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Article(id=1241409511748071494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695312000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904691873, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904691873, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904691873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904691873, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409512301719632, articleId=1241409511748071494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Demolition Technology of Unstable Rock Mass based on High Precision 3D Model, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Researching controlled blasting technology for hazardous rock bodies in complex environments holds significant theoretical importance and provides valuable reference points for enhancing highway construction efficiency and mitigating potential risks. This study focuses on the Gulin-Jinsha highway construction project, aiming to eliminate the dangers posed by hazardous rock bodies during construction. Six scanning stations were established using 3D laser scanning technology to create a high-precision 3D Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the hazardous rock bodies. Additionally, four object detection lines were deployed using a high-density electrical method to achieve 3D visualization of the geological features in the hazardous rock area. A fracturing test was conducted based on the high-precision 3D model. The designed depth of the shell hole was 70% of the height of the hazardous rock body, with fracturing pipes connected in series and each pipe carrying a total charge of 720 g. The results demonstrated that the constructed high-precision 3D model accurately reflects the morphological characteristics of the hazardous rock body, providing reliable information for the blasting design. The fracturing pipes showed effective fracturing performance, facilitating the removal of the hazardous rock body during subsequent stages. This method offers a viable reference for similar projects, showcasing the potential for efficient and safe removal of hazardous rock bodies in complex environments.

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TAN Hai (1970-), male, senior experimentalist, engaged in teaching and research work in mining engineering and safety engineering, (E-mail) .
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开展复杂环境下危岩体控制爆破技术的研究，对提高公路施工效率、消除潜在安全隐患具有重要的理论意义和参考价值。依托古蔺至金沙高速公路建设项目为工程背景，为了消除施工过程中的危岩体隐患，进行危岩体控制爆破技术研究。采用三维激光扫描技术，架设6个扫描站点，构建了危岩体高精度三维DTM表面模型，结合高密度电法，布设4条物探测线，实现危岩体区域地质三维可视化。基于高精度三维模型，进行了裂岩管致裂试验，设计炮孔深度为危岩体高度的70%，裂岩管间采用串接方式，每孔裂岩管总装药量为720 g。结果表明：构建的高精度三维模型准确反映了危岩体形态特征，为爆破方案设计提供了可靠的资料，同时裂岩管的致裂效果良好，易于危岩体的后期治理排除，为同类项目提供了可行的参考方案。

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谭海（1970-），男，研究员、高级实验师，从事采矿工程、安全工程等教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。
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赵旭坤（1999-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事岩土爆破、智慧矿山等方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

ZHAO Xu-kun (1999-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the research work of rock and soil blasting, smart mine, (E-mail) .

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赵旭坤（1999-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事岩土爆破、智慧矿山等方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

ZHAO Xu-kun (1999-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the research work of rock and soil blasting, smart mine, (E-mail) .

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赵旭坤（1999-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事岩土爆破、智慧矿山等方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

ZHAO Xu-kun (1999-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the research work of rock and soil blasting, smart mine, (E-mail) .

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Hole-pattern parameters of rock splitting pipe

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孔径/mm高度/m孔深/m孔距/m单耗/（kg·m-3）单孔装药量/kg单孔装药/g点火方式
382.51.7510.1920.724×180电点火
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539292066678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409511748071494, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

裂岩管布孔参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径/mm高度/m孔深/m孔距/m单耗/（kg·m-3）单孔装药量/kg单孔装药/g点火方式
382.51.7510.1920.724×180电点火
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539459838843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409511748071494, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Blasting vibration data

