Article(id=1241409511974555969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712678400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904691928, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904691928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904691928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904691928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409512784056648, articleId=1241409511974555969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experiment and Numerical Analysis of Crack Propagation in Mortar Blocks under Dynamic and Static Loads, columnId=1240702072073548400, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the rock mass crack propagation pattern in deep-buried tunnels during drilling and blasting excavation, two combined model tests (labeled as Model 1 and Model 2) consisting of multiple cement mortar blocks were carried out. The dimensions of the models were both 180 cm×80 cm×25 cm (length width height). Among them, the matrix size was 60 cm×80 cm×25 cm, and two sides had single and multiple joints. Furthermore, a thorough analysis was conducted to determine the influence of dynamic loads stemming from nine cumulative explosions on the crack propagation in a matrix by applying various static stresses, particularly on the direction of the applied static loading. The experimental results reveal that cracks emerge on both Model 1 and Model 2 surfaces along the direction of static stress loading when the static stress increases from 0.5 MPa to 5 MPa. The crack propagation direction forms an angle on the loading direction, and the main crack is longer than 60 cm. A blasting funnel contour with about 30 cm diameter is formed on the bottom of Model 1, which does not fall off. In comparison, a funnel with about 52 cm diameter and a 10 cm depth is formed on the bottom of Model 2, which has fallen off. Numerical analysis verified that the static stress has a guiding effect on the propagation direction of blasting cracks, which is consistent with the model test results. The difference was that the length of the main crack calculated by numerical calculation was smaller than that of the model test. Finally, the reason for this deviation was analyzed.

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为研究深埋隧道在钻爆法开挖时的岩体裂纹扩展规律,建立了2个由多个水泥砂浆试块组成的可模拟节理分布和施加不同应力的组合模型,分别命名为模型1和模型2,模型尺寸为180 cm×80 cm×25 cm(长×宽×高),其中,母体尺寸为60 cm×80 cm×25 cm,母体两侧分别为单条节理和多条节理块体,通过施加不同静应力,分析了9次累计爆破产生的动荷载对砂浆试块母体沿静加载方向裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:当静应力从0.5 MPa增加到5 MPa时,两个模型上表面都产生了沿静应力加载方向的裂纹,其主裂纹扩展方向与静应力加载方向之间形成了夹角,且裂纹长度大于60 cm,在模型1底部形成了爆破漏斗轮廓,直径约30 cm,未脱落,而模型2底部形成了直径约52 cm、深10 cm的漏斗,且漏斗已脱落。数值分析验证了不同静应力对爆破裂纹扩展方向有导向作用,与模型试验结果完全一致,所不同的是数值计算的主裂纹长度小于模型试验的裂纹长度,分析了造成这种偏差的原因。

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石萌萌(1982-),女,本科、高级工程师,主要从事城市道路与渡河工程研究,(E-mail)

SHI Meng-meng (1982-), famale, undergraduate, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research of urban road and river-crossing engineering, (E-mail) .

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石萌萌(1982-),女,本科、高级工程师,主要从事城市道路与渡河工程研究,(E-mail)

SHI Meng-meng (1982-), famale, undergraduate, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research of urban road and river-crossing engineering, (E-mail) .

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石萌萌(1982-),女,本科、高级工程师,主要从事城市道路与渡河工程研究,(E-mail)

SHI Meng-meng (1982-), famale, undergraduate, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research of urban road and river-crossing engineering, (E-mail) .

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The parameters of plastic hardening constitutive model

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参数参数
ρ/(kg·m-32156硬化参数β(0<β<1)0.15
弹性模量E/GPa2.65应变率参数C2.63
泊松比0.47应变率参数P3.69
屈服应力/MPa20有效塑性应变1.25
切线模量/GPa0.85率效应值-
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535512989698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409511974555969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

塑性硬化本构模型参数

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参数参数
ρ/(kg·m-32156硬化参数β(0<β<1)0.15
弹性模量E/GPa2.65应变率参数C2.63
泊松比0.47应变率参数P3.69
屈服应力/MPa20有效塑性应变1.25
切线模量/GPa0.85率效应值-
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535668178955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409511974555969, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameter values of emulsion explosives

