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Article(id=1241409508380045353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904691070, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904691070, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904691070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904691070, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241409507583127593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904690881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904736091, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409697262137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241409507583127593, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241409508661063723, articleId=1241409508380045353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Crack Propagation Mechanism and Damage Characteristics of Double-hole Cutting Blasting, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

On-site double-hole slitting blasting experiments were conducted to study the effect of controlling fracture damage by double-hole slitting blasting. A test double hole slitting blasting model was constructed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, and its crack propagation and changes in gas unit pressure on the hole wall were compared and analyzed. The on-site results indicate that an intersecting fracture surface is formed between the two blast holes in the direction of the cutting seam after the explosion, and the half-hole residue is more obvious. Besides, the cracks will still develop towards the cutting direction by changing the cutting angle to 157°, and the guiding effect of the cutting seam is not affected by the change in angle. Meanwhile, the fracturing effect of adding empty holes between blast holes is better than that of non-empty hole slot blasting, which indicates that the existence of empty holes can effectively improve the directional fracture effect of slot blasting. The model results of the crack propagation and damage are consistent with the on-site results. By comparing and analyzing the double hole slit blasting and ordinary smooth blasting models, the superposition effect of stress waves causes the development of cracks between the holes to deflect, which forms a crack void between the two holes. Though analyzing the peak pressure of gas units around the hole wall at 0°~90°, it is found that the time when the pressure peak reaches the slit direction is earlier than that in the non-slit direction. More importantly, the pressure peak decreased significantly, and then the curve gradually tended to flatten during the slit blasting range of 0°~15°. The larger the angle, the smaller the peak change. The slit tube effectively controls the distribution of explosion energy during the explosion process, which forms stress concentration at the slit, with the maximum stress peak being about four times higher than that in the vertical direction.

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ZHOU Hong-min (1975-), female, associate professor, master supervisor, mainly engaged in research on engineering disaster prevention and reduction control, (E-mail) .
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为研究双孔切缝爆破控制断裂损伤效果，开展现场双孔切缝爆破试验，结合ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件构建试验双孔切缝爆破模型，对比分析其裂纹扩展与孔壁气体单元压力变化。现场结果表明：爆后两炮孔间在切缝方向形成贯穿相交断裂面，半眼残痕更加明显；改变切缝角度至157°，裂纹仍会向切缝方向发展，切缝导向作用不受角度改变而影响；增设孔间空孔时断裂效果优于无空孔切缝爆破，说明空孔的存在能有效改善切缝爆破的定向断裂效果。模型结果显示：裂纹扩展与损伤与现场结果基本拟合，对比分析双孔切缝爆破与普通光面爆破模型，应力波的叠加作用使得孔间裂纹发育发生偏转，在两炮孔间形成裂纹空白带；分析孔壁0°~90°周围气体单元压力峰值，切缝方向达到压力峰值的时间早于非切缝方向，切缝爆破在0°~15°区间内，压力峰值下降幅度较大，随后曲线逐渐趋于平缓，角度越大，峰值变化也越来越小；切缝管在爆炸过程中有效地控制爆炸能量的分布，在切缝处形成应力集中，最大应力峰值约为垂直方向4倍以上。