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测点爆心距/m X-PPV/（cm·s-1） Y-PPV/（cm·s-1） Z-PPV/（cm·s-1）
120.70390.26110.1521
240.09310.03920.0541
360.07600.03830.0323
490.07000.02760.0175
), ArticleFig(id=1241409539581473668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409511748071494, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爆破振动数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点爆心距/m X-PPV/（cm·s-1） Y-PPV/（cm·s-1） Z-PPV/（cm·s-1）
120.70390.26110.1521
240.09310.03920.0541
360.07600.03830.0323
490.07000.02760.0175
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基于高精度三维模型的危岩体控制爆破技术研究
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赵旭坤 1 , 吴龙海 2 , 柯波 1, 3 , 苏成哲 4 , 熊键 5 , 喻明伟 5 , 谭海 1 , 张其轩 6 , 潘若寒 1 , 黄嘉俊 1 , 刘志浩 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(4): 91-100
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(4): 91-100
基于高精度三维模型的危岩体控制爆破技术研究
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赵旭坤1 , 吴龙海2, 柯波1, 3, 苏成哲4, 熊键5, 喻明伟5, 谭海1 , 张其轩6, 潘若寒1, 黄嘉俊1, 刘志浩1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
  • 2.湖北省应急管理厅，武汉　430000
  • 3.武昌理工学院，武汉　430223
  • 4.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司，兰州　730000
  • 5.泸州北方化学工业有限公司，泸州　646000
  • 6.辽宁省葫芦岛市公安局　治安管理支队，葫芦岛　125000

    • 赵旭坤（1999-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事岩土爆破、智慧矿山等方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

    ZHAO Xu-kun (1999-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the research work of rock and soil blasting, smart mine, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

谭海（1970-），男，研究员、高级实验师，从事采矿工程、安全工程等教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。
Research on Demolition Technology of Unstable Rock Mass based on High Precision 3D Model
Xu-kun ZHAO1 , Long-hai WU2, Bo KE1, 3, Cheng-zhe SU4, Jian XIONG5, Ming-wei YU5, Hai TAN1 , Qi-xuan ZHANG6, Ruo-han PAN1, Jia-jun HUANG1, Zhi-hao LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Hubei Provincial Department of Emergency Management, Wuhan 430000, China
  • 3.Wuchang Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
  • 4.Lanzhou Nonferrous Metallurgy Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 5.Luzhou North Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
  • 6.Public security administration detachment of Huludao Public Security Bureau, Huludao 125000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.011
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摘要
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开展复杂环境下危岩体控制爆破技术的研究，对提高公路施工效率、消除潜在安全隐患具有重要的理论意义和参考价值。依托古蔺至金沙高速公路建设项目为工程背景，为了消除施工过程中的危岩体隐患，进行危岩体控制爆破技术研究。采用三维激光扫描技术，架设6个扫描站点，构建了危岩体高精度三维DTM表面模型，结合高密度电法，布设4条物探测线，实现危岩体区域地质三维可视化。基于高精度三维模型，进行了裂岩管致裂试验，设计炮孔深度为危岩体高度的70%，裂岩管间采用串接方式，每孔裂岩管总装药量为720 g。结果表明：构建的高精度三维模型准确反映了危岩体形态特征，为爆破方案设计提供了可靠的资料，同时裂岩管的致裂效果良好，易于危岩体的后期治理排除，为同类项目提供了可行的参考方案。

危岩体  /  三维激光扫描  /  高密度电法  /  裂岩管

Researching controlled blasting technology for hazardous rock bodies in complex environments holds significant theoretical importance and provides valuable reference points for enhancing highway construction efficiency and mitigating potential risks. This study focuses on the Gulin-Jinsha highway construction project, aiming to eliminate the dangers posed by hazardous rock bodies during construction. Six scanning stations were established using 3D laser scanning technology to create a high-precision 3D Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the hazardous rock bodies. Additionally, four object detection lines were deployed using a high-density electrical method to achieve 3D visualization of the geological features in the hazardous rock area. A fracturing test was conducted based on the high-precision 3D model. The designed depth of the shell hole was 70% of the height of the hazardous rock body, with fracturing pipes connected in series and each pipe carrying a total charge of 720 g. The results demonstrated that the constructed high-precision 3D model accurately reflects the morphological characteristics of the hazardous rock body, providing reliable information for the blasting design. The fracturing pipes showed effective fracturing performance, facilitating the removal of the hazardous rock body during subsequent stages. This method offers a viable reference for similar projects, showcasing the potential for efficient and safe removal of hazardous rock bodies in complex environments.

