Article(id=1241355805165932685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1668441600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773891887227, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1701360000000, pubDateStr=2023-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773891887227, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773891887227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773891887227, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241355799189058005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773891885801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773898068569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241355805451145377, articleId=1241355805165932685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Dynamic Caustic Line Experiment of Three-point Bending Beam with Different Crack Heights, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the dynamic crack propagation law of beam members, bar defects with the heights of 22 mm, 28.5 mm and 35 mm were designed in a three-point bending beam, and then tested by the digital laser dynamic caustic line experiment system and the drop weight impact test system. The results show that the crack propagation rate and stress intensity factor are affected by the defect height in two stages in the drop weight impact experiment. In the first stage, the maximum growth rates of crack propagation have a trend of first rising and then stabilizing as 247.49 m/s, 292.49 m/s and 284.99 m/s with the increase of defect height, and the cracking stress intensity factor was respectively 1.480 MPa/m3/2, 1.665 MPa/m3/2 and 1.812 MPa/m3/2, which increased with the increase of defect height. Meanwhile, the crack initiation and propagation rates respectively decreased by 634.42 m/s, 524.97 m/s and 377.67 m/s, the cracking stress intensity factors of K type respectively decreased by 3.281 MPa/m3/2, 3.192 MPa/m3/2 and 2.876 MPa/m3/2, and the cracking stress intensity factors of K type respectively increased by 1.254 MPa/m3/2, 1.319 MPa/m3/2, and 1.398 MPa/m3/2. Furthermore, the K-K composite stress intensity factor was transformed into a K type stress intensity factor by deflection.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XU Bo-wen (1998-), male, postgraduate, mainly engaged in research work in blasting engineering, (E-mail) .
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为了探究不同高度条形缺陷的梁构件动态裂纹扩展规律,在三点弯曲梁中设计高度分别为22 mm、28.5 mm、35 mm的条形缺陷,通过数字激光动态焦散线实验系统和落锤冲击试验系统进行研究。结果表明:不同高度条形缺陷的三点弯曲梁在落锤冲击实验中,裂纹扩展速度和应力强度因子受缺陷高度影响分两个阶段。第一阶段随着缺陷高度的增加,裂纹最大扩展速度分别为247.49 m/s、292.49 m/s与284.99 m/s,呈现先上升后趋于稳定的态势,起裂应力强度因子随着缺陷高度的增加而变大,分别为1.480 MPa/m3/2、1.665 MPa/m3/2、1.812 MPa/m3/2;第二阶段随着缺陷高度的增加,裂纹起裂扩展速度逐步减小分别为634.42 m/s、524.97 m/s、377.67 m/s,K型起裂应力强度因子逐步减小分别为3.281 MPa/m3/2、3.192 MPa/m3/2、2.876 MPa/m3/2,K型起裂应力强度因子逐步增大分别为1.254 MPa/m3/2、1.319 MPa/m3/2、1.398 MPa/m3/2K-K复合型应力强度因子经偏转化为K型应力强度因子。研究结果可为不同形状和不同位置的缺陷构件的动态响应问题提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
许博文(1998-),男,硕士研究生,从事爆破工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)
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李清(1969-),男,博士、教授,从事爆破工程及岩土工程方面的研究,(E-mail)

LI Qing (1969-), male, Ph. D, Professor, mainly engaged in research in blasting engineering and geotechnical engineering, (E-mail) .

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李清(1969-),男,博士、教授,从事爆破工程及岩土工程方面的研究,(E-mail)

LI Qing (1969-), male, Ph. D, Professor, mainly engaged in research in blasting engineering and geotechnical engineering, (E-mail) .

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李清(1969-),男,博士、教授,从事爆破工程及岩土工程方面的研究,(E-mail)

LI Qing (1969-), male, Ph. D, Professor, mainly engaged in research in blasting engineering and geotechnical engineering, (E-mail) .