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周红敏（1975-），女，副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程防灾减灾控制研究，（E-mail）。
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张宪堂（1973-），男，教授、博士生导师，主要从事岩土结构动力学和爆破工程研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Xian-tang (1973-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on rock and soil structure dynamics and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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张宪堂（1973-），男，教授、博士生导师，主要从事岩土结构动力学和爆破工程研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Xian-tang (1973-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on rock and soil structure dynamics and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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张宪堂（1973-），男，教授、博士生导师，主要从事岩土结构动力学和爆破工程研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Xian-tang (1973-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on rock and soil structure dynamics and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Influence of charge structures on the slotted cartridge blasting effect, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409543733834730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=42, issue=12, pageStart=1613, pageEnd=1623, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=30, authorNames=郭德勇, 赵杰超, 朱同功, journalName=工程科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭德勇, 赵杰超, 朱同功, 等. 双孔聚能爆破煤层裂纹扩展贯通机理[J]. 工程科学学报, 2020, 42(12): 1613-1623., articleTitle=双孔聚能爆破煤层裂纹扩展贯通机理, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409543872246765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=42, issue=12, pageStart=1613, pageEnd=1623, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=31, authorNames=GUO De-yong, ZHAO Jie-chao, ZHU Tong-gong, journalName=Chinese Journal of Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO De-yong, ZHAO Jie-chao, ZHU Tong-gong, et al. Crack propagation and coalescence mechanism of double-hole cumulative blasting in coal seam[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2020, 42(12): 1613-1623. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Crack propagation and coalescence mechanism of double-hole cumulative blasting in coal seam, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409544006464498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=17, pageStart=3003, pageEnd=3010, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=32, authorNames=谢和平, 鞠杨, 黎立云, journalName=岩石力学与工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢和平, 鞠杨, 黎立云, 等. 基于能量耗散与释放原理的岩石强度与整体破坏准则[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2005(17): 3003-3010., articleTitle=基于能量耗散与释放原理的岩石强度与整体破坏准则, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241409544128099316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=17, pageStart=3003, pageEnd=3010, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=XIE He-ping, JU Yang, LI Li-yun, journalName=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE He-ping, JU Yang, LI Li-yun, et al. Criteria for strength and structural failure of rocks based on energy dissipation and energy release principles[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005(17): 3003-3010. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530052014614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison diagram of A2 test before and after blasting, figureFileSmall=zKmQzpgolWuptOMVG6z0zQ==, figureFileBig=+/MP1K02WAd5NiXf2TNdNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530165260831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=CN, label=图5, caption= A2试验爆破前后对比图, figureFileSmall=zKmQzpgolWuptOMVG6z0zQ==, figureFileBig=+/MP1K02WAd5NiXf2TNdNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530261729829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison diagram of A3 test before and after blasting, figureFileSmall=9QRhnXE+QOZjdZRMlo0GmA==, figureFileBig=RshX49dr+tQFa2+cQokQDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409530370781744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409531440329342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=CN, label=图11, caption= t=131 μs、249 μs、600 μs切缝角度157°双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展图, figureFileSmall=DS+SHNpW10Y5OH9Rdus0yQ==, figureFileBig=pcv8vMj4JOMGsTDXFzQrRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533017387650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption= t=131 μs、249 μs、600 μs crack propagation diagram of adding hollow and double hole slitting blasting, figureFileSmall=0jozTsuHD/v+pXcxRM+dAQ==, figureFileBig=QUKY4A4YKGSM823tuMgzmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409533143216780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=CN, label=图12, caption= t=131 μs、249 μs、600 μs增设空孔双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展图, figureFileSmall=0jozTsuHD/v+pXcxRM+dAQ==, figureFileBig=QUKY4A4YKGSM823tuMgzmA==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileSmall=y8K5q/J2e0+RtBPcmfHrKQ==, figureFileBig=iAxf5+TiUEEKyoRm5cJg9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241409534573474531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design of on-site test plan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号试验类别切缝角度/° S/m L/m
A1未改变切缝角度1800.600.60
A2改变切缝角度1570.600.60
A3布设空孔1800.400.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534703497963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

现场试验方案设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号试验类别切缝角度/° S/m L/m
A1未改变切缝角度1800.600.60
A2改变切缝角度1570.600.60
A3布设空孔1800.400.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534841909999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Granite rock material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）单轴抗压强度/MPa纵波速度/（m·s-1）横波速度/（m·s-1）弹性模量/GPa泊松比
270011956753547580.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241409534992904949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

