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Article(id=1241355804176085546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1665763200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773891886990, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1701360000000, pubDateStr=2023-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773891886990, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773891886990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773891886990, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241355799189058005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773891885801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773898068569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241355804499046963, articleId=1241355804176085546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Optimization of Blasting Design for Tunnel Adjacent to Buildings, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the construction problems of a subway tunnel adjacent existing buildings in the section between Jialingjiang Road station and Xiangjiang Road station of Qingdao Metro Line 13, a new construction scheme of mechanical excavation combined with blasting is proposed. In the scheme, bench method is used with the upper bench in the weak stratum excavated by mechanical method, and the lower bench in the hard stratum excavated by blasting method. Furthermore, the vibration velocities of the adjacent buildings caused by the proposed scheme and the traditional full-section blasting scheme are analyzed and compared by using FLAC3D and blasting equivalent load method. The results show that, the peak vibration velocity of each monitoring point under the mechanical-blasting scheme decreases significantly compared with the full-section blasting with the maximum reduction rate of 61.1% which is within the allowable range and validates the new scheme. The construction parameters of the mechanical-blasting scheme are compared and selected based on the building settlement, plastic zone of surrounding rock mass, vibration velocity of the buildings, etc. Finally, the mechanical excavation advance of the upper bench is determined to as 0.5 m. Besides, the construction effect of the optimized parameters is monitored and evaluated. The mechanical-blasting construction scheme successfully solved the problems encountered in the project, and shortened the expected construction period by 3 months, which shows the rationality of the proposed construction scheme and parameters, as well as the validity of the calculation results.

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REN Kuan (1998-), male, born in Yumin, Xinjiang uygur autonomous region, master's degree, mainly engaged in the research work of stability analysis of geotechnical engineering numerical simulation, (E-mail) .
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针对青岛地铁13号线嘉陵江路站~香江路站区间隧道面临的邻近既有建筑物施工难题，提出了一种新的邻近建筑物的机械开挖联合爆破施工方案，方案中使用台阶法进行开挖，上台阶处于软弱地层，使用机械法进行掘进，下台阶处于坚硬地层，使用钻爆法进行掘进。应用FLAC3D数值计算软件并使用基于爆破等效荷载的方法，对机械开挖联合爆破施工方案和传统全断面爆破方案所导致的邻近建筑物振速进行对比分析。结果表明：机械开挖联合爆破方案下，各个监测点的振速峰值较全断面爆破均有显著减小，最大降幅为61.1%，在工程允许的范围内，论证了新方案的合理性。通过建筑物沉降、围岩塑性区、建筑物振速等指标对机械开挖联合爆破方案的开挖进尺和装药量等施工参数进行了比选，最终确定上台阶机械开挖进尺为0.5 m。并对优化后的参数施工效果进行了监测评价，使用机械开挖联合爆破施工方案顺利地解决了工程中遇到的难题，并将预计工期缩短3个月，说明了提出的爆破施工方案及参数的合理性，以及计算结果的有效性。

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任宽（1998-），男，新疆裕民人，硕士研究生，主要从事岩土工程数值模拟稳定性分析的研究工作，（E-mail）。
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郑世杰（1980-），男，河北省滦县人，正高级工程师、学士，主要从事隧道工程领域的工作，（E-mail）。

ZHENG Shi-jie (1980-), male, born in Luanxian, Hebei Province, senior engineer, bachelor's degree, mainly engaged in the field of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .

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郑世杰（1980-），男，河北省滦县人，正高级工程师、学士，主要从事隧道工程领域的工作，（E-mail）。

ZHENG Shi-jie (1980-), male, born in Luanxian, Hebei Province, senior engineer, bachelor's degree, mainly engaged in the field of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .

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郑世杰（1980-），男，河北省滦县人，正高级工程师、学士，主要从事隧道工程领域的工作，（E-mail）。

ZHENG Shi-jie (1980-), male, born in Luanxian, Hebei Province, senior engineer, bachelor's degree, mainly engaged in the field of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .

