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Article(id=1241355803655983151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1668009600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773891886867, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1701360000000, pubDateStr=2023-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773891886867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773891886867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773891886867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241355799189058005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773891885801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773898068569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241355804335460434, articleId=1241355803655983151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Optimization Research and Application of Burn Cut Blasting with Empty Hole for Railway Tunnel, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the quality of tunnel blasting and reduce the disturbance to surrounding rock during blasting construction, it is necessary to carry out optimization research on the original blasting scheme. Taking the parallel guide tunnel of a railway project as the engineering background, more reasonable blasting parameters are determined by using the empirical formula to calculate the powder factor, the number of holes and the parameters of each hole, aiming at the problems such as serious over-under excavation, poor working environment and slow construction progress. The number of medium and large diameter empty holes in the original blasting scheme is changed from 8 to 2, and the layout of cut holes is adjusted to provide better free surface for subsequent holes. At the same time, the orifice of the charging structure is blocked by water bags, which reduces the concentration of dust and harmful gases in the tunnel after explosion. The results show that the average linear over excavation can be reduced from 0.2~0.4 m to 0.15 m with smooth working face and bottom by using the optimized blasting scheme. At the same time, compared with the original scheme, the number of holes and the amount of explosives used in each cycle can be reduced by 37 and 49.2 kg, respectively. In addition, the construction time can be saved by 1.1 h and the cost is about 800 yuan, which has a relatively significant technical effect and economic value, and also verifies the feasibility of the optimized blasting scheme.

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HUO Run-ke (1963-), male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in tunnel and underground engineering research, (E-mail) .
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为提高隧道爆破质量，降低爆破施工过程中对围岩的扰动，有必要对原有爆破方案开展优化研究。以某在建铁路隧道平行导洞为工程背景，在总结分析原爆破方案存在超欠挖严重、作业环境差及施工进度慢等问题的基础上，结合围岩特性，通过采用经验公式对炸药单耗、炮孔数量以及各炮孔参数等进行理论计算，确定出更为合理的爆破参数；将原爆破方案中大直径中空孔的数量由8个改为2个，并调整掏槽孔的布置形式，使得掏槽孔爆后为后续炮孔提供更好的自由面，提高爆破效率；同时装药结构的孔口部位使用水袋堵塞，降低了爆后隧道内粉尘和有害气体的浓度，综合以上三方面提出了合理可行的优化爆破方案并进行现场应用。结果表明：采用优化后的爆破方案，可将平均线性超挖量由原来的0.2~0.4 m降低到0.15 m之内，掌子面与底面平整光滑，围岩的超欠挖现象得到了有效控制。同时每循环较原方案可减少炮孔数量37个与炸药使用量49.2 kg，节省施工作业时间1.1 h以及成本约0.08万元，具有较为显著的技术效果和经济价值，从而也验证了优化后爆破方案的可行性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
霍润科（1963-），男，教授、博士生导师，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。
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宋森森（1998-），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为隧道与地下工程，（E-mail）。

SONG Sen-sen (1998-), male, mastercandidate, mainly engaged in the tunnel and underground engineering, (E-mail) .

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宋森森（1998-），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为隧道与地下工程，（E-mail）。

SONG Sen-sen (1998-), male, mastercandidate, mainly engaged in the tunnel and underground engineering, (E-mail) .

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宋森森（1998-），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为隧道与地下工程，（E-mail）。

SONG Sen-sen (1998-), male, mastercandidate, mainly engaged in the tunnel and underground engineering, (E-mail) .