花岗岩岩石材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）单轴抗压强度/MPa纵波速度/（m·s-1）横波速度/（m·s-1）弹性模量/GPa泊松比
270011956753547580.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535080985338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material and state equation parameters of 2#rock emulsion explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）爆速/（m·s-1）C-J压力/GPa状态方程参数
A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa
120032002.747.60.5293.50.160.414.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535202620159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2#岩石乳化炸药材料及状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）爆速/（m·s-1）C-J压力/GPa状态方程参数
A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa
120032002.747.60.5293.50.160.414.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241409535357809418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241409508380045353, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Air material and state equation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3） C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E/GPa
1.2900000.40.400.025
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空气材料及状态方程参数

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密度/（kg·m-3） C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E/GPa
1.2900000.40.400.025
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Material parameters of slit tube

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密度/（kg·m-3）弹性模量E/GPa屈服强度σY0/MPa泊松比μ
13003.7500.38
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切缝管材料参数

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密度/（kg·m-3）弹性模量E/GPa屈服强度σY0/MPa泊松比μ
13003.7500.38
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双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展机理及损伤特性研究
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张宪堂 , 陈长青 , 刘小康 , 夏姣姣 , 周红敏
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(4): 45-53
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(4): 45-53
双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展机理及损伤特性研究
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张宪堂 , 陈长青, 刘小康, 夏姣姣, 周红敏
作者信息
  • 山东科技大学　山东省土木工程防灾减灾重点实验室，青岛　266590

    • 张宪堂（1973-），男，教授、博士生导师，主要从事岩土结构动力学和爆破工程研究，（E-mail）。

    ZHANG Xian-tang (1973-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on rock and soil structure dynamics and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

周红敏（1975-），女，副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程防灾减灾控制研究，（E-mail）。
Study on Crack Propagation Mechanism and Damage Characteristics of Double-hole Cutting Blasting
Xian-tang ZHANG , Chang-qing CHEN, Xiao-kang LIU, Jiao-jiao XIA, Hong-min ZHOU
Affiliations
  • Shandong Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.006
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摘要
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为研究双孔切缝爆破控制断裂损伤效果，开展现场双孔切缝爆破试验，结合ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件构建试验双孔切缝爆破模型，对比分析其裂纹扩展与孔壁气体单元压力变化。现场结果表明：爆后两炮孔间在切缝方向形成贯穿相交断裂面，半眼残痕更加明显；改变切缝角度至157°，裂纹仍会向切缝方向发展，切缝导向作用不受角度改变而影响；增设孔间空孔时断裂效果优于无空孔切缝爆破，说明空孔的存在能有效改善切缝爆破的定向断裂效果。模型结果显示：裂纹扩展与损伤与现场结果基本拟合，对比分析双孔切缝爆破与普通光面爆破模型，应力波的叠加作用使得孔间裂纹发育发生偏转，在两炮孔间形成裂纹空白带；分析孔壁0°~90°周围气体单元压力峰值，切缝方向达到压力峰值的时间早于非切缝方向，切缝爆破在0°~15°区间内，压力峰值下降幅度较大，随后曲线逐渐趋于平缓，角度越大，峰值变化也越来越小；切缝管在爆炸过程中有效地控制爆炸能量的分布，在切缝处形成应力集中，最大应力峰值约为垂直方向4倍以上。