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参数参数
ρ/(kg·m-31300 R14.20
D/(m·s-14000 R20.90
pCJ/GPa0.72 ω0.15
A/GPa214.40 E/GPa4.00
B/GPa0.182--
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535810785298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409511974555969, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

乳化炸药参数值

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参数参数
ρ/(kg·m-31300 R14.20
D/(m·s-14000 R20.90
pCJ/GPa0.72 ω0.15
A/GPa214.40 E/GPa4.00
B/GPa0.182--
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砂浆试块在动静荷载下的裂纹扩展试验及数值分析
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石萌萌 1 , 范占锋 2a, 2b
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2024,41(4): 136-144
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2024, 41(4): 136-144
砂浆试块在动静荷载下的裂纹扩展试验及数值分析
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石萌萌1 , 范占锋2a, 2b
作者信息
  • 1.河南交通投资集团有限公司,郑州 450000
  • 2a.成都大学 建筑与土木工程学院,成都 610106
  • 2b.成都大学 四川省非饱和土力学特性及工程技术工程研究中心,成都 610106
  • 石萌萌(1982-),女,本科、高级工程师,主要从事城市道路与渡河工程研究,(E-mail)

    SHI Meng-meng (1982-), famale, undergraduate, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research of urban road and river-crossing engineering, (E-mail) .

Experiment and Numerical Analysis of Crack Propagation in Mortar Blocks under Dynamic and Static Loads
Meng-meng SHI1 , Zhan-feng FAN2a, 2b
Affiliations
  • 1.Henan Transport Investment Group CO., LTD., Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 2a.School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
  • 2b.Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Mechanical Properties and Engineering Technology of Unsaturated Soils, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.017
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为研究深埋隧道在钻爆法开挖时的岩体裂纹扩展规律,建立了2个由多个水泥砂浆试块组成的可模拟节理分布和施加不同应力的组合模型,分别命名为模型1和模型2,模型尺寸为180 cm×80 cm×25 cm(长×宽×高),其中,母体尺寸为60 cm×80 cm×25 cm,母体两侧分别为单条节理和多条节理块体,通过施加不同静应力,分析了9次累计爆破产生的动荷载对砂浆试块母体沿静加载方向裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:当静应力从0.5 MPa增加到5 MPa时,两个模型上表面都产生了沿静应力加载方向的裂纹,其主裂纹扩展方向与静应力加载方向之间形成了夹角,且裂纹长度大于60 cm,在模型1底部形成了爆破漏斗轮廓,直径约30 cm,未脱落,而模型2底部形成了直径约52 cm、深10 cm的漏斗,且漏斗已脱落。数值分析验证了不同静应力对爆破裂纹扩展方向有导向作用,与模型试验结果完全一致,所不同的是数值计算的主裂纹长度小于模型试验的裂纹长度,分析了造成这种偏差的原因。

静应力  /  爆破  /  裂纹  /  模型试验  /  数值分析

To investigate the rock mass crack propagation pattern in deep-buried tunnels during drilling and blasting excavation, two combined model tests (labeled as Model 1 and Model 2) consisting of multiple cement mortar blocks were carried out. The dimensions of the models were both 180 cm×80 cm×25 cm (length width height). Among them, the matrix size was 60 cm×80 cm×25 cm, and two sides had single and multiple joints. Furthermore, a thorough analysis was conducted to determine the influence of dynamic loads stemming from nine cumulative explosions on the crack propagation in a matrix by applying various static stresses, particularly on the direction of the applied static loading. The experimental results reveal that cracks emerge on both Model 1 and Model 2 surfaces along the direction of static stress loading when the static stress increases from 0.5 MPa to 5 MPa. The crack propagation direction forms an angle on the loading direction, and the main crack is longer than 60 cm. A blasting funnel contour with about 30 cm diameter is formed on the bottom of Model 1, which does not fall off. In comparison, a funnel with about 52 cm diameter and a 10 cm depth is formed on the bottom of Model 2, which has fallen off. Numerical analysis verified that the static stress has a guiding effect on the propagation direction of blasting cracks, which is consistent with the model test results. The difference was that the length of the main crack calculated by numerical calculation was smaller than that of the model test. Finally, the reason for this deviation was analyzed.