unstable rock mass  /  3D laser scanning  /  electrical resistivity tomography  /  rock splitting pipe
赵旭坤, 吴龙海, 柯波, 苏成哲, 熊键, 喻明伟, 谭海, 张其轩, 潘若寒, 黄嘉俊, 刘志浩. 基于高精度三维模型的危岩体控制爆破技术研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.011
Xu-kun ZHAO, Long-hai WU, Bo KE, Cheng-zhe SU, Jian XIONG, Ming-wei YU, Hai TAN, Qi-xuan ZHANG, Ruo-han PAN, Jia-jun HUANG, Zhi-hao LIU. Research on Demolition Technology of Unstable Rock Mass based on High Precision 3D Model[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.011
正文
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随着高速路网建设的不断发展，越来越多的公路穿过山区、河流等复杂区域，这些区域存在大片危岩体、孤石、溶洞等不良地质现象，给公路建设带来极大危害。因此如何快速准确查明不良地质特征，掌握潜在地质风险，采取合理有效的治理措施，是复杂环境下公路施工的难点[1]。
三维激光扫描技术通过发射激光，对被测物体进行扫描生成点云数据库，再对点云数据进行处理生成DTM模型，具有高效、高精度、无接触测量等优势，广泛应用于各个工程领域。吴国强等使用三维激光扫描技术对施工建筑的平整度进行了检测，与传统检测方法相比效率提高了23.33%，且具有可靠的精度[2]。陆世东等利用三维激光扫描技术对矿山边坡进行了三维重构，获得了边坡角度、高度和岩体节理裂隙密度等参数，为边坡生态修复方案提供了精确参数[3]。
高密度电法勘探利用各类岩石矿物不同的电磁学性质，获得地下岩体的地质特征，具有效率高、探测面积大等优点。Matthew等运用高密度电法测得矿山边坡含水量变化，为边坡稳定性监测提供了可靠参数[4]。王恩德等利用三维高密度电阻率法对矿山采空区进行了探测，并通过建立三种异常识别模型，解决了复杂情况下采空区精准探测问题[5]。
高能气体压裂技术具有安全性高、振动小等优点，广泛应用于石油开采、煤矿开采、市政工程等领域。李军军等利用航天固体推进剂制作了煤层增透的固体推进剂，通过试验测试表明该固体推进剂适用于煤井复杂环境，具有较高的煤层致裂能量利用率[6]。孙可明等研究了超临界CO2气爆致裂规律，结果表明二氧化碳气爆产生的裂隙数目和累计长度与爆破压力满足Logistic函数关系[7]。
因此，利用三维激光扫描技术对危岩体进行了高精度三维重建，准确反映了其空间特征，通过高密度电法对危岩体区域内进行了三维可视化，获得了危岩体下方地层分布特征，最后进行裂岩管现场岩石致裂试验，获得了裂岩管能量释放规律，为危岩体的控制爆破应用提供了可靠的技术方案[8]。
1　工程概况
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工程位于泸州市古蔺县龙山镇龙山加油站附近，由于古蔺至金沙高速公路建设，需对线路附近山体进行开挖，使其地面高程下降至高速公路路基设计高程。施工过程中存在一处危岩体，危岩体处于山体边坡上，如图1所示，其南东面为高山，北西面为沟谷，同时下方有S309省道穿过，危岩体距离S309省道平行距离约10 m左右，危岩体最高处距离县道路面垂直高度约为56 m。危岩体出露面存在两处裂缝：①北西向339°，张开0.2~0.6 m，延伸长度18 m左右；②北西向291°，张开0.3~1.1 m，裂延伸长度36 m左右。为了加快高速公路的施工进度，以及消除危岩体对周边交通线路的安全隐患，决定采用爆破方法对危岩体进行处理。
2　高精度三维模型构建
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2.1　DTM表面模型构建