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Table of blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号炮孔名称孔深/m数量/个单孔药卷数量/条单孔药量/kg单段药量/kg装药长度/m装药系数/%雷管段号
1中空孔3.202——————
2掏槽孔3.2016103.048.03.0941
3崩落孔13.051751.525.51.5493
4崩落孔23.022041.224.01.2405
5崩落孔33.002341.227.61.2407
6周边孔3.003330.929.70.9309
7底板孔3.201041.212.01.2375~7
合计—121——166.8——— 
设计循环进尺3.0 m，断面面积44.5 m2，炮孔密度2.7个/m2，炸药单耗1.2 kg/m3，钻孔总延米375.8 m。
), ArticleFig(id=1241355817014842149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355803655983151, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号炮孔名称孔深/m数量/个单孔药卷数量/条单孔药量/kg单段药量/kg装药长度/m装药系数/%雷管段号
1中空孔3.202——————
2掏槽孔3.2016103.048.03.0941
3崩落孔13.051751.525.51.5493
4崩落孔23.022041.224.01.2405
5崩落孔33.002341.227.61.2407
6周边孔3.003330.929.70.9309
7底板孔3.201041.212.01.2375~7
合计—121——166.8——— 
设计循环进尺3.0 m，断面面积44.5 m2，炮孔密度2.7个/m2，炸药单耗1.2 kg/m3，钻孔总延米375.8 m。
), ArticleFig(id=1241355817111311149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355803655983151, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Technical parameter comparison table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号项目原方案优化方案
1设计循环进尺/m3.03.0
2炮孔数量/个158.0121.0
3总装药量/kg216.0166.8
4炸药单耗/（kg·m-3）1.61.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241355817203585842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355803655983151, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

技术参数对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号项目原方案优化方案
1设计循环进尺/m3.03.0
2炮孔数量/个158.0121.0
3总装药量/kg216.0166.8
4炸药单耗/（kg·m-3）1.61.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241355817321026364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355803655983151, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Process time comparison table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号工序名称原方案/h优化方案/h
1测量放样0.50.4
2炮孔凿钻4.03.6
3装药爆破1.00.9
4通风0.50.2
5出碴2.01.8
6排险0.50.5
合计8.57.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241355817421689665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355803655983151, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

工序时间对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号工序名称原方案/h优化方案/h
1测量放样0.50.4
2炮孔凿钻4.03.6
3装药爆破1.00.9
4通风0.50.2
5出碴2.01.8
6排险0.50.5
合计8.57.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241355817547518797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355803655983151, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Cost comparison table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号项目名称原方案/万元优化方案/万元
1台班折旧、保养费用0.0910.075
2工人工资0.2600.230
3炸药、雷管费用0.0800.060
4水袋费用0.0240.020
5耗电费用0.0400.030
合计0.4950.415
), ArticleFig(id=1241355817648182101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355803655983151, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

费用对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号项目名称原方案/万元优化方案/万元
1台班折旧、保养费用0.0910.075
2工人工资0.2600.230
3炸药、雷管费用0.0800.060
4水袋费用0.0240.020
5耗电费用0.0400.030
合计0.4950.415
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铁路隧道空孔直线掏槽爆破方案优化研究及应用
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宋森森 1, 2 , 霍润科 1, 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(4): 66-72
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(4): 66-72
铁路隧道空孔直线掏槽爆破方案优化研究及应用
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宋森森1, 2 , 霍润科1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学　土木工程学院，西安　710055
  • 2.陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室，西安　710055

    • 宋森森（1998-），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为隧道与地下工程，（E-mail）。

    SONG Sen-sen (1998-), male, mastercandidate, mainly engaged in the tunnel and underground engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

霍润科（1963-），男，教授、博士生导师，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。
Optimization Research and Application of Burn Cut Blasting with Empty Hole for Railway Tunnel
Sen-sen SONG1, 2 , Run-ke HUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, Xi'an 710055, China
出版时间: 2023-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.009
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摘要
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为提高隧道爆破质量，降低爆破施工过程中对围岩的扰动，有必要对原有爆破方案开展优化研究。以某在建铁路隧道平行导洞为工程背景，在总结分析原爆破方案存在超欠挖严重、作业环境差及施工进度慢等问题的基础上，结合围岩特性，通过采用经验公式对炸药单耗、炮孔数量以及各炮孔参数等进行理论计算，确定出更为合理的爆破参数；将原爆破方案中大直径中空孔的数量由8个改为2个，并调整掏槽孔的布置形式，使得掏槽孔爆后为后续炮孔提供更好的自由面，提高爆破效率；同时装药结构的孔口部位使用水袋堵塞，降低了爆后隧道内粉尘和有害气体的浓度，综合以上三方面提出了合理可行的优化爆破方案并进行现场应用。结果表明：采用优化后的爆破方案，可将平均线性超挖量由原来的0.2~0.4 m降低到0.15 m之内，掌子面与底面平整光滑，围岩的超欠挖现象得到了有效控制。同时每循环较原方案可减少炮孔数量37个与炸药使用量49.2 kg，节省施工作业时间1.1 h以及成本约0.08万元，具有较为显著的技术效果和经济价值，从而也验证了优化后爆破方案的可行性。

