Article(id=1241409512406577236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703088000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904692031, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904692031, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904692031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904692031, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409513111220318, articleId=1241409512406577236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Dynamic Characteristics and Fracture Mechanism of Coal Rock under Action of Mechanical-thermal Coupling, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To carry out deep coal mining safely and efficiently, the dynamic mechanical characteristics and fracture mechanism of coal rock in deep earth were investigated under the ‘three high and one disturbance’ environment. A dynamic impact test of coal rock was carried out using the self-improved ϕ 50 mm high temperature synchronous split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test equipment at temperatures between 25~200℃. A ZWT viscoelastic constitutive model was also improved to establish a dynamic constitutive equation considering the temperature effect. The influence of high temperature on crack development law and the dynamic strength of coal rock was investigated based on the coupling of the finite difference and discrete element methods. The results show four stages to the dynamic stress-strain curve of coal rock under high-temperature impact: compaction, elastic, crack propagation, and softening failure. The dynamic compressive strength and dynamic elastic modulus of coal rock significantly decrease as temperature increases. In contrast, the failure strain increases, and the absorbed energy varies in a W-shaped pattern. The fractal dimension increases linearly as the particle size decreases. The degree and complexity of the fragmentation mechanism increase as the compressive strength decreases. Although the improved dynamic constitutive model based on ZWT could adequately express the stress-strain relationship following a high-temperature impact, it does not apply to the compaction stage. According to the simulation and test results, water and adsorbed gas actively escape in the coal rock at 150℃. The coal matrix is also heated and expanded, which induces cracks. There are apparent mesoscopic cracks initially and gradually developed through cracks, mainly shear ones. The crack development of coal rock under dynamic compression at 100℃ develops through the impact surface, and the high temperature deteriorates the strength of coal rock.

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LUO Ning (1980-), male, Ph. D, professor and doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in the research of explosion and impact dynamics (high-performance computing and impact protection theory), deep rock dynamics (resource and energy development and key mechanical problems) and other related science and technology, (E-mail) .
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为了安全高效地进军深部煤炭资源开采,开展深地“三高一扰动”环境下煤岩的动态力学特性和破碎机理研究,采用自主改进的ϕ 50 mm高温同步分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验系统,对25~200℃温度下煤岩进行动态冲击试验研究,并改进ZWT粘弹性本构模型建立考虑温度效应的煤岩动态本构方程,基于有限差分-离散元数值模拟研究高温效应对煤岩裂纹发育规律及其动态强度的影响。研究表明:高温冲击作用下煤岩的动态应力应变曲线可划分为四个阶段:压密阶段、弹性阶段、裂纹增长阶段和软化失效阶段;随着温度的增加,煤岩的动态抗压强度和动态弹性模量劣化明显,失效应变呈现增加趋势,吸收能则呈现W型波动趋势;破碎粒径减小,分形维数则呈现明显的线性增加,抗压强度越低,破碎程度越高,破碎模式更为复杂;基于ZWT改进后的动态本构模型良好地表达高温冲击后的应力应变关系,但对压密阶段的表达不甚理想;模拟和试验结果显示煤岩在150℃高温后水成分和吸附气体活跃析出,煤基质受热膨胀破裂,出现明显细观裂纹,并逐渐发育为贯通裂纹,其中以剪切裂纹为主。煤岩在100℃下动态压缩的裂纹发育从受撞击面发育贯通,高温劣化煤岩强度。研究结论为“三高一扰动”深部复杂地况下煤炭资源安全高效开采提供基础理论支持。

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罗宁(1980-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学(高性能计算与冲击防护理论)、深地岩石动力学(资源能源开发及关键力学问题)等相关科学与技术的研究,(E-mail)
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李鹏龙(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石冲击动力学方向的学习研究,(E-mail)

LI Peng-long (1999-), male, master′s degree candidate, mainly engaged in the study and research of rock impact dynamics, (E-mail) .