采用三维激光扫描技术对危岩体DTM进行构建，扫描设备选用Maptek I-Site XR3三维激光扫描仪，如图2所示。扫描方案如图3所示。
为了获得危岩体整体高精度三维DTM模型，避免出现扫描盲区，共架设6个扫描站点，采集21 302 591个点云数据，获得的点云数据如图4所示。
使用I-Site Studio 7.0扫描仪软件对生成的点云数据进行预处理，将不同站点扫描的点云数据进行拼接，手动裁剪剔除明显的干扰噪声，删除冗余点云数据，同时进行噪声过滤。
将生成的DTM模型进行几何校正，按高程对其进行渲染，得到的三维模型如图5所示。与现场危岩体的实际形态进行对比，生成的DTM模型完全符合危岩体空间特征，危岩体整体向外部倾斜，在山坡上出露高度约为5~8 m。
2.2　三维地质可视化
为了掌握项目现场附近的地质特征，确定危岩体在山体中的延伸深度，采用高密度电阻率法进行勘探，使用的仪器为DUK-2B型电法测量系统，根据现场条件共布置了4测线。其中1线、2线、4线为近东西向测线，1线、2线分布在危岩体的南侧根部，4线分布在危岩体北侧根部；3线为北东向测线，分布在危岩体东侧根部。物探测线布置如图6所示。
对4条测线剖面进行二维反演分析，结合区域地质资料，揭示地表覆盖层、岩石和岩溶分界界面，具体如图7所示。
4条测线均表现为上部电阻率低，电阻率值为111.9~401 Ω·m，推测为第四系粘土、砂土，厚度为1~14 m，下部电阻率高，电阻率值为301~4851 Ω·m，推测为二叠系茅口组（P1m）灰岩。其中1测线34~37号点显相对低阻异常，异常向下延伸至标高864 m处，2测线31~35号点显相对低阻异常，异常向下延伸至标高850 m处，3测线18~24号点显相对低阻异常，异常向下延伸至标高857 m处，4测线41~45号点显相对低阻异常，异常向下延伸至标高835 m处，推测为岩溶发育区，溶沟发育深度小于20 m。
将物探数据进行三维可视化处理，主要选取1线21~44号点、2线21~44号点、3线26~54号点、4线19~42号点，经Voxler软件处理生成不同深度的高低阻区域图[8]，如图8所示。由图可知，840、850 m、860 m三段电阻率值较大，且相互之间差异较小，说明危岩体在此深度区域是连续完整的，但870 m处出现明显高低阻界线，推测危岩体地下埋深为30 m。
3　爆破试验
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3.1　爆破器材
为了降低爆破对周边环境造成的危害，同时满足破碎危岩体的技术要求，选用泸州北方化工有限公司的新型裂岩器材，其结构如图9所示[9]。该裂岩管主要由脚线、聚丙烯外管、密封盖、电热丝药头、火药等部分构成。与传统炸药爆破相比，裂岩管主要通过火药爆燃产生大量高能气体，对孔壁冲击做功，实现破岩的目的，因此在破岩过程中产生的噪声、有毒气体、飞石、振动等危害较小。
3.2　布孔参数
为了测试裂岩管破岩效果，选取危岩体中较完整的一处孤石进行爆破试验。单节长度30 cm的裂岩管的单耗为0.25 kg/m3，为了实现较好的破岩效果，设计钻孔深度为孤石高度的70%，因此需将单节裂岩管进行串联，增加炮孔中的总体装药量，串联裂岩管数量为4节，每节装药量均为180 g，具体布孔参数及布孔方式如表1和图10所示。
裂岩管的破岩机理主要是通过火药爆燃产生的大量高能气体作用于炮孔孔壁，使岩石发生拉伸破坏，同时气体不断冲击岩石中的微裂隙，致使裂纹发育，实现破岩的目的。因此对炮孔的堵塞是减少气体逸散，防止破岩能量损失的关键。本次试验采用现场的钻孔灰进行炮孔堵塞，堵塞时需每隔一段距离对钻孔灰压实处理，重复该步骤多次，确保炮孔完全堵塞。
3.3　爆破效果
爆破时未产生飞石，仅造成少量粉尘，且持续时间较短，距离爆源300 m处未听见明显噪声。爆后的孤石完整性较好，形成了4条竖直延伸的裂隙，易于后期危岩体的拆除。从试验结果看，在工程条件受限的复杂环境下，裂岩管具有很好的岩石致裂效果。孤石爆破后的裂隙如图11所示。
4　爆破振动分析
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4.1　爆破振动监测
测振设备选用成都交博科技有限公司的L20-N型爆破测振仪，在距离爆心2 m、4 m、6 m、9 m的位置设置四处振动监测点。振动监测点布置图如图12所示。现场共采集到四组爆破振动数据，如表2所示。