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曹凯, journalName=地下空间与工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶飞, 冯浩岚, 曹凯, 等. 近距离穿越古迹隧道爆破施工爆源参数优化[J]. 地下空间与工程学报, 2022, 18(4): 1292-1304, 1316., articleTitle=近距离穿越古迹隧道爆破施工爆源参数优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241355822081569163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=1292, pageEnd=1304, 1316, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=YE Fei, FENG Hao-lan, CAO Kai, journalName=Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YE Fei, FENG Hao-lan, CAO Kai, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on dynamic response characteristics and vibration reduction technology of shallow buried multi-arch tunnel excavation and blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241355827471249976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=296, pageEnd=302, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=张顶立, 李鹏飞, 侯艳娟, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张顶立, 李鹏飞, 侯艳娟, 等. 城市隧道开挖对地表建筑群的影响分析及其对策[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2010, 32(2): 296-302., articleTitle=城市隧道开挖对地表建筑群的影响分析及其对策, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241355827584496188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=296, pageEnd=302, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=39, authorNames=ZHANG Ding-li, LI Peng-fei, HOU Yan-juan, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Ding-li, LI Peng-fei, HOU Yan-juan, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Optimization of blasting parameters for rapid excavation of large-section rock roadways, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241355812577276775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241355812585665385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, companyId=1241355812577276775, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.CCCC First Highway Huazhong Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241355812594053994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, companyId=1241355812577276775, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中交一公局集团　华中工程有限公司，武汉　430013)]), 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Permissible blasting vibration values of some buildings around the tunnel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号建筑物名称结构形式层数爆破振动安全允许标准
1广赖塑料制品有限公司钢筋混凝土11.5 cm/s
2爱世给尔有限公司钢筋混凝土51.5 cm/s
3绿地印象钢筋混凝土51.5 cm/s
4荣港壹号钢筋混凝土51.5 cm/s
5井冈山新村钢筋混凝土51.5 cm/s
), ArticleFig(id=1241355820978467149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

隧道周边部分建筑物爆破振动允许值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号建筑物名称结构形式层数爆破振动安全允许标准
1广赖塑料制品有限公司钢筋混凝土11.5 cm/s
2爱世给尔有限公司钢筋混凝土51.5 cm/s
3绿地印象钢筋混凝土51.5 cm/s
4荣港壹号钢筋混凝土51.5 cm/s
5井冈山新村钢筋混凝土51.5 cm/s
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821125267792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Rock strata and building parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围岩E/MPaμγ/（kN·m-3）c/kPaφ/（°）
素填土60.40171015
强风化花岗岩650.29255040
中风化花岗岩18000.252720050
建筑物150.1622//
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821234319699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

地层及建筑物参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围岩E/MPaμγ/（kN·m-3）c/kPaφ/（°）
素填土60.40171015
强风化花岗岩650.29255040
中风化花岗岩18000.252720050
建筑物150.1622//
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821343371610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药密度ρ/（kg·m-3）炸药爆速D/（m·s-1）装药直径dc/mm炮孔直径db/mm炮孔间距a/m
1000320032400.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821427257697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药密度ρ/（kg·m-3）炸药爆速D/（m·s-1）装药直径dc/mm炮孔直径db/mm炮孔间距a/m
1000320032400.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821498560870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Equivalent blast load

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均爆轰压力PD/GPa三角形脉冲荷载P0/MPa等效荷载Pc/MPa
2.127380.5653.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821632778606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

爆破等效荷载

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均爆轰压力PD/GPa三角形脉冲荷载P0/MPa等效荷载Pc/MPa
2.127380.5653.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821750219125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355804176085546, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Blasting parameters of the lower bench

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炮孔名称孔深/m眼数/个单孔装药量/kg单段最大药量/kg
辅助眼1.1330.21.0
周边眼1.1210.31.0
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下断面爆破参数

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辅助眼1.1330.21.0
周边眼1.1210.31.0
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邻近建筑物的隧道爆破方案优化设计研究
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郑世杰 1 , 冯超 1 , 温泉 1 , 任宽 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(4): 73-81
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(4): 73-81
邻近建筑物的隧道爆破方案优化设计研究
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郑世杰1 , 冯超1, 温泉1, 任宽2
作者信息
  • 1.中交一公局集团　华中工程有限公司，武汉　430013
  • 2.大连海事大学　道路与桥梁工程研究所，大连　116026

    • 郑世杰（1980-），男，河北省滦县人，正高级工程师、学士，主要从事隧道工程领域的工作，（E-mail）。

    ZHENG Shi-jie (1980-), male, born in Luanxian, Hebei Province, senior engineer, bachelor's degree, mainly engaged in the field of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