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李鹏龙(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石冲击动力学方向的学习研究,(E-mail)

LI Peng-long (1999-), male, master′s degree candidate, mainly engaged in the study and research of rock impact dynamics, (E-mail) .

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李鹏龙(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石冲击动力学方向的学习研究,(E-mail)

LI Peng-long (1999-), male, master′s degree candidate, mainly engaged in the study and research of rock impact dynamics, (E-mail) .

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Specific SHPB bar parameters

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材料冲击杆入射杆透射杆吸收杆泊松比
锰硅弹簧钢500 mm3000 mm3000 mm1200 mm0.29
弹性模量密度纵波速度抗拉强度屈服强度断面收缩率
210 GPa7800 kg/m35188 m/s σb≥1274 MPa σs≥1176 MPa ψ≥25%
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具体SHPB杆件参数

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材料冲击杆入射杆透射杆吸收杆泊松比
锰硅弹簧钢500 mm3000 mm3000 mm1200 mm0.29
弹性模量密度纵波速度抗拉强度屈服强度断面收缩率
210 GPa7800 kg/m35188 m/s σb≥1274 MPa σs≥1176 MPa ψ≥25%
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Pb model parameters of particles

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颗粒接触模量刚度比平行黏结模量平行黏结刚度比法向黏结强度切向黏结强度
8e81.58e81.58e61.89e7
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颗粒Pb模型参数

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颗粒接触模量刚度比平行黏结模量平行黏结刚度比法向黏结强度切向黏结强度
8e81.58e81.58e61.89e7
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力-热耦合作用下煤岩动力学特性和破碎机理研究
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李鹏龙 1a, 1b , 罗宁 1a, 1b, 2 , 索云琛 1a, 1b , 柴亚博 1a, 1b , 孙锐 1a, 1b
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(4): 8-17
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(4): 8-17
力-热耦合作用下煤岩动力学特性和破碎机理研究
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李鹏龙1a, 1b , 罗宁1a, 1b, 2 , 索云琛1a, 1b, 柴亚博1a, 1b, 孙锐1a, 1b
作者信息
  • 1a.中国矿业大学 深部岩土力学与地下工程国家重点实验室,徐州 221116
  • 1b.中国矿业大学 力学与土木工程学院,徐州 221116
  • 2.北京理工大学 爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京 100081 
  • 李鹏龙(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石冲击动力学方向的学习研究,(E-mail)

    LI Peng-long (1999-), male, master′s degree candidate, mainly engaged in the study and research of rock impact dynamics, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

罗宁(1980-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学(高性能计算与冲击防护理论)、深地岩石动力学(资源能源开发及关键力学问题)等相关科学与技术的研究,(E-mail)
Study on Dynamic Characteristics and Fracture Mechanism of Coal Rock under Action of Mechanical-thermal Coupling
Peng-long LI1a, 1b , Ning LUO1a, 1b, 2 , Yun-chen SUO1a, 1b, Ya-bo CHAI1a, 1b, Rui SUN1a, 1b
Affiliations
  • 1a.State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 1b.School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.002
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为了安全高效地进军深部煤炭资源开采,开展深地“三高一扰动”环境下煤岩的动态力学特性和破碎机理研究,采用自主改进的ϕ 50 mm高温同步分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验系统,对25~200℃温度下煤岩进行动态冲击试验研究,并改进ZWT粘弹性本构模型建立考虑温度效应的煤岩动态本构方程,基于有限差分-离散元数值模拟研究高温效应对煤岩裂纹发育规律及其动态强度的影响。研究表明:高温冲击作用下煤岩的动态应力应变曲线可划分为四个阶段:压密阶段、弹性阶段、裂纹增长阶段和软化失效阶段;随着温度的增加,煤岩的动态抗压强度和动态弹性模量劣化明显,失效应变呈现增加趋势,吸收能则呈现W型波动趋势;破碎粒径减小,分形维数则呈现明显的线性增加,抗压强度越低,破碎程度越高,破碎模式更为复杂;基于ZWT改进后的动态本构模型良好地表达高温冲击后的应力应变关系,但对压密阶段的表达不甚理想;模拟和试验结果显示煤岩在150℃高温后水成分和吸附气体活跃析出,煤基质受热膨胀破裂,出现明显细观裂纹,并逐渐发育为贯通裂纹,其中以剪切裂纹为主。煤岩在100℃下动态压缩的裂纹发育从受撞击面发育贯通,高温劣化煤岩强度。研究结论为“三高一扰动”深部复杂地况下煤炭资源安全高效开采提供基础理论支持。

