Article(id=1241409508623314986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701532800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904691129, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904691129, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904691129, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904691129, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409508891750445, articleId=1241409508623314986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Dynamic Compressive Mechanical Properties of Shale in Western Hubei, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dynamic compression mechanical characteristics of the surrounding rock mass of the shale formation tunnel in western Hubei province need detailed exploration. A Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) and a highspeed camera were employed to conduct impact tests on shale samples at five different bedding angles (the angle between the direction of impact loading and the normal of the bedding planes of the specimen, including 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°). Meanwhile, the research team also studied the influence mechanism of bedding angles, impact pressure, and strain rate on the dynamic compression mechanical characteristics and failure mode of shale with different dynamic loading strain rates under different impact pressures. The research results indicate that the dynamic compressive strength of shale has an approximately U-shaped pattern with increasing bedding angles under different impact pressures and strain rates. Among them, the shale with bedding angles of 0° and 90° has relatively higher compressive strength, while the shale with a bedding angle of 60° has the most minor compressive strength. Furthermore, the dynamic compressive strength of shale with different bedding angles increases as the impact pressure and strain rate increase. The macroscopic failure modes of shale are mainly divided into tensile failure, shear failure, and mixed failure. Significantly, the macroscopic failure modes of samples with bedding angles of 0° and 90° under different strain rates are mainly tensile failure. The primary macroscopic failure mode of the sample shows a transition process of shear failure mixed failure tensile failure' as the strain rate increases when the bedding angle is 30°. The primary macroscopic failure mode of the specimen evolves from shear failure to mixed failure as the strain rate increases when the bedding angle is 45° and 60°. The energy absorption ratio of shale samples first increases and then decreases as the bedding angle increases under the same impact pressure. Additionally, the energy absorption ratio and the degree of sample damage are simultaneously maximum as the bedding angle is 60°. The degree of fragmentation of shale samples with different bedding angles increases, and the energy absorption ratio gradually tends to be consistent as the impact pressure and strain rate increase.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
DONG Qian (1987-), male, associate professor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in teaching and research in tunnel and underground engineering, rock blasting theory and technology, (E-mail) .
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiang-yi WANG, Qian DONG, Xiao-ming YAN, Hao TONG, Xiao-qiang RAO, Ying-kang YAO, Dong WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241409524364538150, articleId=1241409508623314986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=CN, title=鄂西页岩动态压缩力学特性试验研究, columnId=1240702072996286965, journalTitle=爆破, columnName=矿岩爆破, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探索鄂西页岩地层隧道围岩动态压缩力学特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB),同时借助高速摄像,开展0°、30°、45°、60°和90°共5种不同层理角度(冲击加载方向与试样层理面法线的夹角)页岩试样动态冲击压缩试验,并采用不同的冲击气压进行动态加载,使试样达到不同的应变率,以研究层理角度、冲击气压及应变率对页岩动态压缩力学特性和破坏模式的影响机制。研究结果表明:不同冲击气压及应变率下,页岩动态抗压强度随着层理角度的增加,均近似呈现出“U”型的变化规律,其中层理角度为0°和90°,页岩的抗压强度相对较高,而60°层理角度的页岩抗压强度最小,随着冲击气压和应变率增加,不同层理角度页岩动态抗压强度均增加;页岩试样宏观破坏模式主要分为拉伸破坏、剪切破坏和混合破坏,不同应变率下层理角度为0°和90°试样宏观破坏模式均以拉伸破坏为主,当层理角度为30°时,试样主要宏观破坏模式随着应变率的增大,表现为“剪切破坏-混合破坏-拉伸破坏”这一转变过程,当层理角度为45°和60°时,随着应变率的增大试样的主要宏观破坏模式由剪切破坏演变为混合破坏;不同冲击气压下随着层理角度增加,页岩试样吸能比先增大后减小,在层理角度为60°时吸能比最大,此时试样破坏程度也最大,随着冲击气压和应变率增加,不同层理角度页岩试样的破碎程度均增加,且吸能比逐渐趋于一致。研究结果可为鄂西页岩地层隧道爆破破岩机理的研究以及爆破参数的精细化设计提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董千(1987-),男,副教授、博士,主要从事隧道与地下工程、岩石爆破理论与技术方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
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王江义(1980-),男,高级工程师、本科,从事公路交通工程方面的科研和管理工作,(E-mail)

WANG Jiang-yi (1980-), male, senior engineer, bachelor degree, engaged in scientific research and management work in highway traffic engineering, (E-mail) .