任宽（1998-），男，新疆裕民人，硕士研究生，主要从事岩土工程数值模拟稳定性分析的研究工作，（E-mail）。
Optimization of Blasting Design for Tunnel Adjacent to Buildings
Shi-jie ZHENG1 , Chao FENG1, Quan WEN1, Kuan REN2
Affiliations
  • 1.CCCC First Highway Huazhong Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430013, China
  • 2.Institute of Road and Bridge Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
出版时间: 2023-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.010
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摘要
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针对青岛地铁13号线嘉陵江路站~香江路站区间隧道面临的邻近既有建筑物施工难题，提出了一种新的邻近建筑物的机械开挖联合爆破施工方案，方案中使用台阶法进行开挖，上台阶处于软弱地层，使用机械法进行掘进，下台阶处于坚硬地层，使用钻爆法进行掘进。应用FLAC3D数值计算软件并使用基于爆破等效荷载的方法，对机械开挖联合爆破施工方案和传统全断面爆破方案所导致的邻近建筑物振速进行对比分析。结果表明：机械开挖联合爆破方案下，各个监测点的振速峰值较全断面爆破均有显著减小，最大降幅为61.1%，在工程允许的范围内，论证了新方案的合理性。通过建筑物沉降、围岩塑性区、建筑物振速等指标对机械开挖联合爆破方案的开挖进尺和装药量等施工参数进行了比选，最终确定上台阶机械开挖进尺为0.5 m。并对优化后的参数施工效果进行了监测评价，使用机械开挖联合爆破施工方案顺利地解决了工程中遇到的难题，并将预计工期缩短3个月，说明了提出的爆破施工方案及参数的合理性，以及计算结果的有效性。

隧道爆破  /  等效荷载  /  方案比选  /  施工参数

Aiming at the construction problems of a subway tunnel adjacent existing buildings in the section between Jialingjiang Road station and Xiangjiang Road station of Qingdao Metro Line 13, a new construction scheme of mechanical excavation combined with blasting is proposed. In the scheme, bench method is used with the upper bench in the weak stratum excavated by mechanical method, and the lower bench in the hard stratum excavated by blasting method. Furthermore, the vibration velocities of the adjacent buildings caused by the proposed scheme and the traditional full-section blasting scheme are analyzed and compared by using FLAC3D and blasting equivalent load method. The results show that, the peak vibration velocity of each monitoring point under the mechanical-blasting scheme decreases significantly compared with the full-section blasting with the maximum reduction rate of 61.1% which is within the allowable range and validates the new scheme. The construction parameters of the mechanical-blasting scheme are compared and selected based on the building settlement, plastic zone of surrounding rock mass, vibration velocity of the buildings, etc. Finally, the mechanical excavation advance of the upper bench is determined to as 0.5 m. Besides, the construction effect of the optimized parameters is monitored and evaluated. The mechanical-blasting construction scheme successfully solved the problems encountered in the project, and shortened the expected construction period by 3 months, which shows the rationality of the proposed construction scheme and parameters, as well as the validity of the calculation results.