深部煤岩  /  力-热耦合  /  分离式霍普金森压杆  /  动态本构模型  /  有限差分-离散元

To carry out deep coal mining safely and efficiently, the dynamic mechanical characteristics and fracture mechanism of coal rock in deep earth were investigated under the ‘three high and one disturbance’ environment. A dynamic impact test of coal rock was carried out using the self-improved ϕ 50 mm high temperature synchronous split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test equipment at temperatures between 25~200℃. A ZWT viscoelastic constitutive model was also improved to establish a dynamic constitutive equation considering the temperature effect. The influence of high temperature on crack development law and the dynamic strength of coal rock was investigated based on the coupling of the finite difference and discrete element methods. The results show four stages to the dynamic stress-strain curve of coal rock under high-temperature impact: compaction, elastic, crack propagation, and softening failure. The dynamic compressive strength and dynamic elastic modulus of coal rock significantly decrease as temperature increases. In contrast, the failure strain increases, and the absorbed energy varies in a W-shaped pattern. The fractal dimension increases linearly as the particle size decreases. The degree and complexity of the fragmentation mechanism increase as the compressive strength decreases. Although the improved dynamic constitutive model based on ZWT could adequately express the stress-strain relationship following a high-temperature impact, it does not apply to the compaction stage. According to the simulation and test results, water and adsorbed gas actively escape in the coal rock at 150℃. The coal matrix is also heated and expanded, which induces cracks. There are apparent mesoscopic cracks initially and gradually developed through cracks, mainly shear ones. The crack development of coal rock under dynamic compression at 100℃ develops through the impact surface, and the high temperature deteriorates the strength of coal rock.

