)切向(Tran.)铅锤向(Vert.)
水平(HD埋深(Depth PPV/(mm·s-1频率/Hz时刻/ms PPV/(mm·s-1频率/Hz时刻/ms PPV/(mm·s-1频率/Hz时刻/ms
10408.7466.25666.1845.457214.4079.99378
222406.0045.37733.1345.37688.2140.7620
325404.8245.37672.3440.76628.0240.76525
442403.4245.37682.6240.76634.7540.7669
554402.2523.84622.0635.38673.1140.7624
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535227785988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The effect of blasting vibration velocity on human settlement environment and building safety

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破振动速度量级/(mm·s-1人居环境/人体感受建筑物安全/房屋变化投诉/上访事件
1有感
5轻微基本个别
7吓一跳门、窗等薄弱部位晃动,原有开裂抹灰层偶见掉落。少量
12中度门、窗等薄弱部位响动明显,原有开裂抹灰层、破损玻璃等少量掉落。小范围
20严重门、窗等薄弱部位响动强烈,个别瓦片掉落,简易建筑(如砖垒围墙、杂物间)原有开裂处偶见增宽增长,房屋主体结构未见新增裂缝。较大范围
30难以忍受原有开裂抹灰层、瓷砖及松动瓦片少量掉落、简易建筑少量原有裂缝增宽增长,单次爆破房屋主体结构外观仍难见新增裂缝。大范围
备注注:1)上述调查结果是基于有限的爆破次数和非破坏性的试验,不同工程案例不能完全套用;
2)上述调查结果仅针对砖木、砖混结构以上的正常使用房屋,不针对土木结构及年久失修、长期无人居住或经鉴定为危房的房屋建筑;
3)投诉与上访的产生除了与爆破振动速度量级有关外,还与下列因素密切相关:
①地方风气及基层自治组织(村委、小组等)对舆情的引导;②参建单位科学宣贯及对居民诉求的响应;③居住人员年龄结构;④房屋性质(自用、出租);⑤房屋用途(居住、办公、生产等);⑥房屋权属(公有、私有)。
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535357809417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409512628875351, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

爆破振动速度对人居环境及建筑物安全影响的调查结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破振动速度量级/(mm·s-1人居环境/人体感受建筑物安全/房屋变化投诉/上访事件
1有感
5轻微基本个别
7吓一跳门、窗等薄弱部位晃动,原有开裂抹灰层偶见掉落。少量
12中度门、窗等薄弱部位响动明显,原有开裂抹灰层、破损玻璃等少量掉落。小范围
20严重门、窗等薄弱部位响动强烈,个别瓦片掉落,简易建筑(如砖垒围墙、杂物间)原有开裂处偶见增宽增长,房屋主体结构未见新增裂缝。较大范围
30难以忍受原有开裂抹灰层、瓷砖及松动瓦片少量掉落、简易建筑少量原有裂缝增宽增长,单次爆破房屋主体结构外观仍难见新增裂缝。大范围
备注注:1)上述调查结果是基于有限的爆破次数和非破坏性的试验,不同工程案例不能完全套用;
2)上述调查结果仅针对砖木、砖混结构以上的正常使用房屋,不针对土木结构及年久失修、长期无人居住或经鉴定为危房的房屋建筑;
3)投诉与上访的产生除了与爆破振动速度量级有关外,还与下列因素密切相关:
①地方风气及基层自治组织(村委、小组等)对舆情的引导;②参建单位科学宣贯及对居民诉求的响应;③居住人员年龄结构;④房屋性质(自用、出租);⑤房屋用途(居住、办公、生产等);⑥房屋权属(公有、私有)。
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引水隧洞下穿密集建筑群的爆破振动损伤特征与影响评价
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饶宇 1, 2 , 谢志国 3 , 陆进彬 4 , 赵根 1 , 马凯 4 , 郭镒维 3
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(4): 156-166
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(4): 156-166
引水隧洞下穿密集建筑群的爆破振动损伤特征与影响评价
全屏
饶宇1, 2 , 谢志国3, 陆进彬4, 赵根1, 马凯4, 郭镒维3
作者信息
  • 1.长江科学院 水利部岩土力学与工程重点实验室,武汉 430010
  • 2.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
  • 3.云南省滇中引水工程建设管理局,昆明 650205
  • 4.云南省滇中引水工程有限公司,昆明 650205
  • 饶宇(1990-),男,湖南宁乡人,博士、高工,主要从事岩土动力学的研究工作,(E-mail)

    RAO Yu (1990-), male, born in Ningxiang, Hunan, Ph. D, senior engineer, and mainly engaged in the research work of geotechnical dynamics, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

郭镒维(1984-),男,云南昆明人,硕士、高工,主要从事水利水电建设环境影响评估等工作,(E-mail)
Damage Characteristics and Impact Assessment of Blasting-induced Vibration on High-density Structures Adjacent to Diversion Tunnels