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Dynamic mechanical parameters of plexiglass

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参数CP/(m·s-1CS/(m·s-1Ed/GPavCt/(m2/N)
数值2 3201 2606.10.310.86×10-10
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有机玻璃的动态力学参数

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参数CP/(m·s-1CS/(m·s-1Ed/GPavCt/(m2/N)
数值2 3201 2606.10.310.86×10-10
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不同裂纹高度的三点弯曲梁动态焦散线实验
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李清 , 许博文 , 黄晨 , 于冰冰 , 王凯 , 袁珲
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(4): 13-19
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(4): 13-19
不同裂纹高度的三点弯曲梁动态焦散线实验
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李清 , 许博文 , 黄晨, 于冰冰, 王凯, 袁珲
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学(北京) 力学与建筑工程学院,北京 100083
  • 李清(1969-),男,博士、教授,从事爆破工程及岩土工程方面的研究,(E-mail)

    LI Qing (1969-), male, Ph. D, Professor, mainly engaged in research in blasting engineering and geotechnical engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

许博文(1998-),男,硕士研究生,从事爆破工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)
Dynamic Caustic Line Experiment of Three-point Bending Beam with Different Crack Heights
Qing LI , Bo-wen XU , Chen HUANG, Bing-bing YU, Kai WANG, Hui YUAN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2023-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.002
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为了探究不同高度条形缺陷的梁构件动态裂纹扩展规律,在三点弯曲梁中设计高度分别为22 mm、28.5 mm、35 mm的条形缺陷,通过数字激光动态焦散线实验系统和落锤冲击试验系统进行研究。结果表明:不同高度条形缺陷的三点弯曲梁在落锤冲击实验中,裂纹扩展速度和应力强度因子受缺陷高度影响分两个阶段。第一阶段随着缺陷高度的增加,裂纹最大扩展速度分别为247.49 m/s、292.49 m/s与284.99 m/s,呈现先上升后趋于稳定的态势,起裂应力强度因子随着缺陷高度的增加而变大,分别为1.480 MPa/m3/2、1.665 MPa/m3/2、1.812 MPa/m3/2;第二阶段随着缺陷高度的增加,裂纹起裂扩展速度逐步减小分别为634.42 m/s、524.97 m/s、377.67 m/s,K型起裂应力强度因子逐步减小分别为3.281 MPa/m3/2、3.192 MPa/m3/2、2.876 MPa/m3/2,K型起裂应力强度因子逐步增大分别为1.254 MPa/m3/2、1.319 MPa/m3/2、1.398 MPa/m3/2K-K复合型应力强度因子经偏转化为K型应力强度因子。研究结果可为不同形状和不同位置的缺陷构件的动态响应问题提供理论参考。

焦散线实验系统  /  条形缺陷  /  裂纹扩展速度  /  应力强度因子

In order to explore the dynamic crack propagation law of beam members, bar defects with the heights of 22 mm, 28.5 mm and 35 mm were designed in a three-point bending beam, and then tested by the digital laser dynamic caustic line experiment system and the drop weight impact test system. The results show that the crack propagation rate and stress intensity factor are affected by the defect height in two stages in the drop weight impact experiment. In the first stage, the maximum growth rates of crack propagation have a trend of first rising and then stabilizing as 247.49 m/s, 292.49 m/s and 284.99 m/s with the increase of defect height, and the cracking stress intensity factor was respectively 1.480 MPa/m3/2, 1.665 MPa/m3/2 and 1.812 MPa/m3/2, which increased with the increase of defect height. Meanwhile, the crack initiation and propagation rates respectively decreased by 634.42 m/s, 524.97 m/s and 377.67 m/s, the cracking stress intensity factors of K type respectively decreased by 3.281 MPa/m3/2, 3.192 MPa/m3/2 and 2.876 MPa/m3/2, and the cracking stress intensity factors of K type respectively increased by 1.254 MPa/m3/2, 1.319 MPa/m3/2, and 1.398 MPa/m3/2. Furthermore, the K-K composite stress intensity factor was transformed into a K type stress intensity factor by deflection.