deep coal rock  /  mechanical-thermal coupling  /  split Hopkinson pressure bar  /  dynamic constitutive model  /  finite difference-discrete element method
李鹏龙, 罗宁, 索云琛, 柴亚博, 孙锐. 力-热耦合作用下煤岩动力学特性和破碎机理研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 8 -17 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.002
Peng-long LI, Ning LUO, Yun-chen SUO, Ya-bo CHAI, Rui SUN. Study on Dynamic Characteristics and Fracture Mechanism of Coal Rock under Action of Mechanical-thermal Coupling[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 8 -17 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.002
随着浅部煤炭资源的逐渐枯竭,煤矿开采深度已然向深部进军步入千米,开采过程中所遇到的困难甚至隐藏动力灾害也在随之剧增,如图(1)所示,千米深地下煤炭资源的安全高效开采面临着的“三高一扰动”(高地应力、高地温、高渗透压以及强开采扰动)的复杂储层条件[1-3]。煤岩是对温度、构造应力、水饱和等因素都十分敏感的有机岩石,在高温作用下会发生复杂的物理和化学变化,导致其力学特性与常温下的有本质上的差异[4,5]。研究常规温度下煤岩的动态力学特性并不能完全地揭露千米深井下煤炭爆破开采工艺中所涉及的力学机理,揭示煤岩在原位环境下的非线性行为,因此研究力-热耦合作用下煤岩的动态力学特性和破碎机理研究对于深部矿井高效安全作业具有重要的理论指导作用。
迄今为止,国内关于高温、高压下煤岩的力学特性和破碎机理的研究仍然较少。早于1997年,姜波开展研究了高温、高压下煤岩的变形研究[6],指出煤对于温度的敏感度远大于压力,随着温度的上升,抗压强度随之降低。此后,齐消寒研究了热冲击对煤岩细观损伤的作用[7],发现热冲击促使煤岩内部产生大量的微裂纹,温度升高,强度随之降低。马占国通过MTS810伺服试验系统研究高温作用下煤岩的力学特性[8],发现煤在温度范围内呈现增减的波动趋势,而非单一减少。李波波研究了力-热耦合下煤岩的损伤变化[9],发现随着温度的升高,抗压强度降低,并建立了力-热耦合下煤岩损伤本构模型。此外,许金余也建立了岩石的高温动态统计损伤本构[10]。在其他岩石方面,李明研究了常温与800℃高温冲击后砂岩的动态力学行为[11],发现加热后的峰值应力要大于常温下峰值应力。张志镇研究了高温冲击下花岗岩的力学特性[12]。但是截至目前,上述学者均只单一研究静态高温岩石的力学行为和破碎机理,研究高温冲击下煤岩的动态力学特性仍十分缺少。煤岩的内部孔隙结构十分复杂,对高温敏感,煤岩基质受热膨胀,吸附气体易析出,导致其变化趋势十分不稳定,瞬态冲击下的力学特性更是难以分析。为了解决相关科学问题,采用自主改进高温同步SHPB试验系统开展了力-热耦合作用下煤岩的动态力学特性和破碎机理研究。
本次力-热耦合冲击试验所需用的煤样均采自陕西省府谷县张明沟煤矿,根据《中国爆破行业协会团体标准》(T/CSEB 0004—2018)要求,煤岩试样如图2,加工为直径50 mm、高25 mm的标准岩石冲击试样,其长径比为0.5满足冲击试验要求,为了防止冲击试验由于端面粗糙导致的应力弥散,采用端面磨石机对试样端面打磨光滑,使其加载面光洁度和平整度小于0.02 mm,最大程度地降低试样差异所引发的试验误差。
图3所示,高温SHPB试验系统基于传统单轴SHPB改进而成,试验装置包括冲击短杆、入射杆、透射杆、吸收杆、缓冲阻尼、激光测速仪和动态试验分析,在此之上所增加的高温加载装置,温度控制装置和高温同步装置可以保证煤岩在目标温度范围内(25~200℃)实现实时同步冲击。为了保证煤样内部受热均匀,在温度上升至目标温度后,在高温加载炉中维持3 h,杆件夹紧维持固定,加载0.2 MPa冲击气压实现高温状态下煤样的实时同步冲击[13],具体SHPB杆件材料参数如表1所示。