tunnel blast  /  the equivalent load  /  scheme comparison and selection  /  construction parameters
郑世杰, 冯超, 温泉, 任宽. 邻近建筑物的隧道爆破方案优化设计研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (4) : 73 -81 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.010
Shi-jie ZHENG, Chao FENG, Quan WEN, Kuan REN. Optimization of Blasting Design for Tunnel Adjacent to Buildings[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (4) : 73 -81 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.010
正文
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钻爆法作为最常用的隧道施工方法，成本低且效果好[1-4]。然而在爆破控制段施工过程中，爆破设计方案的优劣会直接影响爆破施工质量[5-10]。青岛、大连等地区的浅埋地层以杂填土、黏土、砂土以及风化程度不同的花岗岩、凝灰岩为主，整体呈现明显的上软下硬特征[11]。在此类地层中采用浅埋暗挖法进行地铁隧道施工时，时常会遇到隧道上下断面岩体差异性较大的情况，上断面围岩软弱破碎，有时甚至夹带稳定性较差的砂层，而下断面围岩却完整而坚硬。如果使用单一的钻爆法进行开挖，不仅工序繁琐，精准爆破难度大，而且极易给较软的上部地层带来较大的扰动，从而导致围岩变形过大甚至地表塌陷、隧道坍塌等问题[12,13]。如果使用单一的机械法进行开挖，不仅成本高于钻爆法，而且在进行下断面施工时，受到硬岩的阻碍，掘进效率也会有所降低。青岛地铁13号线嘉陵江路~香江路区间隧道就处于典型的上软下硬地层，且隧道两侧有较多建筑物，此时若采用传统的全断面爆破方案，那么爆破引起的振动一定会对建筑物造成很大影响[14-17]。在邻近建筑物的隧道施工时，如何合理利用钻爆法与机械法的优势进行施工方案的优化设计，是个值得探究的问题。
为了解决上述难题，本文利用数值计算软件进行模拟施工，并将数值计算结果与现场监测结果进行对比分析，建立了上软下硬地层邻近建筑物隧道爆破方案；结合实际工程，实现对受控对象的振动影响控制及开挖隧道爆破质量控制；将该方案应用于隧道邻近建筑物区段，能有效降低隧道施工对地表建筑物的影响。
1　邻近建筑物隧道施工方法
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嘉陵江路站~香江路站区间隧道从嘉陵江路站出发，沿嘉陵江西路向东敷设，后转入井冈山路，终点到达井冈山路与香江路交叉口，本区间设置两个竖井，区间全长1211.124 m，前407.9 m为单洞双线马蹄形隧道，后约803.2 m为单洞单线马蹄形隧道，隧道埋深10.56~21.86 m。
嘉陵江路站-香江路站区间隧道面临着地质破碎，侧穿重工业厂房及其他密集建筑物等问题，沿线地层复杂，地下水严重，岩体破碎强度较低，断裂构造对本工程影响很大。隧道区间全部位于Ⅴ级围岩段，本次研究区段为ZSK5+376.877~ZSK5+799.997段，地铁区间周边环境示意图见图1。
由于隧道会侧穿过密集建筑物的区段，所以需要严格控制振速，本工程采用比《爆破安全规程》（GB6722—2014）更加严格的爆破振动控制，为了保证爆破作业的安全完成，以及尽量减小对地表建筑物的影响，提出一种机械开挖联合爆破方案。
隧道分台阶进行开挖，上导洞处于软弱地层，因此采用了机械法进行开挖。机械开挖流程完成之后会形成临空面，方便爆破作业，同时能发挥机械法的开挖轮廓线圆顺优势，有效解决超（欠）挖问题，提高初期支护平整度，大大提高格栅安装速度与保证喷射混凝土质量。下断面采用钻爆法进行施工，上导洞机械开挖产生的临空面可以大幅度减小对地表建筑物的振动影响，下导洞爆破时因上部存在自由面会有部分能量散失到空气中，导致工作面正上方测点振速减小，从而起到保护建筑物的作用，同时，钻爆法开挖能够解决下断面硬岩开挖问题，不仅具备成本低、效率高、速度快等特点，而且采用光面爆破、微差控制爆破等手段还能控制断面轮廓。
隧道区间邻近建筑物信息见表1，邻近建筑实景图见图2。
2　数值模拟验证方案可行性
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2.1　模拟方案
本次研究通过数值模拟对两种施工方案进行对比，其中，第一种方案为传统的全断面爆破方案，顾名思义，就是上下断面都设置炮眼，通过钻爆法进行全断面爆破。