caustic line experiment system  /  stripy flaw  /  crack propagation speed  /  stress intensity factor
李清, 许博文, 黄晨, 于冰冰, 王凯, 袁珲. 不同裂纹高度的三点弯曲梁动态焦散线实验. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (4) : 13 -19 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.002
Qing LI, Bo-wen XU, Chen HUANG, Bing-bing YU, Kai WANG, Hui YUAN. Dynamic Caustic Line Experiment of Three-point Bending Beam with Different Crack Heights[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (4) : 13 -19 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.002
在地下工程中,岩体通常存在大量缺陷,当其受开挖等工程扰动影响,内部缺陷附近就会产生应力集中现象,致使其应力场发生改变,严重时会影响围岩的完整性,甚至造成岩体力学性质的削弱,最终导致围岩结构失稳[1-4]。因此,对冲击荷载下含缺陷介质的动态断裂行为进行深入研究具有重要的工程意义。
很多学者应用动态焦散线实验系统在该方面做了许多研究,取得大量成果。王雁冰利用数字激光动态焦散线试验系统[5],进行双孔爆破爆炸应力波作用下缺陷介质裂纹扩展试验。研究了含水平预制裂纹和竖直预制裂纹的介质裂纹扩展路径、速度、加速度和裂尖动态应力强度因子变化规律。李清采用新型数字激光动态焦散线试验系统[6],对含孔洞缺陷和预制边裂纹的半圆盘试件进行三点弯曲梁动态冲击实验,从裂纹扩展速度与应力强度因子两个方面对其影响性进行分析。李清等采用新型数字激光动态焦散线试验系统[7],将裂纹缺陷介质相互垂直或共线为变量,以有机玻璃(PMMA)为试验材料,研究其在动荷载作用下的动态断裂特性。杨立云运用新型数字激光动态焦散线试验系统以及施加动载系统完成了动态焦散线试验[8],得到了裂纹的焦散线图片与主裂纹的起裂时间。杨仁树采用数字激光动态焦散线试验方法[9],进行了含圆形孔缺陷的冲击试验,从裂纹轨迹、扩展速度、动态应力强度因子三个方面研究了运动裂纹与圆形孔缺陷的相互作用机制。赵勇为了研究冲击荷载作用下脆性材料中运动裂纹与静止裂纹的相互作用[10],采用数字激光动态焦散实验系统选取有机玻璃(PMMA)作为实验材料进行三点弯曲实验,并结合几何分形理论进行研究。杨仁树为了研究预制裂纹不同偏移距离时运动裂纹与空孔的相互作用规律[11],采用动态焦散线实验系统,将预制裂纹的偏移距离设定为唯一变量,对含空孔的有机玻璃(PMMA)试件进行冲击三点弯实验。
在裂纹扩展规律和应力强度因子研究方面,亦有许多学者展开了大量研究。郑昌达为了探究冲击荷载下巷道围岩不同角度径向裂纹的破坏机制[12],采用落锤冲击加载平台和数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,以有机玻璃(PMMA)为试验材料,进行冲击荷载下半圆孔上不同角度裂纹的三点弯曲梁动态断裂试验。梅比为了研究三点弯曲梁中不同直径和位置的圆孔形缺陷对裂纹扩展的影响[13],采用动态焦散线实验系统对含圆孔型缺陷的有机玻璃(PMMA)材料进行冲击断裂力学实验,从圆孔直径、裂纹扩展速度、动态应力强度因子三个方面进行了分析。张召冉为了研究空孔及其缺陷在爆炸荷载作用下的扩展行为和作用机理[14],以有机玻璃(PMMA)为试验材料,借助动态焦散线系统和理论分析为手段研究不同间距下空孔、空孔处预制裂纹、爆生裂纹动态扩展规律及机理。杨立云采用动静组合加载试验装置和焦散线实验系统[15],以有机玻璃(PMMA)为试验对象,从裂纹扩展模式、应力集中程度进行分析,得到了切槽与水平方向呈不同角度(0°、45°、90°)下的初始应力场对爆生裂纹扩展规律的影响效应。杨仁树采用数字激光动态焦散线实验系统[16],研究了爆炸荷载作用下空孔缺陷对裂纹扩展的作用以及规律。
然而,目前研究缺陷的形状以圆孔形为主,条形缺陷研究较少,并且对不同位置的裂纹缺陷影响研究深度不足,对动态裂纹断裂的研究还不够全面和系统,需要进一步实验分析与探讨。本文利用数字激光动态焦散线实验系统和落锤冲击实验系统,以有机玻璃(PMMA)作为实验材料,将条形裂纹缺陷的高度作为变量,研究不同高度下三点弯曲梁构件的动态裂纹扩展规律。