Yu RAO1, 2 , Zhi-guo XIE3, Jin-bin LU4, Gen ZHAO1, Kai MA4, Yi-wei GUO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering of Ministry of Water Resources, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3.Central Yunnan Water Diversion Engineering Construction Administration Bureau, Kunming 650205, China
  • 4.Central Yunnan Water Diversion Engineering Co. Ltd., Kunming 650205, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.020
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振动是爆破作业所产生的首要有害效应,科学地对爆破影响进行评价是工程建设需要解决的重要难点。以滇中引水工程下穿建筑群的隧洞爆破开挖为工程依托,首先采用数值模拟和现场调查方法获得了建筑物受不同致损因素影响的损伤特征,爆破振动会导致建筑物窗户、门洞四角形成“X”形态裂缝,单侧不均匀沉降会导致建筑物出现沿窗户、门洞对角的45°斜裂缝。进而对不同爆源距的建筑物振动数据进行时频分析,结果表明:建筑物基础部位受迫振动占据主导作用,爆破荷载结束后自由振动轻微并迅速衰减。随着水平距离的增加,FFT(快速傅里叶变换)主频和爆破振动能量均有下降趋势,但FFT主频随距离变化不如能量敏感,并且各频段能量对距离的敏感程度亦不相同。总体上各频段能量呈现出近区衰减快、远区衰减慢的特征;随爆源距增大,高频部分的爆破能量向中低频转移,存在“低通高滤”效应,从而导致各频带能量衰减出现差异化的特征。最后通过调查发现:人体对爆破振动的感受与建筑物安全标准存在显著的差异,据此提出了基于结构损伤和人居环境影响的综合评价方法。

爆破振动  /  损伤机理  /  时频特征  /  影响评价

Abstract: Vibration is a primary detrimental effect generated by blasting operations, and accurately evaluating its impact remains crucial and challenging. Based on the blasting excavation of a tunnel under the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project, this study combines numerical simulation and field investigation to assess the damage characteristics of buildings affected by various factors. The results show that blasting vibration causes “X-shaped” cracks at the four corners of windows and doorways, while uneven settlement leads to 45° diagonal cracks. Subsequently, time-frequency analysis was performed on vibration data from buildings at varying distances from the blast source. The findings indicate that forced vibration predominates in building foundations, with minimal free vibration and quickly attenuating after the blasting load ends. As horizontal distance increases, the main frequency and blasting vibration energy exhibit a downward trend based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. However, the main frequency is less sensitive to distance changes than energy. Additionally, the sensitivity of energy to distance varies across different frequency bands. Generally, energy in each frequency band rapidly attenuates close to the blast source, with slower attenuation as distance increases. Furthermore, as the distance from the last source increases, there is a shift in energy from higher to lower frequency bands towards lower frequency bands, and the effect of low-pass and high-filter results in distinct variations in energy attenuation within different frequency bands. Finally, the study highlights a significant disparity between human perception of blasting vibrations and building safety standards. Based on this observation, a comprehensive evaluation method is proposed to combine structural damage assessment with considerations of the human settlement environment.