static stress  /  blasting  /  crack  /  model experiment  /  numerical analysis
石萌萌, 范占锋. 砂浆试块在动静荷载下的裂纹扩展试验及数值分析. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 136 -144 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.017
Meng-meng SHI, Zhan-feng FAN. Experiment and Numerical Analysis of Crack Propagation in Mortar Blocks under Dynamic and Static Loads[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 136 -144 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.017
习总书记强调:“向地球深部进军是我们必须解决的战略科技问题”。铁路、公路、水电站隧道(洞)开挖及资源开采逐渐走向深部,高地应力是深部岩体的本质属于之一,与TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine)硬岩掘进机相比,钻爆法具有开挖灵活、适用性强等特点仍然是山岭隧道开挖的主要方法。近年来,开展地应力对节理岩体爆破裂纹扩展的影响成为岩体动力学研究的主要方向之一。
关于地应力和爆破共同作用对岩体裂纹扩展的影响已经有大量的报道,本文中地应力作用可解释为静态加载,爆破荷载表示动荷载。在试验方面,Fourney W L通过大量室内试验揭示了岩体爆破机理[1],提出在破岩过程中爆炸应力波和爆生气体起共同作用,该观点得到了学界们的广泛采纳。李夕兵等采用改进的SHPB(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)对红砂岩施加不同动静组合加载[2],得出动静组合加载时的岩石强度大于纯动载强度或纯静载强度。Huang X L等采用锦屏I级水电站大理岩制作了尺寸为50 mm×50 mm×60 mm方形块体[3],通过加载试验,指出单条节理时的透射率随着法向应力的增加呈非线性增加,法向应力增加到某一值时,节理岩体与完整岩体一致。郭闪闪和刘其兵等采用阳光板模拟岩体节理[4,5],模型尺寸为2440 mm×1400 mm×2050 mm,认为节理倾角和节理间距都对爆炸应力波衰减有影响,且应力波衰减具有方向性,节理的阻隔作用会导致应力波能量衰减。Li J C等研究了压缩应力波传过单条和多条平行节理闭合-张开的动力特性[6],得出地应力不仅影响节理的透、反射波,而且还影响节理的动力响应。李新平和董千等通过室内试验对地应力条件下应力波在单条及多条节理岩体中的传播进行了分析[7,8],发现爆炸应力波在节理岩体中的衰减归因于岩石材料和节理两部分共同作用。Li D Y等研究了应力波以不同角度穿过红砂岩节理的衰减规律[9],得出节理角度越大,应力波衰减越明显,且岩体强度越低。金解放等通过SHPB试验讨论了围压对应力波在红砂岩中的影响[10,11],得出岩石的波阻抗随着围压的变化而变化。此外,一些学者采用有机玻璃板作为试验材料,利用焦散试验分析了预制裂纹尖端的焦散场。以上研究的不足之处在于SHPB试验或者有机玻璃的试样尺寸通常较小,具有明显的尺寸效应,在考虑地应力时爆破裂纹的扩展试验由于成本高、周期长而研究的较少,还需进一步的补充完善。