聚能切缝爆破  /  双孔爆破  /  数值模拟  /  爆破损伤  /  压力分析

On-site double-hole slitting blasting experiments were conducted to study the effect of controlling fracture damage by double-hole slitting blasting. A test double hole slitting blasting model was constructed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, and its crack propagation and changes in gas unit pressure on the hole wall were compared and analyzed. The on-site results indicate that an intersecting fracture surface is formed between the two blast holes in the direction of the cutting seam after the explosion, and the half-hole residue is more obvious. Besides, the cracks will still develop towards the cutting direction by changing the cutting angle to 157°, and the guiding effect of the cutting seam is not affected by the change in angle. Meanwhile, the fracturing effect of adding empty holes between blast holes is better than that of non-empty hole slot blasting, which indicates that the existence of empty holes can effectively improve the directional fracture effect of slot blasting. The model results of the crack propagation and damage are consistent with the on-site results. By comparing and analyzing the double hole slit blasting and ordinary smooth blasting models, the superposition effect of stress waves causes the development of cracks between the holes to deflect, which forms a crack void between the two holes. Though analyzing the peak pressure of gas units around the hole wall at 0°~90°, it is found that the time when the pressure peak reaches the slit direction is earlier than that in the non-slit direction. More importantly, the pressure peak decreased significantly, and then the curve gradually tended to flatten during the slit blasting range of 0°~15°. The larger the angle, the smaller the peak change. The slit tube effectively controls the distribution of explosion energy during the explosion process, which forms stress concentration at the slit, with the maximum stress peak being about four times higher than that in the vertical direction.