blasting vibration  /  damage mechanism  /  time-frequency characteristics  /  impact assessment
饶宇, 谢志国, 陆进彬, 赵根, 马凯, 郭镒维. 引水隧洞下穿密集建筑群的爆破振动损伤特征与影响评价. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 156 -166 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.020
Yu RAO, Zhi-guo XIE, Jin-bin LU, Gen ZHAO, Kai MA, Yi-wei GUO. Damage Characteristics and Impact Assessment of Blasting-induced Vibration on High-density Structures Adjacent to Diversion Tunnels[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 156 -166 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.020
振动、冲击波、噪声及有害气体是爆破作业引起的主要有害效应,而振动通常被认为是首要的有害效应。不同于过去传统的水利水电项目,近年来实施的一批抽水蓄能电站、引调水工程等项目,施工区域往往位于城镇周边,毗邻居民区、风景名胜区、重要的铁路、公路和油气管道等,甚至下穿保护物的情况也十分常见,爆破对周边环境影响的控制摆在了比爆破质量更为突出的位置。水利水电工程的爆破施工周期长、规模大、频次高、24 h作业等特点,导致工程建设和各类建(构)筑物保护、人居环境影响之间的矛盾日益突出。因此,开展爆破振动对建筑物的损伤特征和影响评价研究具有重要的意义。
当前,爆破振动对建筑物的影响包含了建筑物自身响应、爆破振动衰减特征、爆破振动对人居环境以及爆破影响评价方法等诸多研究热点,众多的学者和工程技术人员对此进行了研究。结构响应方面,建筑物的爆破振动放大效应是可以明显观测到的[1],但在不同方向的爆破振动分量和频率成分的响应特征却有不同的认识。He等研究表明随着楼层的增高[2],水平径向和水平切向速度和瞬时能量先增大后减小,而铅垂向则先减小后增大且为三个方向中振动最大的分量。Ren在对历史建筑物的爆破振动影响研究中[3],探明了水平向振动有明显的放大效应,而铅垂向则迅速衰减。Huo则观测到质点峰值振动速度(PPV)随楼层增加逐步增大[4],并在3楼达到最大,而4楼则衰减,并且随楼层增加主振频率呈现由高频向低频转变的趋势。基于模态分析理论,Wang等将高层建筑简化为质量-弹簧-阻尼器模型[5],并监测到各层的振动速度峰值随楼层的增加而逐渐减小。廖德华认为铅垂向的爆破振动速度、频率及能量均有高程放大效应[6],而水平径向和水平切向的速度则呈现出高程衰减。而有学者将爆破作用下高层建筑从底部到顶部依次分为振动衰减区、波动区和放大区[7],一般来说,多层建筑物的底部和顶部爆破振动在频率成分、波至时间以及相位和幅值都存在较大差异[8,9]
部分学者还对不同距离处的建筑物爆破振动特征进行了研究。Chen基于模糊神经网络提出了PPV衰减规律的优化预测模型[10],并认为水平距离是影响峰值振动和主振频率最重要的因素,高程差、装药量及炸药类型也有一定影响。Wu获得了隧道掌子面前方5m存在着应力波的空腔效应和明显的衍射现象[11]。Xu对不同掏槽爆破毫秒网路和装药结构下的建筑物爆破振动信号进行HHT(希尔伯特黄变换)分析[12],研究表明自由面、单段装药量和隧道埋深均对表面振动有显著影响。Yan根据PPV数值将爆破影响划分为影响区、轻微影响区和未影响区[13]。爆破振动导致房屋开裂和对人员舒适性的影响是显而易见的[14,15]。Heath研究了爆破振动和环境因素对住宅建筑开裂的影响[16],并认为房屋开裂大多是黏土材料因温度和湿度变化而收缩或膨胀引起的,而爆破振动与房屋损坏直接关系并不明确。Yao提出了人体爆破振动舒适性的定量评价方法[17,18],并根据不同人群的爆破振动舒适感受调查结果确定了舒适性的影响因素。