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王江义(1980-),男,高级工程师、本科,从事公路交通工程方面的科研和管理工作,(E-mail)

WANG Jiang-yi (1980-), male, senior engineer, bachelor degree, engaged in scientific research and management work in highway traffic engineering, (E-mail) .

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王江义(1980-),男,高级工程师、本科,从事公路交通工程方面的科研和管理工作,(E-mail)

WANG Jiang-yi (1980-), male, senior engineer, bachelor degree, engaged in scientific research and management work in highway traffic engineering, (E-mail) .

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Characteristic parameters of dynamic stress-strain curves of shale with different impact pressures and bedding angles层理角度

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层理角度/°冲击气压/MPa冲击速度/(m·s-1抗压强度/MPa峰值应变/10-3应变率/s-1
00.15.16206.08852
0.28.16221.791083
0.310.13242.7513103
0.412.36260.2115126
300.15.42119.201058
0.28.39125.311289
0.310.23132.4415114
0.412.39145.6918137
450.15.2385.53664
0.28.4290.15996
0.310.3496.9011123
0.411.98100.5213145
600.15.1372.36573
0.28.3579.568107
0.310.2489.819135
0.412.4497.4111159
900.15.14143.96761
0.28.35151.16992
0.310.67164.3612121
0.412.07177.5614142
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535798211354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508623314986, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同冲击气压及层理角度页岩动态应力-应变曲线特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层理角度/°冲击气压/MPa冲击速度/(m·s-1抗压强度/MPa峰值应变/10-3应变率/s-1
00.15.16206.08852
0.28.16221.791083
0.310.13242.7513103
0.412.36260.2115126
300.15.42119.201058
0.28.39125.311289
0.310.23132.4415114
0.412.39145.6918137
450.15.2385.53664
0.28.4290.15996
0.310.3496.9011123
0.411.98100.5213145
600.15.1372.36573
0.28.3579.568107
0.310.2489.819135
0.412.4497.4111159
900.15.14143.96761
0.28.35151.16992
0.310.67164.3612121
0.412.07177.5614142
), ArticleFig(id=1241409537454961442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508623314986, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Anisotropy index of dynamic compressive strength of shale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质各向异性系数N程度分级
1.0~1.1各向同性
1.1~2.0低各向异性
2.0~4.0中各向异性
4.0~6.0高各向异性
>6.0特高各向异性
), ArticleFig(id=1241409537584984871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508623314986, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