大量学者采用数值模拟分析了地应力对爆破裂纹扩展的影响,Xie L X等指出初始地应力有增加拉伸应力、减小压缩应力的作用[12],即初始地应力有抑制径向裂纹发展的作用。Yi C P等指出裂纹的扩展受炮孔附近爆炸载荷的控制[13],而高应力会影响裂纹在远场的扩展,且扩展趋向于施加高初始压力的方向。Fan Z F等采用ANSYS分析了地应力对爆破裂纹扩展的影响[14]。Liang X T等采用CDEM(Continuous-discontinuous element method)建立了节理对爆破裂纹扩展的数值模型[15],发现节理对爆破裂纹的分布状态、演化规律和扩展过程有显著影响。吴泽南利用FEM-SPH(Finite Element Method-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)耦合方法研究了地应力对岩石爆破开裂及爆炸地震波传播的影响机理[16],得出爆炸地震波能量随着地应力水平的提高而提高,最小主应力方向上的地震波能量密度大于最大主应力方向上的地震波能量密度。李新平等研究了高地应力条件下掏槽爆破时的爆破应力波衰减规律[17],指出初始地应力与应力波传播方向垂直时应力波衰减明显。崔建斌等通过颗粒流软件PFC2D(Particle Flow Code 2D)模拟了地应力对岩体爆破特征的影响规律[18],发现地应力会抑制裂纹发育,对岩体裂纹分布状态和裂纹数量的抑制效果随地应力的变化而变化。
综上,本文主要研究动静组合荷载下的砂浆试块裂纹扩展,建立了两个由多个水泥砂浆试块组成的可模拟节理分布和施加不同应力的组合模型,针对模型中母体沿静应力加载方向出现的裂纹,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对模型试验中出现的裂纹进行了验证,所得结果对高地应力深埋隧道钻爆法开挖有一定的参考价值。
模型试验主要模拟不同地应力条件下存在单条节理和多条节理对爆破裂纹扩展的影响,并非针对特定的工程背景,因此模型材料配合比无须严格按照特定相似比来确定。李新平和董千等采用非常小的云母片作为模型试验中的节理[8],节理尖端可能会产生波的散射或绕射。鉴于此,参考该试验的模型尺寸,本文建立的模型共5个块体,包括1个母体和4个节理块体,母体尺寸为60 cm×80 cm×25 cm(长×宽×高)。节理块体尺寸为30 cm×80 cm×25 cm,如图1所示。
组装后的试验模型如图2所示,从左至右,依次为节理块体1、母体、节理块体2、节理块体3、节理块体4,模型总尺寸为180 cm×80 cm×25 cm,节理面平行光滑。由于仅分析应力波对裂纹扩展的影响,不考虑爆生气体的作用。因此炮孔须承受应力波多次重复加载而不被破坏,且须阻隔爆生气体。Li X B等指出反复冲击载荷引起的岩石累积损伤取决于外部动态载荷能量或峰值应力载荷的持续时间[19],当峰值应力小于岩石静态强度的70%时,每次冲击所产生的损伤可忽略不计。据此,将壁厚为0.5 cm的无缝不锈钢管预埋在母体中,以此保护炮孔和消除炸药震源产生的爆生气体,钢管内径5 cm,高12.5 cm,弹性模量194.0 GPa,密度7900 kg/m3,泊松比0.25。需要说明的是,限于篇幅,本文主要研究裂纹扩展规律,关于节理对应力波传播的影响将做另作探讨。
试验材料为水泥砂浆,抗压强度28.0 MPa,弹性模量2.65 GPa,抗拉强度1.4~2.8 MPa,泊松比0.47。静应力施加是在模型两端安装反力架,反力架形状为长方体,尺寸为长×宽×高=110 cm×14.5 cm×25 cm,钢板厚2 cm,两端制作预制孔两个,通过3根7丝(每丝直径5 mm)钢绞线施加预应力,钢绞线长3 m,共6束,每束直径为15 mm。准备两个100 t穿心千斤顶,最大行程20 cm,能满足所需要的加载条件。将浇筑好的砂浆试块进行拼装、调试。共浇筑两个尺寸相同的模型,分别命名为模型1和模型2。
每个模型分别爆破9次,模型1爆破参数与模型2类似,其中模型1的9次爆破都采用1发延时雷管+水封堵塞,1发雷管相当于1.0 g炸药,模型2除第2次采用1发雷管+4.9 g炸药+炮泥堵塞外,其余8次与模型1相同。静应力从0.5 MPa一直加载到5 MPa。9次爆破后模型1和模型2母体上表面的裂纹分布如图3所示。从图中可以观察到:(1)模型1和模型2上表面都产生了多条主裂纹,且累积长度大于60 cm,裂纹明显有沿着初始静应力加载方向扩展的趋势,此现象说明初始静应力的存在对裂纹的扩展能起到导向作用,其原因是爆破应力波与静应力相遇发生了叠加效应,使得裂纹沿着初始静应力加载方向预裂较其它方向都容易得多。(2)炮孔周边裂纹的扩展方向并非与静态加载方向完全平行,而是与加载方向呈一定角度,可称之为倾斜偏转,偏转角度约15°。王长柏和谢源指出裂纹的扩展方向不在主应力线上,而与最大主应力夹角在15°~45°之间[20,21]。(3)本次试验从第1次开始爆破至第9次结束,垂直初始静荷载方向始终未观察到裂纹,分析原因是在单向荷载方向易产生应力集中,更有利于裂纹扩展,而在垂直加载方向应力较小,裂纹在该方向上扩展的驱动力也较小,表明初始静应力有增加爆破拉伸应力、减小压缩应力的作用。