建筑物受损主要表现形式为可见裂缝,众多研究中,爆破振动对裂缝的产生、延伸和扩展均被认为有重要影响,但在实际中致损因素却十分复杂。如何对已有裂缝的形成原因进行有效调查辨识、并结合爆破振动特征和损伤机理科学合理地对爆破影响进行评价,仍是当前工程建设领域所面临的重大难点。本文以云南省滇中引水工程下穿密集建筑群的爆破影响为工程背景,基于数值模拟方法探明了建筑物爆破损伤机理,结合工程现场建筑物损伤的详细调查,有效地对致损因素进行了辨识,研究了爆破振动时频细化特征,并据此提出了爆破振动影响的评价方法,研究成果为解决当前爆破影响评价重点难点提供了依据。
爆破应力波成分复杂,主要分为体波和面波,体波包括纵波和横波,面波则主要考虑瑞利波。当传播介质近似为弹性介质时,上述不同类型应力波可按照弹性波考虑。当体波遇到不连续介质面将产生反射和折射,从而在介质面处产生剪应力τp和拉应力σs。其应力值根据质点振动速度按式(1)和(2)进行计算
同样地,对于瑞利波,其在波阵面产生的应力也可以近似为
式中:KτKσKR为与场地特征有关的系数;ρ为岩体或保护对象的密度,kg/m3cpcscR为弹性波纵波、横波、瑞利波波速,m/s;vpvsvR为计算点处与各类型波振动方向一致的质点振动速度分量,m/s。
按弹性波理论,上述应力不宜超过保护物内部相应的抗拉、抗压、抗剪强度,否则容易导致保护物出现损伤。因此,根据式(1)~式(3),爆破容许质点振动速度可以表示为
式中:[v]表示容许质点振动速度;[σ]为动态容许应力;C为相应弹性波的传播速度。
地基不均匀沉降是导致建筑物开裂的主要诱因,工程建设产生的爆破振动往往被认为会致使建筑物受损而产生大范围的索赔纠纷,有效辨识2种致损因素的损伤形态特征,能够有效区分房屋建筑致损的因素和责任。为此,采用ABAQUS软件对爆破振动和不均匀沉降等2种工况对房屋的损伤进行模拟,其中,房屋采用C20混凝土的塑性损伤本构,具体材料参数如表1所示。通过拉压应力的损伤因子定义不同损伤退化程度。
式中:σ为模型的拉压应力;σ0为房屋混凝土材料无损情况下的初始拉压应力;D为损伤因子,0≤D≤1,当D=1时材料完全失去承载能力。爆破振动模拟采用高性能炸药模型(MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN)和JWL状态方程,调用Explicit显式动力学分析模块,具体参数如表2所示。不均匀沉降采用Abaqus/Standard通用模块进行非线性分析。为了简化分析,将爆破振动施加于建筑物底部基础部位,不设置复杂的爆破延期网路,具体结果如图1所示。
从数值模拟结果可知,爆破振动和不均匀沉降对建筑物损伤的分布形态有较明显的区别,爆破振动导致房屋裂缝沿窗户、门洞四角呈现“X”形态,同时楼板与墙体连接处也是容易出现开裂的部位;单侧软弱不均匀沉降主要导致了窗户、门洞的对角形成近似45°的斜向开裂,裂缝沿沉降大的一侧向沉降小的一侧下斜,不同楼层的斜向裂缝基本平行。
滇中引水工程是云南省可持续发展的战略性基础工程,为我国西南地区规模最大、投资最多的水资源配置工程。工程从金沙江上游石鼓河段取水,隧洞沿线途径丽江、大理、楚雄、昆明、玉溪、红河六个州(市),一期工程输水总干渠隧洞总长度612 km,隧洞规模大、沿线途经城区、乡镇以及村庄近80个建筑物密集分布区域,建筑物结构类型众多、人居环境复杂、爆破影响处置难度大。
以昆明段LQ隧洞为例,隧洞下穿昆明市五华区,其中1#~2#施工支洞区间主隧洞正上方分布有2条高速公路(分别为RC高速、KT高速)、2个村庄(SK村、HW村)及1座寺庙(FZ寺庙),周边环境极其复杂,具体如图2所示。隧洞轴线300 m范围内分布有各类型房屋308栋,房屋结构形式以砖混结构、砖木结构农村自建房为主,少量土木结构和框架结构,部分为砖混承重-钢屋盖结构房屋或砖混结构住房改建等作为生产厂房使用。下穿段采用控制爆破、辅以机械破碎的开挖方式,爆破采用2号岩石乳化炸药、数码电子雷管毫秒延期网路,单次炸药总量为9~150 kg。LQ隧洞为7.62 m×8.22 m(宽×高)的马蹄形断面,洞顶与周边村庄最小为40 m,如图3所示。