cumulative cutting blasting  /  double-hole blasting  /  numerical simulation  /  blasting damage  /  stress analysis
张宪堂, 陈长青, 刘小康, 夏姣姣, 周红敏. 双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展机理及损伤特性研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (4) : 45 -53 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.006
Xian-tang ZHANG, Chang-qing CHEN, Xiao-kang LIU, Jiao-jiao XIA, Hong-min ZHOU. Study on Crack Propagation Mechanism and Damage Characteristics of Double-hole Cutting Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (4) : 45 -53 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.006
正文
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在进行矿山资源开发及隧道建设时，为满足运输要求需将爆破岩体爆至小块，同时爆破面须光滑平整。传统的光面爆破容易出现超挖、欠挖等现象，不能很好地控制爆炸效果[1]。切缝药包爆破是一种实用的控制裂纹产生、扩展和止裂的方法，它可以达到精确控制断裂的效果，在工程实践中通常采用双孔或多孔连续起爆方式来提高施工速度[2,3]。
美国W L Foumey等人提出了在炮孔中使用轴向切缝的管状药包在岩体中形成定向裂缝的方法[4]。唐中华等研究切缝药包的聚能作用，指出炮孔壁开裂具有方向性，并通过力学分析研究裂纹扩展方向，得出切缝药包爆炸成缝机理[5]。王树仁等通过WZDD-1型多火花式动态光弹仪经行切缝爆破试验，试验证明在切缝方向不仅会优先产生裂纹，而且在切缝方向产生的爆炸能量远大于非切缝方向[6]。Wang Y运用数字化激光动态焦散线爆炸加载测试系统，研究切缝爆破不同不耦合系数装药下的初始裂纹形成及扩展机理，研究表明：切缝爆破中能量优先沿着开槽药筒壁向开槽方向释放[7]。申涛等在高速云影试验中研究双切缝耦合切缝管聚能爆破的破岩过程，结果表明，切缝管切缝能有效控制爆生气体及爆炸应力波的传播，提高破岩效果[8]。杨仁树等通过动态焦散线试验，研究不同切槽方式下双孔聚能爆破裂纹贯穿方式，结果表明，孔间裂纹的发育并不会形成近似同一水平方向的直线贯通，而是会形成发生偏转的异向裂纹[9]。邵珠山等运用LS-DYNA数值模拟软件，研究了单孔爆破下，切缝药包与普通药包的应力和损伤分布的差异，并提出切缝宽度并非越大越好，存在一个最优值，能最大实现爆破效果[10,11]。Ding CX等通过数值模拟研究双切缝与三切缝药包爆破。研究表明，炮孔中部及底部定向断裂效果显著。三切缝爆破形成的定向裂纹较短，应力变化和单元振动受切缝数量影响较大[12]。
目前对于切缝爆破的研究多为单、双孔的切缝药包爆炸或贯穿机理研究，本文在已有研究成果的基础上，更为细化地进行切缝爆破与普通光面爆破的对比研究，基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA构建双孔切缝爆破与双孔普通光面爆破模型，研究相同参数下的应力传播特性及裂纹扩展机理，并对比分析两种爆破形式下的孔壁周边气体单元压力变化，研究其损伤特性；通过现场试验进行爆破效果验证，优化爆破方案，为工程中双孔切缝爆破应用提供理论基础。
1　切缝爆破定向破岩机理
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切缝爆破作用过程大致可分为三个阶段，即炸药起爆冲击波作用阶段、初始裂纹形成阶段和裂纹扩展阶段[13]。其中初始阶段受切缝管影响，爆炸产生的应力波在切缝管和空气交界面发生透射和反射现象，其应力波传播形式不同于普通光面爆破均匀向四周传播，而是优先在切缝方向产生较强的应力集中形成聚能射流，炮孔内气体分布如图1所示。
设切缝方向爆炸荷载直接作用在炮孔壁上的压力为PA，透过切缝管外壳后作用在炮孔壁上的压力为PE，二者所形成的剪应力突变值为τ，可得
按库仑定律最不利情况分析，得到岩体的在炮孔壁处形成剪切开裂缝时的条件为
式中：Ssd为岩体动态抗剪强度；φ为岩石动态内摩擦角；c为岩石动态内聚能。
初始裂纹的形成使岩石的受力状态发生改变，裂纹尖端的应力集中程度显著增强，岩体的裂纹扩展破坏由原来的受拉破坏和剪切破坏变为复合应力下的张开型脆性断裂破坏，在爆生气体尚未作用于初始裂纹时，作用在炮孔壁上的压力由初始裂纹形成前的P衰减为P1，裂纹尖端在图2所示受力状态下继续扩展，此时裂纹尖端处的应力强度因子K1可表示为