页岩动态抗压强度各向异性指标[22]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质各向异性系数N程度分级
1.0~1.1各向同性
1.1~2.0低各向异性
2.0~4.0中各向异性
4.0~6.0高各向异性
>6.0特高各向异性
), ArticleFig(id=1241409537702425389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508623314986, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Main macroscopic failure modes of shale under different impact pressures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层理角度/°冲击气压/MPa
0.20.30.4
0拉伸破坏拉伸破坏拉伸破坏
30剪切破坏混合破坏拉伸破坏
45剪切破坏混合破坏混合破坏
60剪切破坏混合破坏混合破坏
90拉伸破坏拉伸破坏拉伸破坏
), ArticleFig(id=1241409537798894387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508623314986, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同冲击气压下页岩主要宏观破坏模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层理角度/°冲击气压/MPa
0.20.30.4
0拉伸破坏拉伸破坏拉伸破坏
30剪切破坏混合破坏拉伸破坏
45剪切破坏混合破坏混合破坏
60剪切破坏混合破坏混合破坏
90拉伸破坏拉伸破坏拉伸破坏
), ArticleFig(id=1241409537903751994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508623314986, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Dynamic failure energy data of shale samples under different impact pressures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层理角度/°冲击气压/MPa应变率/(s-1入射能WI/J透射能WT/J反射能WR/J吸收能WS/J吸能比η
0.152359.493.09270.7351.680.24
0.2831055.657.04755.3883.220.28
0.31032438.52718.651091.26898.610.26
0.41262715.67888.621192.21964.840.23
30°0.158386.416.50245.5571.370.35
0.2891108.62603.64150.13354.850.32
0.31142017.26975.54260.55781.170.33
0.41372869.221620.57248.281000.370.24
45°0.164357.831.67321.2034.960.39
0.2961207.29506.22251.84489.230.37
0.31232274.311232.19227.89814.230.36
0.41452947.701353.02863.86860.830.25
60°0.173392.95130.4492.10226.410.43
0.21071203.89527.31185.09456.480.41
0.31352246.481207.58202.16726.740.39
0.41593218.862005.55297.73795.590.28
90°0.161368.065.08251.9581.030.30
0.2921158.9821.73797.34189.910.29
0.31211904.0849.891402.12452.070.24
0.41423070.58606.571798.81455.430.22
), ArticleFig(id=1241409538117661507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508623314986, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同冲击气压下页岩试样动态破坏能量数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层理角度/°冲击气压/MPa应变率/(s-1入射能WI/J透射能WT/J反射能WR/J吸收能WS/J吸能比η
0.152359.493.09270.7351.680.24
0.2831055.657.04755.3883.220.28
0.31032438.52718.651091.26898.610.26
0.41262715.67888.621192.21964.840.23
30°0.158386.416.50245.5571.370.35
0.2891108.62603.64150.13354.850.32
0.31142017.26975.54260.55781.170.33
0.41372869.221620.57248.281000.370.24
45°0.164357.831.67321.2034.960.39
0.2961207.29506.22251.84489.230.37
0.31232274.311232.19227.89814.230.36
0.41452947.701353.02863.86860.830.25
60°0.173392.95130.4492.10226.410.43
0.21071203.89527.31185.09456.480.41
0.31352246.481207.58202.16726.740.39
0.41593218.862005.55297.73795.590.28
90°0.161368.065.08251.9581.030.30
0.2921158.9821.73797.34189.910.29
0.31211904.0849.891402.12452.070.24
0.41423070.58606.571798.81455.430.22
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鄂西页岩动态压缩力学特性试验研究
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王江义 1 , 董千 2a, 2b , 颜晓明 1 , 童浩 2a, 2b , 饶小强 1 , 姚颖康 2a, 2b , 魏东 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(4): 73-83
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(4): 73-83
鄂西页岩动态压缩力学特性试验研究
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王江义1 , 董千2a, 2b , 颜晓明1, 童浩2a, 2b, 饶小强1, 姚颖康2a, 2b, 魏东1
作者信息
  • 1.湖北交投建设集团有限公司,武汉 430070
  • 2a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 2b.江汉大学 湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院,武汉 430056
  • 王江义(1980-),男,高级工程师、本科,从事公路交通工程方面的科研和管理工作,(E-mail)

    WANG Jiang-yi (1980-), male, senior engineer, bachelor degree, engaged in scientific research and management work in highway traffic engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

董千(1987-),男,副教授、博士,主要从事隧道与地下工程、岩石爆破理论与技术方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
Experimental Study on Dynamic Compressive Mechanical Properties of Shale in Western Hubei
Jiang-yi WANG1 , Qian DONG2a, 2b , Xiao-ming YAN1, Hao TONG2a, 2b, Xiao-qiang RAO1, Ying-kang YAO2a, 2b, Dong WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Communications Investment Construction Group Co., LTD., Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2a.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2b.Hubei (Wuhan) Institute of Explosion Science and Blasting Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.009
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为探索鄂西页岩地层隧道围岩动态压缩力学特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB),同时借助高速摄像,开展0°、30°、45°、60°和90°共5种不同层理角度(冲击加载方向与试样层理面法线的夹角)页岩试样动态冲击压缩试验,并采用不同的冲击气压进行动态加载,使试样达到不同的应变率,以研究层理角度、冲击气压及应变率对页岩动态压缩力学特性和破坏模式的影响机制。研究结果表明:不同冲击气压及应变率下,页岩动态抗压强度随着层理角度的增加,均近似呈现出“U”型的变化规律,其中层理角度为0°和90°,页岩的抗压强度相对较高,而60°层理角度的页岩抗压强度最小,随着冲击气压和应变率增加,不同层理角度页岩动态抗压强度均增加;页岩试样宏观破坏模式主要分为拉伸破坏、剪切破坏和混合破坏,不同应变率下层理角度为0°和90°试样宏观破坏模式均以拉伸破坏为主,当层理角度为30°时,试样主要宏观破坏模式随着应变率的增大,表现为“剪切破坏-混合破坏-拉伸破坏”这一转变过程,当层理角度为45°和60°时,随着应变率的增大试样的主要宏观破坏模式由剪切破坏演变为混合破坏;不同冲击气压下随着层理角度增加,页岩试样吸能比先增大后减小,在层理角度为60°时吸能比最大,此时试样破坏程度也最大,随着冲击气压和应变率增加,不同层理角度页岩试样的破碎程度均增加,且吸能比逐渐趋于一致。研究结果可为鄂西页岩地层隧道爆破破岩机理的研究以及爆破参数的精细化设计提供理论依据。