房屋产生损伤的原因众多,总体来说包括了自身原因和外部原因,自身原因主要包括了自然老化、房屋砌筑及养护质量、材料及结构设计缺陷等问题,外部原因则包括有地基变形、温度、湿度、地震、爆破等[19]。针对该下穿段2个村庄进行细致的调查,建筑物典型的损伤问题如表3图4所示。
表3虽然对建筑物常见裂缝的主要原因进行了分析,实际上裂缝的形成是多重因素共同导致的。爆破振动对建筑物的损伤辨识需要依赖于爆破振动特征分析,并结合爆前、爆后裂缝测量和贯穿施工全过程的调查工作,最后做出科学合理的评价。
针对隧洞开挖产生的爆破振动,沿隧洞轴线不同距离的民房建筑基础部位布置爆破振动速度测点,同时监测水平径向(Long.)、水平切向(Tran.)及铅垂向(Vert.)的振动速度时程。测点布置及建筑物与隧洞相对位置如图5所示,具体监测数据如表4所示。
目前国内外规范引入了以爆破振动主振频率范围内的PPV作为爆破安全控制标准,爆破振动存在多个主振频段[20],因而其频域特征对于确定建筑物影响情况十分重要,为此,以测点至爆源水平距离(HD)为0 m、22 m、42 m及54 m的测点切向振动速度为例,对爆破振动信号进行FFT变换,获得其频谱特征。图6为原始振动波形(图6(a))及其对应的幅度频谱曲线(图6(b))。
图6(a)可知,建筑物基础部位的爆破振动速度可以清晰地辨识爆破网路毫秒微差分段情况,爆破荷载作用结束后振动迅速衰减,建筑物的自由振动响应并不显著,因此基础部位还是以爆破荷载下的受迫振动占主导作用;图6(b)显示出建筑物基础部位的爆破振动频率基本在100 Hz以下,其中主振频率分布30~50 Hz之间。根据表4图6(b),爆破振动的FFT主振频率呈现出随距离增大而降低的趋势,以切向为例,当HD=0 m时,主振频率为45.45 Hz,而HD=54 m时,主振频率则衰减为35.38 Hz,但各分量主振频率变化差异性大、在一定的距离范围内保持不变,总体呈现出对距离变化不敏感的特征。
幅度频谱虽然能体现出信号频域特征,但幅值仍然是速度概念,没有很好的体现出爆破振动能量的分布特征,并且分布差异化并不显著。而功率谱密度(Power spectral density,PSD)则能准确描述各频率成分对爆破振动能量所做的贡献,并且由于功率谱密度定义为振动信号做FFT变换后的幅值的均方,体现了全频域的能量分布特征。以切向和铅垂向爆破振动速度为例,图7为不同距离测点振动信号的功率谱图。
比较图7可知,振动总能量及各频段能量分值均随距离增大有明显的衰减,但各频段能量随距离衰减的敏感程度不同。特别的,远区测点的个别频段能量数值存在接近甚至超过近区相同频段能量的情况存在,例如图7(a)HD=0 m时45.45 Hz功率谱密度为1.80×10-5(cm/s)2/Hz,低于HD=22 m时45.35 Hz功率谱密度1.89×10-5(cm/s)2/Hz,这表明随着距离的增大,高频部分的能量有向中低频转移的趋势,并存在“低通高滤”效应。
为了进一步了解爆破振动功率谱衰减的细化特征,将频率按<20 Hz、[20 Hz,40 Hz)、[40 Hz,50 Hz)、[50 Hz,60 Hz)、[60 Hz,80 Hz)、≥80 Hz细化为6个频段([表示≥、)表示<),获取6个频段内峰值功率谱密度(peak PSD),并绘制频段内峰值功率谱密度沿爆源距的衰减曲线,以径向和切向为例,具体如图8所示。
根据图8,不同频段峰值功率谱密度虽然均沿水平距离的增大呈现近区衰减快、远区衰减慢的特征,但影响程度差异化却十分明显,总体而言,本例中<40 Hz及>50 Hz部分呈现出快速衰减特征,而[40 Hz,50 Hz)频段则衰减相对平缓。即表明受到能量在频段内转移和“低通高滤”效应的影响,个别频段能量存在衰减规律异常的情况。