式中：L0为炮孔的初始裂纹长度；rc为炮孔半径；F1是与L0和rc相关联的参数。
由于切缝方向的初始裂纹长度较非切缝方向较长，作用在切缝方向炮孔壁的压力也较大，因此切缝方向裂纹尖端处的应力强度因子较大，有利于裂纹的定向扩展。切缝管的存在使得爆炸能量的扩散受到阻碍，在切缝方向形成的集中能流加强了对炮孔壁初始裂纹的楔入作用，因此切缝管切缝方向的裂纹扩展速度和长度均要大于传统爆破方式，发挥了切缝药包的定向断裂控制作用。
2　现场试验
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2.1　爆破方案设计
为开展双孔切缝爆破裂纹及损伤研究，在日照东港区某工地进行现场试验。现场选取花岗岩作为被爆岩体，炸药为2号岩石乳化炸药，试验炮孔直径50 mm，炮孔深度1.0 m，切缝管为PVC塑料管，长度0.6 m，直径34 mm，厚度2 mm，切缝宽度2 mm，堵塞长度0.4 m。本次共设计了3组试验，如表1所示，表中S为炮孔间距，L为相邻炮孔的连心线距离。试验中不同切缝管角度如图3所示。
2.2　爆破结果分析
图4~图6为各组现场试验爆破前后的对比图，其中A1为研究不改变切缝角度下双孔切缝爆破定向断裂爆破效果。如图4（a）所示，黑色曲线方向为切缝方向，试验前将两炮孔切缝方向交点处用黄色圆圈进行标记。观察爆后岩体断裂情况可以发现，相邻炮孔并未在爆心水平连线方向开裂，而是形成了两个相交的断裂面，其断裂方向与切缝方向大致相同，即双孔切缝爆破会沿两孔切缝方向形成定向贯通断裂。同时，爆后半眼残痕明显，切缝爆破对于围岩保护作用显著。
图5为改变切缝角度后试验爆炸效果，切缝角度改变后，炮孔两侧的初始裂纹仍朝着切缝方向发展，由于现场岩石内部存在初始节理裂纹，左孔爆炸形成的破碎区较为严重，孔间切缝方向在节理的影响下并未贯通，但裂纹扩展方向仍为两炮孔切缝连线方向。
为优化双孔切缝爆破的定向断裂效果，在孔间设置空孔。A3试验切缝方向为180°，试验放置位置如图6（a）所示。如爆后岩体断裂效果所示，爆炸孔及空孔半眼残痕明显，并在空孔处形成相交的贯通断裂面，断裂效果优于无空孔下的双孔切缝爆破，说明空孔的存在能有效改善切缝爆破的定向断裂效果。
3　模型建立
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3.1　模型参数
为验证现场试验结果合理性，采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA构建双孔切缝爆破数值分析模型，模型由聚能药卷、切缝管、空气和岩体4部分组成，采用流-固耦合算法。模型整体尺寸为5000 mm×5000 mm×100 mm，如图7~8所示，图中单位均为mm，为满足聚能爆破的条件，分别在所构建模型的前表面和后表面上设置Z轴方向约束。
3.2　岩石参数
本文选用花岗岩作为岩石材料，采用HJC材料模型描述岩石的破坏过程及损伤特性。通过关键字*MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CONCRETE定义岩石材料参数，通过关键字*MAT_ADD_EROSION定义岩石的失效，相关材料参数如表2所示[14]。
3.3　炸药参数
炸药材料计算模型为*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN，单元类型采用SOLID164实体单元，采用不耦合装药，材料模型通过*EOS_JWL状态方程来描述炸药爆炸后压力与体积的关系，其表达式为
式中：P为爆炸冲击波；V为相对体积；E0为相对体积；A、B、R1、R2、ω均为状态方程参数[15]，参数如表3所示。
3.4　空气参数
本文以空气作为不耦合介质，通过关键字*MAT_NULL定义空气材料模型[16]，通过关键字*EOS_LINERAR_POLYNOMIAL定义空气的状态方程。空气的状态方程如下
式中：C0、C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6为状态方程系数；E为相对体积的单位初始内能；μ=1/V-1；V为空气的相对体积。相关材料参数如表4所示。
3.5　切缝管参数
本文切缝管材料选用PVC塑料管，假设PVC管为力，通过关键词*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC来模拟切缝管的变形与破坏，相关材料参数如表5所示。
3.6　模型参数试验
岳中文等采用与岩石具有相似力学性质的有机玻璃板模拟岩石[17]，采用叠氮化铅作为炸药，PVC管作为切缝管，进行了切缝爆破裂纹扩展模拟试验。未验证模型所选材料参数及本构模型的合理性，炸药选用本文模拟所用2号岩石乳化炸药，将试验中所用有机玻璃板换为本文岩石参数，观察对比其裂纹扩展，分析模拟岩石损伤效果可靠性。