4.2　爆破振动信号时频分析
常用的非稳态信号分析方法主要有：短时傅立叶变换、HHT、连续小波变换等。短时傅立叶变化通过建立一个局部窗函数实现信号的时频分析，当确定了窗函数，其分辨率也就确定了，因此只能进行单一频率的分析，无法实现较大幅度变化的信号分析。HHT首先通过EMD方法对原始信号进行分解，然后对分解后的模态函数做希尔伯特变换，最后汇总得到原始信号的希尔伯特谱，但该方法在非平稳信号中分析效果不佳[10]。连续小波变换通过改变时间窗和频率窗实现信号的局部化时频分析，但该方法在低频时间域和高频部分分辨率较低。为了提高信号分析精度，采用一种改进的连续小波变换对振动信号的时频分析，其表达式如下所示[11]
通过MATLAB软件运行改进的连续小波变换，测点原始振动信号如图13所示，生成的能量时频分布等高线图和三维图如图14所示。
可以看出改进的连续小波变换具有更高的分辨率，增强了时频能量的聚集性，对地震信号的能量时频分析有很好的应用效果。从图14可知，随着与爆心距离的增加，地震波能量呈现衰减趋势，但主频信号的持续时间呈现增长趋势，2 m处的振动主频持续时间约0.2 s，4 m、6 m和9 m处的振动主频持续时间约0.4~0.6 s。这一结果说明与炸药的能量释放规律不同，裂岩管的能量释放有瞬时的能量释放和持续的残留能量释放两个过程，在岩石致裂后，裂缝中的气体会缓慢释放并对岩石进行膨胀作用，使裂缝进一步扩展。
5　结论
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采用三维激光扫描技术，构建了危岩体高精度三维DTM表面模型，运用高密度电阻率法，实现了项目区域三维地质可视化，对新型裂岩管破岩效果进行了试验，分析了振动信号的时频分布规律，得到以下结论：
（1）使用移动最小二乘法对扫描得到的点云数据进行拟合，生成的危岩体三维DTM模型具有较高的精度，准确反映了危岩体的空间形态，为后续的拆除方案提供了可靠的资料。
（2）通过三维地质可视化可知，区域内覆盖层厚度为1~14 m，在危岩体东部有一北东走向深度小于20 m的溶沟，危岩体整体高度约为30 m。
（3）新型裂岩管具有良好的岩石致裂效果，且爆破过程无明显的噪声和粉尘危害，能应用于非炸药爆破的危岩体拆除。通过地震波时频分布可知，裂岩管的能量释放分为瞬时能量释放和持续的残留能量释放两个过程。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42271296)
文献
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2024年第41卷第4期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.011
  • 接收时间：2023-09-22
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2023-09-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271296)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42271296)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
    2.湖北省应急管理厅，武汉　430000
    3.武昌理工学院，武汉　430223
    4.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司，兰州　730000
    5.泸州北方化学工业有限公司，泸州　646000
    6.辽宁省葫芦岛市公安局　治安管理支队，葫芦岛　125000

通讯作者:

谭海（1970-），男，研究员、高级实验师，从事采矿工程、安全工程等教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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