爆破结束之后,翻开模型,发现在模型1和模型2底部有一不规则的圆形区域,如图4所示,模型1爆破后产生的漏斗轮廓直径约30 cm,但漏斗体未脱落。模型2漏斗完全脱离了母体,直径约52 cm,深10 cm。两个模型漏斗尺寸和形态不同是由于模型2在第2次爆破时使用了4.9 g炸药,使得模型2的9次爆破累积装药量大于模型1的装药量,所以造成模型2损伤范围更大。
模型试验中出现的裂纹扩展现象,可用深埋地下硐室在爆破开挖时岩体的应力和位移分布理论来解释。理论上,动静荷载作用下单孔受力分析如图5所示。图5(a)假定在一个无限大的平板中含有一个半径为a的圆孔,该平板受双轴压缩,中心圆孔受爆炸压力加载。图5(a)可被视为图5(b)的静态加载模型和图5(c)的动态加载模型的叠加,其中P1P2分别为竖向应力和水平应力,Pt)表示动应力,θ为平板中任一点与圆孔中心连线与水平轴之间的夹角[13]
由岩石力学可知,一个含圆孔的无限大平板的径向应力、环向应力以及切向应力(剪应力)在极坐标中的解析解可用公式(1)表示
式中:是径向应力;为环向应力;是剪应力;r是平板中任一点到圆孔中心的距离。
假设在一均质的各向同性的岩石介质中含有一个圆孔,当在孔壁施加爆破荷载Pt),如图5(c所示,该爆破荷载在岩石介质中的控制方程及初边值条件在柱坐标中可用公式(2)表示
式中:φrt)代表位移势函数;φ′(r,0)表示对时间的一阶导数。公式(2)中的应力与位移势之间的关系可表示为
以上两组方程直接求解较为困难,需要借助于Laplace变换,最终可得柱坐标下圆孔周边的径向应力和环向应力为
式中:s表示Laplace变换参数;kd=s/CpD2=(λ+2μ)/ρK0K1分别为0阶和1阶第二类修正的Bessel函数,带“-”的符号表示Laplace变换符号。
由于模型材料选用的是水泥砂浆,数值计算并非完全与实际情况相符。本次数值模拟主要是分析动静荷载时的岩体裂纹扩展规律,忽略试块中孔隙闭合等的影响[22]。因此采用包含应变率效应的塑性硬化模型,其表达式如公式(5)
式中,σ0E0ε分别为岩石的初始屈服应力、杨氏模量和加载应变率。CP为Cowper-Symonds应变率参数,由材料应变率特性决定。Ep为岩体塑性硬化模量,Etan为切线模量,β为表示各向同性硬化和随动硬化贡献的硬化参数,0≤β≤1。为岩石有效塑性应变,可按公式(6)计算
式中:ta为发生塑性应变累计时间;为塑性偏量分量。
岩石的动态抗压强度随加载应变率的提高而增大。由于缺乏相应的实验分析数据,岩体的动态抗压强度参照公式(7)
式中,σcσcd分别为岩体的静态抗压强度和动态抗压强度[7]
结合水泥砂浆试块物理力学参数,数值计算中塑性硬化本构模型的参数取值如表1所示。
基于动态抗拉破坏准则,通过在ANSYS/LS-DYNA中添加关键字*MAT_ADD_EROSION生成裂纹,震源为乳化炸药,采用Jones-Wilkins-Lee(JWL)状态方程,其表达式为
式中:p是压力;ABR1R2ω是参数;VE分别是体积和内能。炸药参数取值如表2所示。
数值模拟采用cm-g-μs单位制,计算模型与模型试验母体尺寸一致,如图6所示,厚度选择一个单元。根据图5,计算时仅考虑水平应力P2,竖向应力P1=0。分以下四种工况进行验证计算,工况一:水平应力P2=0;工况二:水平应力P2=0.5 MPa;工况三:水平应力P2=1.0 MPa;工况四:水平应力P2=2.0 MPa。工况一对比了有钢管和无钢管时的裂纹扩展,其他三种工况均考虑添加钢管,确保与模型试验一致。
(1)工况一:水平应力P2=0
不施加静应力且不添加钢管时炮孔周边的塑性区分布如图7所示。