鄂西页岩  /  霍普金森压杆  /  动态压缩  /  力学特性  /  破坏模式

The dynamic compression mechanical characteristics of the surrounding rock mass of the shale formation tunnel in western Hubei province need detailed exploration. A Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) and a highspeed camera were employed to conduct impact tests on shale samples at five different bedding angles (the angle between the direction of impact loading and the normal of the bedding planes of the specimen, including 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°). Meanwhile, the research team also studied the influence mechanism of bedding angles, impact pressure, and strain rate on the dynamic compression mechanical characteristics and failure mode of shale with different dynamic loading strain rates under different impact pressures. The research results indicate that the dynamic compressive strength of shale has an approximately U-shaped pattern with increasing bedding angles under different impact pressures and strain rates. Among them, the shale with bedding angles of 0° and 90° has relatively higher compressive strength, while the shale with a bedding angle of 60° has the most minor compressive strength. Furthermore, the dynamic compressive strength of shale with different bedding angles increases as the impact pressure and strain rate increase. The macroscopic failure modes of shale are mainly divided into tensile failure, shear failure, and mixed failure. Significantly, the macroscopic failure modes of samples with bedding angles of 0° and 90° under different strain rates are mainly tensile failure. The primary macroscopic failure mode of the sample shows a transition process of shear failure mixed failure tensile failure' as the strain rate increases when the bedding angle is 30°. The primary macroscopic failure mode of the specimen evolves from shear failure to mixed failure as the strain rate increases when the bedding angle is 45° and 60°. The energy absorption ratio of shale samples first increases and then decreases as the bedding angle increases under the same impact pressure. Additionally, the energy absorption ratio and the degree of sample damage are simultaneously maximum as the bedding angle is 60°. The degree of fragmentation of shale samples with different bedding angles increases, and the energy absorption ratio gradually tends to be consistent as the impact pressure and strain rate increase.