力-热耦合冲击试验过程中对于试样应力应变的计算需要满足一维应力波和应力均衡性假设,由此可得式(1),如图4所示,加载过程中实现煤岩各处的应力应变均衡化[13-15],因此可将式(1)简化至式(2)。
式中:ε1εRεT分别是入射、反射和透射应变脉冲;ABAS是杆件和煤岩的横截面积;EB为杆件弹性模量;σSεS分别是试样的应力、应变率和应变;C0为杆的弹性纵波速度;LS是煤岩的初始长度。
图5所示,力-热耦合作用下的应力应变曲线可以划分为4部分:I(压密阶段)、II(弹性阶段)、III(裂纹增长阶段)和IV(失效阶段)。I阶段的历时十分短暂,煤岩内部的原生裂纹以及高温产生的次生微裂纹在高速冲击下只能短暂闭合或未经闭合即进入II阶段,因此曲线的压密效果并不明显,应力应变并未有较大起伏。在II阶段,内部的大量孔隙和微裂纹吸收能量,提高煤岩弹性变形的能力,而在吸收能量相互贯通之后则进入III阶段,微小裂纹发育贯通形成更多的宏观主裂纹,其应力集中导致其主裂纹快速发育,应力达到峰值。在IV阶段,应力应变曲线的失效阶段的历时明显高于峰值前,最终完全破碎失效[16]
图6所示,随着温度的增加,动态抗压强度逐渐减小,温度对煤岩动力学强度具有显著劣化效果,且在100℃之前下降迅速,之后缓慢下降。煤岩内部具有大量原生裂纹、吸附气体和游离水,温度升高,煤岩内部水成分开始蒸发逸出,吸附气体活跃析出,煤基质受热膨胀破裂,导致裂缝网络开始发育贯通,导致煤岩透气性增强,整体力学性能劣化。在100℃之前,游离水逸出效果占据主导,煤基质处于弹性变形阶段,受热膨胀体积增大明显,动态抗压强度劣化明显,之后,游离水蒸气析出结束,煤吸附气体(CO、CO2、CH4)活跃析出,煤基质断裂破坏,动态抗压强度持续下降。
本文采用式(3)所示0.4倍和0.6倍峰值应力与其应变差之比计算煤岩的动态弹性模量。
式中:ε1σ1为0.4倍峰值应力时的应变和应力;ε2σ2为0.6倍峰值应力时的应变和应力。
图7所示,随着温度的增加,失效应变增加,弹性模量减少,说明失效应变与抗压强度呈现负相关,与弹性模量呈现正相关。随着温度的增加,煤岩内部产生更多的微裂纹,裂纹尖端产生的应力集中导致煤结构荷载传递能力的减弱,因此抵抗变形的能力较小,最终导致失效应变增加。
为了研究破碎煤岩的难易程度,采用能量法分析吸收能与温度的关系,如式(4)。
式中:x=IRTWIWRWT分别是入射、反射、透射应力波能量;σ1σ2σT分别是入射、反射和透射应力波应力时程;WA为吸收应力波能量。
图8所示,随着温度的增加,吸收能并未呈现单一的增减趋势,而是W型波动趋势,这一结果与Fan相同[13]。在加热冲击后的吸收能均小于常温25℃,说明温度对能量的吸收有抑制作用,但并不显著。
图9为煤样在高温加热后和高温实时冲击后的表观图。在100℃之前,煤岩表观并未出现明显宏观裂纹,游离水蒸气的析出主要导致微观孔隙的发育,煤体基质并未断裂,主裂纹并未形成,之后随着温度的增加,表观竖直和水平方向上均出现宏观贯通裂纹,在200℃时出现剥落现象,温度越高,裂缝网络越复杂,主裂纹宽度越大。在高温实时冲击后的破碎形态主要呈现块状劈裂-块状碎裂-粉碎破坏的演变过程,100℃之前破碎粒径复杂,呈梯度状,之后粒径分布均匀,粒径减小。
为了研究力-热耦合作用下煤岩冲击破碎程度,采用标准筛(0.5、1、10、20、30 mm)对冲击后的碎块筛选,计算公式如式(5)。
式中:di为不同等级标准筛中碎块的平均尺寸,mm;ri为对应的碎块质量分数。
图10所示,随着温度的升高,平均粒径逐渐减小,细小颗粒占比增加,破碎程度加剧。平均粒径与动态抗压强度呈现明显的正比关系,动态抗压强度越高,平均粒径越大,煤岩更难以碎裂。
基于上述筛分数据,采用分形维数定量分析力-热耦合作用下煤岩破坏程度的自相似性[17]。采用式(6)。
式中:D为碎块的分形维数;Mg为直径小于R的碎块的累计质量;M为试样总质量。