图7(a)中可以看出,不添加钢管且不考虑静应力时,炮孔完全被破坏形成了粉碎区,在粉碎区外围形成了逐渐变大的圆形对称裂纹,塑性区范围较大,表明炸药容易对模型造成损伤破坏。添加钢管后,塑性区范围明显减小,如图7(b)所示,说明若需在模型试验中重复施加荷载,必须在模型试验中埋设钢管以防止应力波对模型造成破坏。
(2)工况二:水平应力P2=0.5 MPa
第一阶段是静态分析,不包括爆炸荷载,利用LS-DYNA程序的动力松弛法将静态分析转换为位移,其目的是得到在爆破前每个单元在初始应力下的节点应力和位移,从图8(a)中可以观察到,只受水平应力作用时,模型中岩体左右两侧受压,上下两侧受拉。第二阶段是动力分析,从静态分析获得的每个单元的应力被输入到动态分析的初始应力中,然后施加动荷载。当水平应力为0.5 MPa时,在炮孔附近出现裂纹,虽然施加的水平应力较小,但可以发现裂纹的扩展方向是沿着初始静应力加载的方向扩展,表明水平应力较小时,裂纹长度延伸范围较小,如图8(b)所示。
(3)工况三:水平应力P2=1.0 MPa
当水平应力P2=1.0 MPa时,约经过244.94 μs后,沿着水平加载方向出现了两条贯通性的裂缝,说明初始水平应力对应力波的传播具有明显的导向作用,如图9所示,这与模型试验所得结果基本一致,所不同的是,模型试验中观测的裂纹传播方向与水平应力加载方向呈一定角度,而数值结果中的两条裂纹与水平应力方向基本平行,产生这种偏差的原因可能与砂浆试块中存在的微裂隙或微孔隙有关,而数值计算时认为岩体是均质的。
(4)工况四:水平应力P2=2.0 MPa
工况四的裂纹分布如图10所示,可以看出,当水平应力增加至2.0 MPa,岩体中裂纹增多。增加的裂纹是由于模型边界面上的反射拉伸作用造成,表明数值模拟采用的粘弹性吸收边界并没有完全把反射波吸收,有部分应力波仍然被反射。
本文通过两个砂浆试块模型试验研究了动静荷载下的岩体裂纹扩展规律,利用数值模拟验证了初始静荷载对岩体中的爆破裂纹扩展具有导向作用。主要得出以下几点结论:
(1)模型1和模型2在炸药激震下都产生了裂纹,当静荷载从0.5 MPa增加到5.0 MPa时,主裂纹有向初始静应力加载方向扩展的趋势,裂纹扩展方向与初始静应力加载方向呈一定角度,垂直静应力方向未出现裂缝。
(2)两个模型底部都出现了爆破漏斗轮廓,模型1漏斗轮廓直径约30 cm,未脱落。模型2底部形成了直径约52 cm,深10 cm的爆破漏斗,且漏斗已脱落,造成两个模型出现漏洞尺寸不同是由于模型2的总装药量大于模型1的总装药量。
(3)采用数值模拟方法验证了动静荷载下的岩体裂纹传播规律,当水平静应力从0.5 MPa增加到2 MPa时,沿初始静应力加载方向产生两条平行裂纹,与模型试验中观察到的现象基本吻合,验证了砂浆试块模型试验裂纹扩展现象。
  • 四川省非饱和土力学特性及工程技术工程研究中心开放基金(SC-FBHT2022-14)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.017
  • 接收时间:2024-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-10
基金
Open Fund of Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Mechanical Properties and Engineering Technology of Unsaturated Soils(SC-FBHT2022-14)
四川省非饱和土力学特性及工程技术工程研究中心开放基金(SC-FBHT2022-14)
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    1.河南交通投资集团有限公司,郑州 450000
    2a.成都大学 建筑与土木工程学院,成都 610106
    2b.成都大学 四川省非饱和土力学特性及工程技术工程研究中心,成都 610106
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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