shale in western Hubei  /  split Hopkinson pressure bar  /  dynamic compression  /  mechanical properties  /  failure mode
王江义, 董千, 颜晓明, 童浩, 饶小强, 姚颖康, 魏东. 鄂西页岩动态压缩力学特性试验研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 73 -83 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.009
Jiang-yi WANG, Qian DONG, Xiao-ming YAN, Hao TONG, Xiao-qiang RAO, Ying-kang YAO, Dong WEI. Experimental Study on Dynamic Compressive Mechanical Properties of Shale in Western Hubei[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 73 -83 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.009
页岩是鄂西地区广泛分布的一类软弱工程岩体,具有明显的层理结构,其宏观力学特性受层理结构面控制,体现出显著的各向异性及易扰动性等工程特点[1]。现阶段,山岭隧道开挖仍以钻爆法为主,对页岩地层隧道进行爆破开挖,强烈的爆炸冲击荷载会对围岩产生扰动,使页岩内层理面张开或滑移,导致其宏观力学参数例如强度、弹性模量等降低,产生损伤劣化,进而引发隧道围岩坍塌、大变形,以及支护衬砌开裂等工程灾害,严重影响施工进度,甚至危及施工人员的生命安全[2]。因此,研究页岩动态压缩力学特性对于页岩地层隧道安全、高效钻爆法施工具有重要的理论价值和工程意义[3]
目前,国内外学者针对页岩等层状岩石的力学特性开展了大量研究。Vervoort等和Cho等研究了片岩、片麻岩、页岩、板岩等多种层状岩石的拉伸强度和破坏形态随层理角度的变化规律[4,5]。Donath等针对页岩进行了一系列单轴压缩试验[6],发现层理角度对岩石的断裂强度和剪切断裂角度都有显著影响,其剪切裂隙倾向于沿着最大主应力方向发展。Niandou等开展了页岩单轴及三轴试验[7],得到了不同层理角度页岩的弹性模量、泊松比和剪切模量等力学参数,发现其具有明显的各向异性。Nasseri等对含四种不同层理角度的喜马拉雅山片岩进行单轴和三轴压缩试验[8],研究了片岩各向异性强度以及变形响应,同时从宏、细观尺度对片岩的破坏模式进行了研究。侯振坤等以龙马溪页岩为研究对象[9],基于单轴试验研究了页岩力学特性的各向异性,并分析了各向异性产生的原因。贾长贵等针对页岩开展了单轴及三轴试验[10],研究了不同层理角度(0°、30°、60°和90°)页岩的力学特性,分析了不同层理角度页岩破坏模式及其强度和变形特征。龚爽等研究了在冲击载荷作用下结构面倾角、冲击速度对层状煤样破坏模式、动态拉伸强度等的影响机制[11,12]。李地元等则对不同倾角层状砂岩开展了动态拉伸及压缩力学特性研究[13],研究结果表明随着层理倾角增大,其动态抗拉强度也随之增大,而抗压强度则呈倒“U”型变化。
综上所述,可以发现目前关于页岩力学特性的研究较多集中在准静态方面,而关于其动态力学特性的研究尚不够深入,同时考虑到各向异性的研究则更为不足[14,15],基于此,针对鄂西地区广泛分布的页岩地层,制备了层理角度分别为0°、30°、45°、60°和90°的试样,并利用分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB),开展不同应变率下页岩试样动态冲击压缩试验,并借助高速摄像,分析层理角度、冲击气压及应变率对页岩动态压缩力学特性及破坏模式的影响规律,以揭示鄂西页岩地层隧道围岩各向异性动态压缩力学特性,研究结果可为鄂西页岩地层隧道爆破破岩机理的研究以及爆破参数的精细化设计提供理论依据。
此次试验采用的50 mm杆径分离式霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,简称SHPB)试验系统来自江汉大学精细爆破国家重点实验室(如图1所示),其由发射端(包括发射腔和子弹)、入射杆、透射杆、缓冲端、激光测速仪和数据采集单元组成,压杆的基本参数如下:入射杆、透射杆以及子弹均由高强度合金钢(密度为7850 kg/m3、弹性模量为210 GPa)组成,其中入射杆和透射杆长度为2500 mm,子弹长度为400 mm。通过调整发射腔高纯度氮气的气压来控制子弹的冲击速度,使试样达到不同的应变率。同时为了消除端面摩擦效应,将岩石试样与入射、透射杆2个接触面均涂抹均匀凡士林,以避免接触面摩擦效应影响试样内部的应力分布均匀。此外,入射杆与子弹撞击面粘贴尺寸(30 mm×3 mm)的圆形橡胶垫片,用来延长试样加载时间,降低入射波上升斜率[16]。记录试样动态压缩破坏过程采用Phantom v1612型高速摄像机,采集帧率为100 000 fps,应变数据采集单元采用LK2109A型4通道超动态应变仪,其最高采样频率可达50 MHz,本次冲击试验中的采样率频率选取为10 MHz。