对比分析图9结果，叠氮化铅的爆炸作用下，有机玻璃板在切缝方向产生较长的主裂纹，切缝方向损伤要大于非切缝方向。主裂纹及次生裂纹较模型试验基本相同，次生裂纹整体呈“X”状交叉，同模型试验所得结论基本相同。模型中产生较多的次生裂纹分支，分析认为在爆生气体作用下实际试验与模型有较小偏差，但主裂纹等影响较小，整体裂纹形态基本一致，该模型可以有效模拟切缝爆破下岩体损伤和裂纹扩展。
4　双孔爆破数值模拟结果分析
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4.1　双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展分析
爆破采用双孔同时起爆，岩体裂纹扩展过程如图10所示，t=131 μs，裂纹在爆生气体准静压作用下不断发育，在爆破炮孔连线方向出现径向裂纹的首次贯通，炮孔周围裂纹发展成“米”字状。t=249 μs时，（c）图切缝爆破在垂直方向的裂纹发育开始出现偏转，分析认为，由于爆炸应力波的叠加作用，使得这些裂纹难以按照初始的扩展方向发育，表现为左侧炮孔裂纹向左侧偏转右侧裂纹向右侧偏转，部分次生裂纹衍生出垂直方向的分支裂纹。该结论与郭德勇的研究成果相一致[18]。t=600 μs，爆破作用基本停止。分析认为，在爆炸初期，由于切缝管的抑制作用，部分冲击波作用于切缝管时发生冲击波反弹，使得在非切缝方向的应力减弱，由于爆炸产生的应力波相互重叠，炮孔连线区域受到径向压缩波的作用，环向拉应力减弱，炮孔外侧区域主裂纹长度较连线区域内主裂纹长度更长，左侧区域主裂缝长度为1.39 m，右侧区域主裂缝长度为1.41 m，切缝爆破在应力集中方向裂纹发育更长。
4.2　改变切缝角度双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展分析
对比现场试验及模拟结果可以看到，改变切缝管角度后，水平方向两炮孔连线处仍在切缝管的作用下实现贯通，裂纹呈牵手状相交，应力波的叠加作用使得在径向贯通裂纹上产生较小的次生裂纹。炮孔左右两侧，由于切缝角度的改变，裂纹不再如水平向爆炸时向两边发育，而是随着角度的方向不断延伸，水平方向裂纹减少，主裂纹朝着偏转角度发育，这与现场试验结果基本一致，切缝角度的改变不会影响切缝处对于能量的导向作用，裂纹仍朝向切缝方向发展。见图11。
4.3　增设空孔双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展分析
空孔的存在使得两炮孔间产生新的自由面，应力波到达空孔后将发生反射和透射作用，这使得岩石所有反射拉伸作用更加显著，对于岩石断裂有着促进作用。对比现场试验裂纹及模型结果可以看到，两炮孔间裂纹均有向空孔处发育的趋势，这也印证了空孔的导向作用对于岩石定向断裂爆破有优化作用。同时，应力波的反射及透射作用使得空孔部分孔壁质点处发生应力集中现象，当切向拉应力大于岩石的最大抗拉强度时，在孔壁处产生部分细小裂纹，这与现场试验结果基本一致。见图12。
4.4　孔周压力分析
4.4.1　环向压力分析
为研究爆破过程中压力变化，建立同种参数及本构方程下的双孔光面爆破模型，由于双孔爆破的对称性，分别选取切缝爆破2#和普通爆破2#炮孔为研究对象，在炮孔壁处从右侧切缝0°开始，以15°为间隔，共选取7个测点，分析在爆炸过程中各测点处的压力变化，测点选取情况如图13所示。
图14为测点处压力变化曲线。观察压力峰值点，切缝爆破在0°方向峰值压力最大，为0.35 GPa；90°时峰值压力最小，为0.052 GPa，随着角度的增加，压力峰值逐渐减小，切缝方向峰值远大于非切缝方向。这表明聚能射流能够大幅度加强对切缝爆方向的楔入作用，裂纹扩展的速度提升，扩展的范围也随之增大。对比普通爆破，如图（b）所示，压力传播较为均匀，在8.76 μs时达到峰值压力为0.235 GPa，切缝爆破压力峰值为普通爆破的1.46倍。压力峰值出现的时刻同样是影响爆破的关键因素，如图（a）所示，切缝方向达到压力峰值的时间早于非切缝方向，时间差值约为75.1 μs，且随着角度的增大，峰值压力出现的时间也更晚。由此可以看出，切缝管在爆炸过程中有效地控制爆炸能量的分布，使炸药能量重新分配，从而达到控制爆破的作用。
对称载荷会引起应力波的叠加，使两个孔之间形成的径向裂纹容易完全断裂。如图15所示，切缝方向峰值为非切缝方向的2.09~5.92倍，峰值曲线随着角度的增加整体呈现下降趋势，0°至15°角度区间内，压力峰值下降幅度较大，随后曲线逐渐趋于平缓，角度越大，峰值变化也越来越小。角度大于10°时，切缝爆破压力峰值开始小于非切缝爆破，在垂直方向的峰值仅为普通爆破的0.22倍。综上所述，切缝管的存在，增大了切缝方向的冲击波传播速度，控制爆炸能量定向作用，起到保护孔壁，定向控制爆破的效果。
4.4.2　水平及垂直方向压力分析