图11所示,随着温度的增加,分形维数呈现线性增加的趋势,分形维数越高,破碎程度越为严重,破坏模式越为复杂。在100℃之前,分形维数为1.65~1.89,在150~200℃,分形维数为2.04~2.11。分形维数有明显的增加,说明气体析出和基质断裂使煤岩内部裂缝网络发育更为复杂,破坏程度更加严重。此外,分形维数与动态抗压强度呈现负相关趋势,即抗压强度越高,分形维数越小,破坏模式趋于单一。
煤岩是典型的非均质各向异性岩石材料,基于微元强度不均匀分布的考虑,假设煤岩的损伤演化遵循Weibull分布的概率密度函数[18],如式(7)。
式中:δ为岩石材料的应变量,mF均为Weibull分布参数;Pδ)为Weibull概率密度函数。
采用损伤变量Dc定义某一冲击载荷下的破坏程度,其值为已破坏的微元体数Nc与总微元N的比值,如式(8)。
式中,Nc如式(9)。
因此,得式(10)和式(11)。
许金余指出[10]m可以反映出材料缺陷分布的不规则度,其大小反映了损伤的程度,作用与分形维数相当,因此推导假设m与分形维数呈线性关系,而上述结果显示分形维数与温度呈现良好的线性关系,因此推导而得式(12)。
因此,如式(13)。
此外,基于ZWT本构模型进行变形修正,传统的ZWT模型由描述材料初始非线性行为的弹簧和瞬态响应的两个Maxwell体组成[19,20],如式(14)。
式中:多项式项E0ε+αε2+βε3为平衡状态下的应力;E0αβ为非线性弹簧的弹性系数;积分项分别来描述不同松弛时间低频和高频的黏弹性响应,2个积分项代表Maxwell相关参数
基于现有数据考虑,将非线性多项式简化为线性表达[21],并忽略表征弛豫时间为10~102 s的低频Maxwell单元φ1,简化得式(15)。
因此最终考虑温度效应下的煤岩动态本构模型为式(16)。
图12所示,选取两条代表性应力应变曲线进行拟合对比,结果显示拟合曲线和试样曲线有良好的一致性,R2为0.98和0.99,但仍有不足,主要体现在两方面:在第一种情况中,由于简化本构模型,将峰值前曲线由非线性简化为线性,导致瞬时间的密实阶段不能得到很好地表达,之后曲线平滑且具有极高的一致性;第二种情况为因瞬时的冲击作用,煤岩在达到应力峰值后破坏显著,软化失效阶段波动震荡,导致拟合曲线和试验曲线的峰值处不能良好的对应,但其应力应变差异不大,整体仍保持高度一致,具体仍需后续修正改进。
颗粒离散元具有良好的模拟颗粒接触导热方式,同时基于力学计算模拟温度传递而产生的力和位移的变化,从而判定颗粒接触键是否断裂。PFC的力-热耦合模块通过热管模型实现,即将颗粒假设为热储存介质,颗粒间的接触假设为热管,温度以能量的方式在热管中流动[22,23]。为了还原试验环境,将墙的温度设为目标温度,颗粒初始温度设置为25℃,实现边界传热,分析固体对热力场的影响。为使模拟材料特性满足分析要求,采用50 mm×100 mm的煤岩进行25℃室温下的单轴压缩试验,并建立同高径比的颗粒模型,通过宏观力学参数标定颗粒的Pb模型参数,如表2所示。结果如图13所示,材料标定后的数值模拟结果与试验结果有较高的相似度。
力-热耦合加载后的破裂结果如图14所示,25~100℃温度加载后煤岩表观并无明显裂纹,当150℃高温施加后,由边界处开始出现大量细观裂纹,高温加载过程中,边界最早接触温度并持续增热,裂纹最早出现,当200℃的高温施加后,整体出现贯穿裂缝,这一实验结果与图9的试验结果相同。
在高温施加后,对煤岩进行静态单轴压缩,25℃和50℃的破坏模式相同,说明较少的升温对煤的破坏形式影响有限,100℃和150℃则由边界处细观裂纹发育扩展,形成狭长的贯穿剪切裂纹,当200℃施加后,裂纹则由边界处向高温产生的中心贯穿裂纹处发育,裂纹发育模式中心对称。
图15所示,选取200℃力-热耦合作用下的裂纹发育情况进行分析,200℃高温加载后的煤岩拉伸裂纹数和剪切裂纹数分别为62和320,在单轴加载后则增长为370和1163,结果显示,高温和单轴压缩下,煤岩均以发展剪切裂纹为主,且分别增加5.97和3.63倍。
为了研究温度效应对静、动态抗压强度增量的影响,将动态抗压强度与静态抗压强度之比定为动态增强因子(Dynamic increase factor,DIF)。由图16所示,力-热耦合作用下25~150℃的单轴抗压强度并没有明显的下降趋势,而是呈现范围波动,颗粒受热膨胀并不明显,无裂纹出现。而随着温度持续增加,煤岩内部产生明显贯通裂纹,细小裂纹发育充分,强度劣化迅速。而动态增强因子则呈现明显的下降趋势,在25~100℃迅速降低,并逐渐趋于平稳,高温效应对煤岩的动态抗压性能影响明显。