试验的试样来自鄂西地区某页岩地层交通隧道围岩,选取标准为层理发育显著且岩块尺寸较大,以便于室内取样加工。为了研究层理面结构对页岩动态力学特性的影响,定义试样层理角度为层理面法线与动态加载方向之间的夹角,分别沿0°,30°,45°,60°,90°方向进行钻芯取样,制备出5种不同层理角度的页岩岩芯。参考《岩石动力特性试验规程》及相关学者的建议[17-19],对岩芯进行切割,选择制备长径比为2∶1的圆柱页岩试样,试样长度为25 mm、直径为50 mm,同时对试样两个端面进行精细打磨,保证其上下端面的平整度偏差允许误差为±0.02 mm以内,且试样端面垂直于其轴线,允许误差为±0.25°以内。所制备的试样如图2所示。
以层理角度和冲击气压为变量,针对0°、30°、45°、60°和90°共5种不同层理角度页岩试样分别设计了0.1 MPa、0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa和0.4 MPa共4种不同的冲击气压值,对应不同的子弹冲击速度,使得页岩试样产生不同的应变率,同时每种工况重复3次。其次,在试验过程中采用高速摄像机记录页岩试样的动态破坏过程,以分析不同应变率下页岩试样的动态破坏特征。
为了满足SHPB试验中的应力均衡假设,选取典型冲击气压下动态冲击压缩试验过程中页岩试样两个端面的应力时程曲线进行分析,以验证试样动态压缩过程中两端的应力是否达到动态平衡,如图3所示,值得说明的是图3采用的是入射波、反射波和透射波的电压信号进行分析。
图3可见,入射、反射电压波形均为类正弦波,且上升段波形平缓光滑,使得试样有充足时间达到应力平衡状态,其中入射波和反射波叠加后的电压与透射波电压基本一致,表明冲击压缩过程中页岩试样基本处于动态平衡的应力状态,保证了试样内部的应力均匀,验证了试验结果的可靠性。
SHPB试验中,子弹撞击入射杆产生压缩脉冲,脉冲的波长和幅度与子弹的长度和撞击速度有关。入射脉冲(应力波)传到试样时,一部分在入射杆与试样的接触界面发生反射成为反射应力波,另一部分继续对试样进行加载,之后穿透试样进入透射杆成为透射应力波。SHPB试验主要遵循以下两个假定[20]:(1)一维应力波假定。SHPB系统内杆件上传递的应力波波长远大于杆直径,因此假定杆件上的应力波为一维应力波,从而可忽略杆件的径向惯性效应和弥散效应;(2)均匀性假定。试验中应力波传递到试件前后端时分别产生反射波和透射波,继续向入射杆和透射杆传播。同时应力波也在试件两端往返传播,如果试件足够短,其内部的应力、应变沿其长度方向趋于均匀化分布,从而可忽略试件的惯性效应。
在满足以上两个假定的条件下[21],通过测得试件前、后端的入射波εIt)、反射波εRt)和透射波εTt),就可以按下式来分别确定试件的应力σSt)、应变率和应变εSt
上述公式称为三波法,式中:A为弹性杆横截面积;As为试件横截面积;C0为弹性杆纵波波速;lS为试样长度。同时,按试样均匀性和一维应力波假定,则有
代入公式(1)、(2)、(3),可得简化后的二波法公式,如下所示
基于上述原理,在SHPB试验中通过采集入射杆和透射杆上的入射波、透射波和反射波时程曲线,即可通过式(6)和(8)计算得到试样的动态应力-应变曲线。
不同冲击气压下页岩动态压缩试验完毕后,整理出冲击气压分别为0.1 MPa、0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa和0.4 MPa时,5种不同层理角度页岩的动态应力-应变曲线,如图4所示。
基于图4,可以发现在较低的冲击气压下,页岩的动态应力-应变曲线初始阶段上凹,表明试样存在压密阶段,但是随着冲击气压增大,应力-应变曲线的初始上凹段消失,表明其压密阶段逐步消失。为定量分析冲击气压和层理角度对页岩动态力学参数的影响规律,整理出不同冲击气压及层理角度页岩动态应力-应变曲线特征参数,如下表1所示。
由上表可见,冲击气压越高,子弹的冲击速度也越快,试样的应变率也越高。随着冲击气压(速度)以及应变率增大,页岩试样的动态抗压强度和峰值应变均有所提升。将页岩的动态抗压强度及峰值应变随应变率的变化规律整理如图5所示。
整理上图5数据,可以发现在试验所包含的应变率范围内,不同层理角度页岩动态抗压强度和峰值应变均随着应变率增大而增加,且增加幅度分别为:26.3%、22.2%、13.6%、14.3%、23.3%,以及87.5%、80%、116.7%、120%、100%。以上数据表明:随着应变率增加,层理角度为0°时页岩抗压强度的增长幅度最大,页岩层理角度30°和90°次之,而45°和60°最小。结合图5图9可知:造成上述现象的原因在于层理角度为45°和60°时,页岩试样主要沿层理面发生剪切滑移破坏,影响其强度增加;而当层理角度为0°、30°、90°时,试样破坏主要发生在基质的断裂层面,因此其抗压强度增长幅度较大;同时,随着应变率增加,页岩峰值应变的增长规律与抗压强度的增长规律相反,具体表现为当层理角度为45°和60°时峰值应变的增长幅度较大,层理角度为0°、30°、90°时较小,这是由于页岩发生沿层理面滑移破坏时的变形量明显大于在基质内发生破坏时的变形量所导致的。