虽然爆破振动能量随着距离的增加有显著的衰减,对不同频率成分进行分析后可知,特定频率段的能量存在衰减缓慢甚至升高的情况存在,不排除存在分布在中远距离的建筑物的固有频率与特定频率接近形成共振放大效应而产生破坏的极端情况。因此,在爆破振动监测及评价过程中,仅仅考虑爆破振动对近区建筑的损伤而忽视对中远区域建筑物的影响是不足的。
前文对建筑结构的爆破振动损伤机理及其特征的研究是开展爆破振动影响的基础,但人体感受与建筑物安全的巨大差异是爆破振动影响评价及处置所面临的重大难点[21]。因此,在实际工程中只考虑爆破振动对建筑物的损害还不考虑其对人居环境的影响往往会带来较大的争议。本文通过对滇中引水工程沿线下穿、侧穿的超3000栋密集分布建(构)筑物长达3年的跟踪监测和调查,确定爆破振动速度对人居环境和建筑物安全的影响,如表5所示。
爆破振动影响具有“周期长、影响广、易感知、难辨识”的特点,由于施工周期往往长达数月,甚至数年,虽然爆破振动导致的裂缝形态较为特殊,但实际工程中,原有房屋往往由于自身及外部因素已受损,施工过程中,爆破振动、自然老化、地基沉降、开挖降水等因素叠加,导致了房屋受损加重,因此,从受损形态上判断致损因素是困难的。因此在爆破振动影响评价中应该遵循“事前预防、事中监控、事后决策”的原则,并对人居环境及建筑物安全区别评价。建议遵循的流程如图9所示。
基于滇中引水工程建设的建筑物爆破振动影响评价实践,采用数值模拟、现场调查、振动监测及其时频特征分析的方法,探究了建筑物爆破损伤机理,并对建筑物致损因素进行了有效的分类辨识,获得了爆破振动沿水平距离衰减的时频特征,最后提出了经工程应用检验行之有效的爆破振动影响评价方法,以期为建筑物的爆破损伤提供理论基础和应用借鉴,主要结论如下:
(1)基于裂缝形态的数值模拟反分析可知,爆破振动在建筑物窗户、门洞四角形成“X”形态裂缝,同时楼板与墙体连接处也易见开裂的部位,单侧软弱不均匀沉降则会导致沿建筑物窗户、门洞的对角45°斜裂缝。
(2)建筑物基础部位在爆破荷载作用下的受迫振动占主导作用,爆破荷载结束作用后自由振动迅速衰减;随着水平距离的增加,FFT主频和爆破振动能量均有下降趋势,但又呈现出不同的细化特征,主频对距离变化不如能量敏感,各频段能量对距离的敏感程度不同,总体上呈现出“近快远慢”的衰减趋势。
(3)随距离增大,高频部分的爆破能量向中低频转移,存在“低通高滤”效应,从而可能导致特定频段内的能量出现增大的现象存在,在这表明爆破振动对中远距离建筑物的影响是不容忽视的。
(4)人体对爆破振动的感受与建筑物安全标准存在显著的差异,科学合理的爆破影响评价应基于细致的事前、事中和事后工作,并对结构损伤和人居环境的影响加以区分、综合评价。
本文的研究成果主要从依托工程的实践中获得,但笔者深知,不同工程爆破影响评价所采用的施工参数、建筑物的类型与分布、受影响的人群心理和诉求不完全一致,因此本文成果的适用性仍有待更多工程进行检验。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52079009)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.020
  • 接收时间:2024-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52079009)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52079009)
作者信息
    1.长江科学院 水利部岩土力学与工程重点实验室,武汉 430010
    2.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
    3.云南省滇中引水工程建设管理局,昆明 650205
    4.云南省滇中引水工程有限公司,昆明 650205

通讯作者:

郭镒维(1984-),男,云南昆明人,硕士、高工,主要从事水利水电建设环境影响评估等工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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