为研究切缝爆破水平及垂直方向压力变化，以2#炮孔为研究对象，在切缝管外空气模型水平和垂直方向分别选取4个测点，首个测点为距切缝管外壁1 cm处，其余相邻测点间距仍为1 cm，测点选取图如图16所示，所得测点随时间变化的压力时程曲线如图17所示。
图（a）所示为水平方向测点压力时程曲线，压力峰值上升迅速，增长速率较大，且达到峰值的时间较早，四个测点峰值到达时间相差仅8.8 μs。靠近切缝管处测点压力峰值最大，为0.302 GPa，根据前文分析可知，由于没有切缝管的抑制作用，爆炸产生的能量直接作用于空气，能量递增快速。由于空气的阻抗小于切缝管，压力到达峰值后迅速下降，1 cm及2 cm测点，离切缝处较近，变化更为明显。图（b）为垂直方向测点单元压力时程曲线，与水平方向相比压力非常小，且到达压力峰值的时间更晚。通过对比不同方向上最大单元峰值压力可以发现，切缝方向最大单元压力峰值是垂直方向的4.38倍，且切缝方向最大单元峰值压力时刻较垂直方向早71.7 μs。垂直方向曲线较水平方向波动较为明显，分析认为，爆炸产生的能量到达切缝管时会发生能量反射，在达到峰值压力后，由于反射波和后续到达的能量复合作用形成新的能量的叠加[19]，研究指出该反射波约为总爆轰能量的10%~13%。
5　结论
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（1）通过现场试验发现，即使改变切缝宽度，裂纹仍会沿切缝方向断裂，可通过调整切缝方向获得现场所需定向断裂要求。空孔为相邻炮孔提供新的自由面，可以通过布设空孔优化定向断裂效果。
（2）双孔同时起爆时，光面爆破孔间形成大面积破碎区，裂纹沿炮孔壁向四周开裂，次生裂纹较多；切缝爆破在切缝处优先产生聚能射流，在切缝方向裂纹尖端处应力强度因子较大，相邻钻孔为初始冲击波提供了自由面，在切缝方向形成贯穿裂纹，次生裂纹少，更利于裂纹的定向扩展。
（3）双孔爆破下，应力波的叠加作用使得裂纹发育发生偏转，并在孔间形成裂纹空白带。以切缝方向为水平起点，15°为间隔，分析0°~90°两种爆破下孔壁环向应力。光面爆破下，爆生能量均匀向四周发散，环向应力基本相同。切缝爆破中，随着向垂直方向角度的增大应力不断减小。切缝方向能量直接作用于空气和孔壁，最大单元压应力峰值为垂直方向的4.38倍；在非切缝方向，爆炸应力波与切缝管相互作用，应力波反射、干涉、叠加，应力到达峰值后出现振荡，随即逐渐升高至新的峰值然后减小，直至裂纹止裂。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51874189)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023ME106)
  • 2021年度矿山地下工程教育部工程研究中心开放基金资助项目(JYBGCZX2021102)
文献
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2024年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.006
  • 接收时间：2023-08-12
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-08-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51874189)
国家自然科学基金项目(51874189)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023ME106)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023ME106)
Open Fund of the Engineering Research Center of Underground Mine Construction, Ministry of Education (Anhui University of Science and Technology) in 2021(JYBGCZX2021102)
2021年度矿山地下工程教育部工程研究中心开放基金资助项目(JYBGCZX2021102)
作者信息
    山东科技大学　山东省土木工程防灾减灾重点实验室，青岛　266590

通讯作者:

周红敏（1975-），女，副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程防灾减灾控制研究，（E-mail）。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.04.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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