第二种方案为联合爆破方案，上断面采用悬臂机开挖掘进，下断面采用钻爆法进行爆破施工，上下断面错开15 m进行平行施工，上断面在前。
2.2　数值计算模型
应用FLAC3D有限差分软件进行数值计算，模型尺寸60 m×50 m×40 m，由于隧道两侧建筑物位置情况类似，并无特殊的下穿建筑物情况，因此，选择距离隧道最近的建筑物进行建模分析，模型中建筑物距离隧道边缘9.3 m，建筑物高度为20 m，宽20 m，长10 m，与实际情况一致。网格划分见图3。选取施工场地内具有代表性的地质断面，地层由上至下依次为素填土、强风化花岗岩、中风化花岗岩。岩体采用Mohr-Coulumb弹塑性本构，建筑物、基础和衬砌采用线弹性本构，地层及建筑物参数见表2。
2.3　爆破荷载加载形式
本次研究采用三角形爆破等效动荷载进行计算，荷载时程曲线见图4。升压时间取为100 μs，正压作用时间为600 μs，爆破地震波的持续时间取为0.6 s。炸药的平均爆轰压力为
式中：PD为炸药爆轰平均初始压力；ρe为炸药密度；D为炸药爆轰速度；γ为炸药的等熵指数。
炮孔初始平均压力P0用下式进行计算
基于圣维南原理对炮孔壁上的爆破荷载进行了等效计算，这种方法也被众多学者所采纳[18-20]。爆破荷载等效形式见图5，爆破参数见表3，爆破等效荷载计算结果见表4，等效荷载采用下式进行计算。
式中：Pe为等效荷载；a为相邻炮孔间距；r0为炮孔直径。
2.4　监测点布置
模型的计算工况按照实际施工流程进行设置，计算过程中每层和地基均布置了12个建筑物不同位置下的监测点，共布置了84个不同监测点，监测点编号分别为对应层数加A-L不同测点编号，用以记录建筑物不同位置的振速和竖向位移变化。数值计算模型中隧道结构与建筑物关系示意图见图6（a），建筑物测点布置与隧道轴线关系俯视图见图6（b）。
2.5　不同施工方案建筑物施工稳定性对比分析
将2.3计算的等效荷载施加在隧道开挖面边缘，其中，全断面爆破时将等效荷载施加在隧道全断面轮廓外法线方向，机械联合爆破方案将等效荷载施加在隧道下断面轮廓外法线方向，用以模拟爆破，进行不同工况下各个监测点的振速对比，分别将两种爆破方案在该爆破位置处的建筑物监测点数据进行对比，全断面爆破方案时振速峰值Vzmax=1.627 cm/s，超过了嘉香区间爆破振动安全允许标准，联合爆破方案时振速峰值Vzmax=0.636 cm/s，由计算结果对比可以看出，联合爆破条件下，各个监测点的振速峰值较全断面爆破均有显著减小，最大降幅为61.1%。
由结果分析可知，使用全断面爆破方案进行模拟时部分振速超过嘉香区间爆破设计时的爆破振速控制标准，而机械开挖联合爆破施工方案模拟后的爆后振速符合嘉香区间爆破组织设计时的爆破振速控制标准。两种爆破方案在1K监测点的垂直振速模拟结果对比图见图7，同时对此种情况下的径向、切向振速进行对比，结果表明，建筑物受到隧道爆破的影响下，垂直振速大于径向和切向振速，迎爆侧振速略大于背爆侧的振速，建筑物在隧道爆破情况下1K测点的三向振速对比结果见图8。
3　施工参数优化设计
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通过数值模拟结果可以看出，采用机械开挖联合爆破方案进行施工可以有效降低建筑物的振速。对于所提出的机械开挖联合爆破施工方案，进一步地对上断面施工面临的开挖进尺问题和下断面施工面临的爆破参数问题进行优化设计。
3.1　开挖进尺比选
由于隧道邻近建筑物的存在，所以随着隧道开挖的不断进行，隧道上方的建筑物会存在一定程度上的损坏，主要是地面不均匀沉降引起的建筑物差异沉降，所研究建筑物为砖混结构，基础为条形基础。张顶立的研究中表明隧道上半断面开挖造成的建筑物沉降占到总沉降量的80%以上[21]，为了简化计算，在数值模拟时，单独对上断面进行开挖，对比不同工况对建筑物沉降的影响。考虑建筑物的自重荷载将不同进尺下开挖的监测点所记录的结果进行整理，并绘制两种工况下的建筑物地基的沉降图，见图9。
对比0.5 m循环进尺和0.75 m循环进尺，其中0.5 m循环进尺开挖上断面时建筑物基础最大沉降值为18.53 mm，0.75 m循环进尺开挖上断面时建筑物基础最大沉降值为22.71 mm。实际施工时还要考虑隧道下断面的开挖，故使用上断面开挖后的地基沉降除以80%进行计算，0.75 m循环进尺的地基沉降达到了28.38 mm，建筑物靠近隧道一侧和远离隧道一侧发生了不均匀沉降，此时应考虑建筑物的倾斜程度，0.5 m循环进尺时建筑物倾斜率为0.099%，0.75 m循环进尺时建筑物倾斜率达到了0.122%。