PFC 6.0嵌套FLAC模块,可以加载大变形模式实现动载模拟,SHPB试验涉及金属材料和岩石材料,杆件金属用颗粒离散元的表达结果不甚理想,因此采用连续-离散元建模,有效简化计算流程,保证冲击应力波的成功传导。煤岩静态和动态力学性能有着明显差异,为研究应力波在力-热耦合煤岩间的传播规律,基于上述煤岩Pb参数适当调整,再次进行动态参数标定[24,25]。通过连续-离散耦合建立实验室1∶1数值模型,煤岩颗粒最小半径为1.0 mm,最大半径为1.6 mm,总颗粒数为15 986,通过wall-zone耦合实现zone与ball的力学联系,保证实现应力波的加载,数值建模如图17所示。数值模拟应力波通过Origin进行数据光滑处理,调整应力波振荡时间,将试验和模拟应力波形进行对比验证,如图18所示,试验和模拟的应力波峰值达到高度一致,可用此参数进行冲击试验。
高温对煤岩有明显劣化致裂效果,数值模拟颗粒受热膨胀飞散失效明显,而25~100℃范围内高温对煤岩的动力学特性更为复杂。因此选取100℃研究力-热耦合作用下煤岩的裂纹扩展模式。如图19所示,裂纹首先出现在受撞击面,随后贯通,在与透射杆交界面出现明显裂纹面,经过应力波在试件内震荡反、透射,从加载面方向开始产生大量细观裂纹,且受撞击面颗粒分散四射。且100℃的透射应力波明显小于25℃,表示能量透射比降低,温度劣化试件抗压强度,模拟结果与试验结果相同。
采用ϕ 50 mm高温同步SHPB测试系统开展25~200℃煤岩的动态力学特性和破碎机理研究,并基于试验数据构建合理的粘弹性本构模型,最终通过有限差分-离散元法模拟分析高温效应对煤岩损伤机制的影响,主要结论如下:
(1)高温促使煤岩内水、吸附气体活跃析出,基质受热膨胀破裂,劣化煤岩的动态力学性能。随着温度的增加,动态抗压强度和动态弹性模量降低,失效应变增加,吸收能呈现范围内W型波动趋势。煤岩的破碎平均粒径减小,破碎分形维数呈现线性增加。
(2)基于ZWT改进考虑温度效应的粘弹性本构模型良好的表征力-热耦合作用下煤岩的动态应力应变关系,但对压密阶段的表达不甚理想,后续仍需改进。
(3)基于离散元数值计算显示,煤岩受25~100℃温度加载的影响有限,在150℃表观开始出现细观裂纹,并逐渐演变为宏观贯通裂纹。动态增强因子在25~100℃迅速降低,煤岩静态压缩的裂纹发育以剪切裂纹为主。煤岩在100℃动态压缩的裂纹发育从受撞击面发育贯通,高温劣化煤岩强度。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFA0711800)
  • 国家自然基金项目(12072363)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.002
  • 接收时间:2023-12-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-21
基金
National Key R&D Program(2020YFA0711800)
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFA0711800)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12072363)
国家自然基金项目(12072363)
作者信息
    1a.中国矿业大学 深部岩土力学与地下工程国家重点实验室,徐州 221116
    1b.中国矿业大学 力学与土木工程学院,徐州 221116
    2.北京理工大学 爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京 100081 

通讯作者:

罗宁(1980-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学(高性能计算与冲击防护理论)、深地岩石动力学(资源能源开发及关键力学问题)等相关科学与技术的研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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