为了分析层理角度对于页岩动态抗压强度的影响规律,基于表1,整理出不同冲击气压下页岩试样抗压强度随着层理角度的变化规律,如图6所示。
图6可见,在不同冲击气压水平下,页岩动态抗压强度均随着层理角度的增加,近似呈现出“U型”的变化规律。具体为层理角度为0°、30°和90°,页岩的抗压强度相对较高,而45°和60°层理角度的页岩抗压强度最小。造成上述现象的原因在于层理角度为45°和60°时,页岩主要发生沿着层理面的动态滑移剪切破坏为主,而层理角度为0°、30°和90°时,页岩主要发生基质内的拉伸劈裂破坏和垂直于层理面的拉伸劈裂破坏,由于层理面力学强度明显低于页岩基质强度,导致0°、30°和90°层理角度页岩抗压强度明显高于其他层理角度页岩试样。
其次,为了定量研究页岩动态抗压强度的各向异性程度,定义页岩动态强度各向异性系数N,其具体表达式如下
式中:N为动态强度各向异性系数;σβ=j,min为5个层理角度动态抗压强度平均值中的最大值;σβ=j,min为5个层理角度动态抗压强度平均值中的最小值;ij分别为平均抗压强度最大值、最小值所对应的层理角度。将不同冲击气压条件下页岩动态强度各向异性系数绘制如图7所示。
图7可见,在动态压缩试验中,随着冲击气压增加,页岩动态强度各向异性系数逐渐减小,同时根据岩石力学参数各向异性程度分级表,如表2所示[22],可以发现在试验包含的冲击气压和应变率下,鄂西页岩的动态抗压强度表现出中等程度的各向异性。
收集不同冲击气压下各层理角度页岩试样动态破坏后的试样,并按照4种冲击气压以及5种层理角度排列整理如下图8所示。
结合图8表1可知,不同冲击气压(应变率)以及层理角度的页岩试样动态破坏模式区别较大,且相同冲击气压下层理角度对页岩试样破坏特征的影响较大,层理角度为45°和60°的试样破碎程度相对于其他层理角度更大。同时发现随着冲击气压增大,相同层理角度页岩试样破坏程度均增大,且当冲击气压达到0.4 MPa时,不同层理角度页岩试样均已充分破碎。
另一方面,高速摄像机所采集的3种冲击气压(0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa和0.4 MPa、0.1 MPa冲击气压下页岩试样破碎程度较低,且裂纹扩展不明显,此处不予分析)下,0°、30°、45°、60°和90°一共5种层理角度页岩试样的冲击压缩破坏过程,如图9所示。图中箭头指向为试样冲击加载方向,黄色实线为沿层理面剪切破坏裂纹,黄色虚线为垂直于层理面张拉破坏裂纹,红色虚线为页岩基质内拉伸破坏裂纹。
结合图9表1可知:对于层理角度为0°的试样,在冲击气压为0.2 MPa和0.3 MPa时试样产生的裂纹数量比较少,以页岩基质内拉伸破坏裂纹为主,当应变率达到126 s-1以为上时,此时页岩基质内拉伸破坏裂纹无法贯穿试样,而是直接终止于层理面,此时试样整体仍然以基质内拉伸破坏为主;对于层理角度为30°的试样,随着冲击气压的增大,试样内裂纹的分布也具有不同的表现形态,当应变率达到114 s-1以上时,试样内分布的裂纹由沿着层理面的剪切破坏裂纹为主转变为页岩基质内的拉伸破坏裂纹为主,并贯穿整个试样;对于层理角度为45°和60°的试样,其主要的裂纹以沿层理面剪切破坏裂纹为主,并贯穿整个试样,当应变率到达123 s-1以上时,拉伸裂纹伴随剪切裂纹共同存在,其破坏模式表现为沿着层理面的剪切破坏和基质内的拉伸破坏共同存在的混合破坏模式;对于层理角度为90°的试样,在不同冲击气压下试样内裂纹均以垂直于层理面拉伸破坏裂纹为主。
为了进一步归纳总结不同冲击气压下各层理角度页岩试样宏观破坏形态以及动态裂纹扩展规律,将动态压缩试验中页岩宏观破坏模式定义为以下三类:拉伸破坏(包含了垂直于层理面的拉伸破坏和页岩基质内的拉伸破坏)、剪切破坏和混合破坏[23-25]。结合图9,将不同冲击气压下各层理角度页岩的主要宏观破坏模式归纳于表3
为了定量分析不同冲击气压下页岩试样破坏能量耗散规律,基于一维应力波理论和SHPB试验原理,页岩试样的入射能WI、反射能WR和透射能WT的计算方法如下所示[7]
式中:A为弹性杆横截面积;ρ为弹性杆密度;c为弹性杆纵波波速。
由能量守恒定理,在SHPB冲击试验过程中,忽略试样的应变能、冲击破坏后的动能和转化产生的热能,则试样破碎能耗可视为等同于吸收能量,吸收能量用WS表示,计算公式如下所示
为了进一步分析页岩试样的能量耗散规律,引入吸能比的概念,其为吸收能与入射能的比值η
结合试验中入射杆、透射杆所记录的入射波、反射波和透射波时程曲线,计算出不同冲击气压下页岩试样破坏的能量数据,如表4所示。
表4可见,随着冲击气压和应变率的增加,页岩试样入射能、透射能、反射能和吸收能均有一定程度的增加。本次试验采用的4种冲击气压,所对应的入射能约为370 J、1100 J、2200 J和3000 J量级。在0.1 MPa的冲击气压下,试样透射的能量微乎其微,大部分转换成为反射能,小部分被耗散以及转换成为试样的动能。结合页岩破坏形态,其中层理角度60°试样破坏最为彻底,此时试样透射能明显大于反射能,能量耗散最大。在较低冲击气压的条件下,页岩试样吸能比普遍较低,透射能远小于反射能;在较高冲击气压的条件下,试样吸能比增加,透射能明显增加,甚至出现大于反射能情况。整理出不同冲击气压下页岩试样的吸能比随着层理角度的变化规律,如图10所示。