类似于光的反射和折射等原理,当试件表面存在不同程度的凹陷或其他变化,平行光射入材料厚度变化的区域会发生偏移,形成一个空间三维包络面,于试件一定距离放一个与试件表面平行的参考平面用来捕捉包络面,则能在参考平面上看到三维包络面在该位置的横截面图像,图像中的明亮曲线就是焦散线,它所包围着的阴影区就是焦散斑,如图1所示。
数字激光动态焦散线实验系统能够实时记录裂纹动态起裂、扩展的全过程,图2为其示意图,实验中落锤与加载头接触的同时触发高速摄像机开关。光源采用绿色激光光源,光强范围在0~200 mW之间,实验光强设置为100 mW。高速摄像机最大拍摄速度为150 000 fps,照片分辨率为192 pixel×184 pixel。
本实验冲击加载装置采用落锤冲击加载系统,用夹具将试件固定充当支座,试件距两端10 mm,落锤高度45 cm,位于试件中间正上方,落锤冲击加载速度大概为2.97 m/s,示意图如图3所示。
试验采用PMMA即有机玻璃作为实验材料,材料尺寸为220 mm×60 mm×5 mm。设计不同高度条形缺陷梁构件以研究其高度变化对动态断裂行为的影响。在试件底部中央设有8 mm长的预制裂纹,切缝宽度为0.6 mm,裂尖宽度为0.3 mm,居中设置不同高度的条形缺陷,条形缺陷宽度3 mm,长度为30 mm,缺陷底部距梁底边分别为22 mm、28.5 mm、35 mm,如图4所示。
为了保证实验结果的可靠性,每类试件试验6次,选取实验结果最好的试件进行分析。如图5所示分别为缺陷高度22、28.5、35 mm的裂纹扩展图像。
三种情况下,应力波到达裂纹尖端的时间非常接近,均为80 μs左右,说明条形缺陷的高度对应力波的传播影响不大。三种情况下裂纹起裂时间接近,均为190 μs左右,起裂时焦散斑直径均为7.9 mm。裂纹起裂后焦散斑直径增大,位置高度为22、28.5、35 mm的构件在第一阶段焦散斑直径最大值分别为8.3、8.7、9 mm,当焦散斑扩展至缺陷位置,其直径开始减小,整个阶段均为Ⅰ型裂纹。
观察构件裂纹贯通处的亮斑变化,在第二阶段当裂纹贯通后,能量在缺陷两侧位置积累并释放焦散斑,致其直径不断增大且两侧对称。经过600 μs左右,焦散斑直径达到起裂前最大值,此时焦散斑脱离阴影区呈现鸭蛋状,为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,裂纹同时受正应力和剪切力作用。裂纹扩展时,焦散斑最大直径分别为11.5、11.2、10.1 mm,最小直径分别为10.4、10.1、8.8 mm,随着裂纹的扩展,焦散斑直径先增大后不断减小,并在最后阶段有所波动。
动态焦散线试验采用数字摄影机对焦散线的图像进行捕捉,后用计算机软件PS准确地量出随时间推移裂纹尖端的相对坐标。
利用“中点公式”法计算裂纹的扩展速率,该算法精度高且计算过程便捷,裂纹扩展在某一时刻速率表达式如下
式中:t为裂纹扩展的相对时间;Lt+1)和Lt-1)表示焦散斑图像中t时刻前后两幅图片裂纹尖端焦散斑的位置。
不同高度条形缺陷的梁构件在落锤冲击下裂纹扩展速度和距离的关系如图6所示。
对比缺陷高度22 mm、28.5 mm、35 mm的三个试件。第一阶段最大速度分别为247.49 m/s、292.49 m/s和284.99 m/s,平均速度分别为230 m/s、267.49 m/s和258 m/s,由数据可知,缺陷高度为28.5 mm的梁构件比缺陷高度为22 mm的梁构件最大速度和平均速度分别增加18.18%、16.3%,这说明随着缺陷高度增加,预制裂纹的扩展速度呈上升趋势,这是由于增加的缺陷高度对裂纹扩展的抑制作用逐渐减弱;缺陷高度为35 mm的梁构件较缺陷高度为28.5 mm的梁构件最大速度和平均速度相差不大,说明即使抑制作用减弱,裂纹扩展速度也不会无限制地增加,会在一定范围内波动。原因可能为当裂纹扩展速度超过一定值时,裂纹尖端的能量释放率大于裂纹扩展所需要的表面能,使得裂纹尖端产生了次裂纹,增加了粗糙程度,进而增加了裂纹尖端的韧度,抑制了扩展速度。
第二个阶段分为速度下降、速度振荡、临近断裂三个区间,其分界点与裂纹扩展偏转点大致相同。速度下降区间裂纹扩展初始速度分别为634.42 m/s、524.97 m/s、377.67 m/s,随着缺陷高度的增加,裂纹初始扩展速度逐渐减小。第一区间的裂纹扩展轨迹分别在41 mm、51 mm、56 mm位置处出现第一个偏转点,此时裂纹扩展轨迹大幅度向冲击荷载作用点处倾斜;进入第二区间,裂纹扩展速度平均值分别为275 m/s、237 m/s、169 m/s,随着缺陷高度的增加,裂纹扩展速度逐渐减小,对于缺陷高度为22 mm和28.5 mm的试件,裂纹扩展速度发生振荡,这是应力波和裂纹尖端相互作用的结果,对于缺陷高度为35 mm的试件,裂纹扩展速度在第二阶段仍旧急速下降。当裂纹分别扩展到56 mm、58 mm、58 mm处时,裂纹开始逐步增加向上扩展的幅度,出现第二个偏转点;进入第三区间,裂纹扩展速度大幅下降,试件逐渐断裂。