建筑物的沉降和倾斜程度虽满足《建筑地基基础设计规范》（GB 50007—2011）[22]中的规定，但0.75m循环进尺时建筑物的地基沉降达到了28.38 mm，接近规范中建筑物地基沉降的界限值。且施工隧道处于Ⅴ级围岩区段，地质条件较差，需要对围岩的稳定情况进行对比，图10为0.5 m循环进尺和0.75 m循环进尺时的围岩塑性区，通过对围岩塑性区的比对，可以看出，0.75 m循环进尺时，隧道拱肩处的塑性区范围明显增大，不利于施工的安全进行。
综合考虑建筑物地基沉降、倾斜程度以及围岩的稳定性情况，最终确定隧道上断面悬臂掘进机开挖的循环进尺为0.5 m。
3.2　爆破参数优化设计
本文所依托的工程中为了控制隧道轮廓的质量，使用光面爆破的方法进行爆破施工。决定光面爆破质量的主要为周边眼的爆破参数，包括装药量和最小抵抗线长度。
由于上台阶机械开挖创造了新的临空面，故无需再布置掏槽眼，只需布置辅助眼和周边眼。
（1）装药量的确定。
周边眼每米炮眼的装药长度为
式中：L为每米炮眼的装药长度，m/m；Sc为岩石单轴抗压强度，Pa；Kb为岩石抗压强度增大系数，一般取Kb=10；N为孔壁碰撞压力增大系数，一般取8~11；ρ0为炸药密度，kg/m3；D为炸药爆速，m/s；db为炮孔直径，m；dc为药卷直径，m。
则每米炮眼装药量为
式中，qL为每米炮眼装药量，kg/m。
（2）最小抵抗线的确定。为使光爆层脱离原岩体，须确定周边眼的最小抵抗线。
确定最小抵抗线在于合理选择邻近系数m。m值应根据岩石性质来选择，本文取0.8，最小抵抗线根据下式计算
式中：W为最小抵抗线长度；a为周边眼炮眼间距，根据经验取0.6 m。
根据现场多次实验以及通过上述方式进行算[23]，最终确定下台阶爆破参数。炸药使用2号岩石乳化炸药，药卷规格为32 mm×300 mm（直径×长度），药卷重量为300 g，最小抵抗线长度为500 mm。孔内使用数码电子雷管，再使用终端设备进行现场延时。根据炮孔布置图及爆破参数选择对应炮孔雷管并用手持设备进行扫码设置延时，设置每段延时间隔为50 ms。下台阶部分爆破参数见表5，炮孔布置图见图11，周边眼装药结构示意图见图12。
4　现场实际应用效果
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青岛地铁13号线嘉香区间采用机械开挖联合爆破施工方案进行施工，将邻近建筑物的振速控制在0.6 cm/s以内，施工现场照片见图13。综合考虑《爆破安全规程》以及嘉香区间振速安全规定，符合工程安全规定。并且使用机械开挖联合爆破施工方案将施工工期由13个月降低至10个月，缩短工期，降低了成本，说明了机械开挖联合爆破施工方法的可行性。
本工程振速监测采用成都中科测控公司TC-4850爆破测振仪进行监测，检波器布置在受保护构筑物靠近爆区一侧，利用拌合的石灰粉与建筑物基础刚性连接。提取监测仪器监测到的振速数据，将监测数据与数值模拟数据进行对比，对比示意图见图14。由图可以很直观地看出监测振速峰值和数值模拟振速峰值和基本变化趋势相差不大，这也说明了数值模拟结果的可靠性。
5　结论
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（1）使用机械开挖联合爆破施工方法进行隧道施工，能有效降低爆破引起的建筑物振速，对于邻近建筑物振速要求较为严格的工程可以使用该方法，并搭配光面爆破、微差爆破等手段进行施工。
（2）对于地质较差的邻近建筑物隧道施工区段，考虑到建筑物的沉降及围岩稳定性情况，需对开挖进尺进行合理控制，本工程所在的区段是Ⅴ级围岩，建议上断面悬臂掘进机施工进尺为0.5 m。
（3）机械开挖联合爆破施工方法在上断面开挖时已经创造了临空面，同时也降低了岩石的夹制作用。在炮孔布置时可以不用进行掏槽孔的布置，同样能达到良好的爆破效果，这点在工程中得到了验证。
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2023年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.010
  • 接收时间：2022-10-15
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2023-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2022-10-15
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    1.中交一公局集团　华中工程有限公司，武汉　430013
    2.大连海事大学　道路与桥梁工程研究所，大连　116026

通讯作者:

任宽（1998-），男，新疆裕民人，硕士研究生，主要从事岩土工程数值模拟稳定性分析的研究工作，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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