图10可见,不同冲击气压下随着层理角度的增加,页岩试样吸能比先增大后减小,在层理角度为60°时吸能比最大。冲击气压为0.1 MPa、0.2 MPa和0.3 MPa时,层理角度为30°、45°和60°页岩试样吸能比较大,同时结合图8可以发现,此条件下上述层理角度页岩试样的破坏程度均较大,这是由于其吸收能量较多所导致的。而当层理角度为0°和90°时,试样吸能比相对较低,因此其破碎程度也相应较低。
当冲击气压增加至0.4 MPa时,入射能随之增加,但试样表观破碎程度变化不大,同时由表4可见此时试样整体吸收能量仅小幅提升,不同层理角度的试样吸能比均较低,整体范围在0.2~0.3之间。同时结合图8可见,0.4 MPa冲击气压下,不同层理角度的试样均已充分破碎,此时试样的破坏程度与层理角度的相关性减小,表现为不同层理角度的试样吸能比开始趋于一致,变化幅度不大。
基于SHPB试验系统和高速摄影观测,开展了不同冲击气压及应变率下鄂西页岩动态冲击压缩试验,系统性地研究了不同层理角度页岩动态压缩力学特性,得出如下结论:
(1)在不同冲击气压及应变率下,页岩动态抗压强度均随着层理角度的增加,近似呈现出“U型”的变化规律,具体为层理角度为0°、30°和90°时,页岩抗压强度相对较高,45°和60°层理角度页岩抗压强度较小;随着冲击气压及应变率增大,页岩抗压强度和峰值应变均有所提升,其中层理角度为0°时页岩抗压强度增长幅度最大,层理角度为30°和90°时次之,45°和60°时最小。
(2)动态压缩试验中页岩宏观破坏模式分为拉伸破坏、剪切破坏和混合破坏,共3种。其中不同应变率下层理角度为0°和90°的页岩试样主要宏观破坏模式均为拉伸破坏;当层理角度为30°时,试样主要宏观破坏模式随着应变率的增大,表现为“剪切破坏-混合破坏-拉伸破坏”这一转变过程;当层理角度为45°和60°时,随着应变率增大,试样的主要宏观破坏模式由剪切破坏演变为混合破坏。
(3)不同冲击气压下随着层理角度的增加,页岩试样吸能比先增大后减小,在层理角度为60°时页岩试样吸能比最大。冲击气压为0.1 MPa、0.2 MPa和0.3 MPa时,层理角度为30°、45°和60°试样吸能比较大,此时试样破坏程度均较大,而当层理角度为0°和90°时,试样吸能比相对较低,其破碎程度也相应较低;当冲击气压增加至0.4 MPa时,不同层理角度试样表观破碎程度均变化不大,试样整体吸收能量仅小幅提升,试样吸能均较低,整体范围在0.2~0.3之间;同时0.4 MPa冲击气压下,不同层理角度的试样均已充分破碎,此时试样的破坏程度与层理角度的相关性减小,表现为不同层理角度的试样吸能比开始趋于一致。
  • 湖北交投建设集团科研课题(LX01-FW-2023052)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52108368)
  • 中国国家铁路集团科研课题(K2021G024)
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.009
  • 接收时间:2023-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-03
基金
Research Project of Hubei Communications Investment Construction Group Co., LTD.(LX01-FW-2023052)
湖北交投建设集团科研课题(LX01-FW-2023052)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52108368)
国家自然科学基金(52108368)
Science and Technology Research and Development Program of China National Railway Group Co., LTD.(K2021G024)
中国国家铁路集团科研课题(K2021G024)
作者信息
    1.湖北交投建设集团有限公司,武汉 430070
    2a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
    2b.江汉大学 湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院,武汉 430056

通讯作者:

董千(1987-),男,副教授、博士,主要从事隧道与地下工程、岩石爆破理论与技术方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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