根据相关文献资料[17],焦散线应力强度因子的计算公式表示为
式中:Dmax为焦散线的最大直径;z0为试件到参考平面的距离;d为试件的实际厚度;Ed为动态弹性模量;λ为动态泊松比;g为应力强度数值因子;μ为应力强度因子比例系数。
有机玻璃试件的动态力学参数如表1所示。
根据公式(2)与(3)计算出长条形缺陷裂纹的应力强度因子,其与距离关系曲线如图7所示。
比较缺陷高度为22 mm、28.5 mm、35 mm的三组实验。第一阶段,预制裂纹的起裂韧度相同,说明缺陷高度对预制裂纹的断裂韧度没有影响。随着缺陷高度的增加,三组实验振荡区间的应力强度因子平均值分别为1.480 MPa/m3/2、1.665 MPa/m3/2、1.812 MPa/m3/2,提升了12.5%、8.83%,这说明缺陷高度的增加使裂纹尖端的能量越来越大,但速度却并没有一直增加,验证了之前的推测。
第二阶段的应力强度因子变化可分为三个区间。第一个区间,起裂时Ⅰ型应力强度因子分别为3.281 MPa/m3/2、3.192 MPa/m3/2、2.876 MPa/m3/2,分别比第一阶段的起裂韧度增加了121.69%、91.7%、58.72%,受缺陷位置钝化效应的影响,Ⅰ型韧度随着缺陷高度的增加而减小。Ⅱ型起裂韧度分别为1.254 MPa/m3/2、1.319 MPa/m3/2、1.398 MPa/m3/2,随着缺陷高度的增加而变大,Ⅱ型起裂韧度在第一区间逐渐减小至零,Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹转变为Ⅰ型裂纹,进入第二区间;第二区间的Ⅱ型起裂应力强度因子几乎为零,说明该区间轨迹中正应力占据主导地位,剪切力较小,Ⅰ型应力强度因子减小速率放缓,在偏转点处有所增加之后开始振荡变化,应力强度因子平均值分别为2.596 MPa/m3/2、2.074 MPa/m3/2、1.941 MPa/m3/2,随着缺陷高度的增加,应力强度因子逐渐减小;进入第三区间,应力强度因子快速下降,直至断裂。
利用数字激光动态焦散线实验系统和落锤冲击试验系统,针对不同高度的条形缺陷三点弯曲梁构件,从裂纹运动轨迹、扩展速度和应力强度因子三个方面进行分析,研究结果表明:
1)含条形缺陷梁构件的断裂分为两个阶段,第一阶段是构件起裂到贯通缺陷,裂纹类型为Ⅰ型裂纹;第二阶段是缺陷起裂到梁构件整体断裂,裂纹类型由Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹经偏转化为Ⅰ型裂纹。
2)裂纹扩展速度受缺陷高度的影响,随着缺陷高度的增加,第一阶段裂纹扩展速度先增大后在300 m/s附近波动,第二阶段裂纹扩展速度呈现减小趋势。
3)裂纹应力强度因子受缺陷高度影响,第一阶段裂纹起裂应力强度因子随着缺陷高度的增加而变大;第二阶段Ⅰ型应力强度因子随着缺陷高度的增加而减小,Ⅱ型应力强度因子则增大。
4)通过比较裂纹扩展速度和应力强度因子的图像可以看出,二者相似度极高。裂纹的扩展速度是动能的体现,而应力强度因子是应变能的体现,由于裂纹扩展的复杂性,速度的增加往往会引起裂纹尖端次裂纹的产生或者主裂纹发生偏转,裂纹的粗糙程度增加,导致表面能产生变化,因此二者不能保证完全相同的变化规律。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51374212)
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2023年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.002
  • 接收时间:2022-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-15
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(51374212)
国家自然科学基金(51374212)
作者信息
    中国矿业大学(北京) 力学与建筑工程学院,北京 100083

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许博文(1998-),男,硕士研究生,从事爆破工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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