铁路隧道  /  空孔直线掏槽  /  参数设计  /  超欠挖  /  方案优化

In order to improve the quality of tunnel blasting and reduce the disturbance to surrounding rock during blasting construction, it is necessary to carry out optimization research on the original blasting scheme. Taking the parallel guide tunnel of a railway project as the engineering background, more reasonable blasting parameters are determined by using the empirical formula to calculate the powder factor, the number of holes and the parameters of each hole, aiming at the problems such as serious over-under excavation, poor working environment and slow construction progress. The number of medium and large diameter empty holes in the original blasting scheme is changed from 8 to 2, and the layout of cut holes is adjusted to provide better free surface for subsequent holes. At the same time, the orifice of the charging structure is blocked by water bags, which reduces the concentration of dust and harmful gases in the tunnel after explosion. The results show that the average linear over excavation can be reduced from 0.2~0.4 m to 0.15 m with smooth working face and bottom by using the optimized blasting scheme. At the same time, compared with the original scheme, the number of holes and the amount of explosives used in each cycle can be reduced by 37 and 49.2 kg, respectively. In addition, the construction time can be saved by 1.1 h and the cost is about 800 yuan, which has a relatively significant technical effect and economic value, and also verifies the feasibility of the optimized blasting scheme.

railway tunnel  /  burn cut blasting with empty hole  /  parameter design  /  overbreak and underbreak  /  scheme optimization
宋森森, 霍润科. 铁路隧道空孔直线掏槽爆破方案优化研究及应用. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (4) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.009
Sen-sen SONG, Run-ke HUO. Optimization Research and Application of Burn Cut Blasting with Empty Hole for Railway Tunnel[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (4) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.009
正文
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由于钻爆法具有高效、经济、适用性强的优点，是当前国内外隧道开挖的主要施工方法[1]。然而在施工过程中往往受到施工条件限制、工程地质影响以及多采用常规爆破方法等原因，造成爆后超欠挖现象较为严重[2-4]，作业环境差等问题，既不利于施工安全和围岩稳定，又在一定程度上影响工程进度。因此，为进一步提高爆破效果、降低施工成本以及改善作业环境，爆破方案的实时优化对铁路隧道钻爆法施工具有重要的现实意义。
对于爆破参数的调整与优化，众多学者通过多种方法开展了大量的应用及技术探索。张万志等依托寨山隧道全断面开挖[5]，从扩展掏槽腔体积与炸药单耗、爆破破岩负担体积不同的角度对掏槽参数进行优化设计，结果表明爆后掌子面光滑平整。于飞飞等与徐帮树等以蟠龙山隧道为工程背景[6,7]，针对钻爆掘进开挖超挖严重的问题，结合现场爆破试验和机理分析优化了爆破参数与炮孔布置，发现采用爆破优化参数的洞室开挖成型效果更好。张继春等在分析原常规爆破方案存在问题的基础上[8]，对其爆破参数进行优化，提出了适用于隧道围岩的光面爆破方案。刘国强等采用有限元软件模拟了抵抗线大小、周边孔间距及线装药密度等爆破参数对爆破效果的影响[9]，通过分析不同爆破参数下的围岩损伤厚度与等效应力，提出一种爆破优化方案并应用于工程，以提高爆后的成型质量。
由于空孔直线掏槽具有炮孔布设少、能充分利用自由面以提高爆破效果的特点，但其爆破效果受到众多参数的影响，且目前针对铁路隧道爆破参数的选取及优化研究相对较少。在原有爆破方案的基础上，合理选取爆破参数并进行优化以达到较好的爆破效果，是当前工程施工中亟待解决的问题，因此有必要开展爆破方案的优化研究。论文依托某在建隧道工程，根据其围岩特性，通过分析计算对原方案的炮孔爆破参数、掏槽孔布置形式以及装药结构进行调整与优化，总结得出适用于本工程的爆破优化方案。经现场应用试验，优化方案表现出较好的技术与经济效果，研究成果对今后铁路隧道爆破设计及优化具有指导作用。
1　工程概况
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某铁路隧道进口平行导坑PDK773+255~320段，设计围岩等级为Ⅳ级，整体较完整，取样测试岩石抗压强度为97~142 MPa。支护类型为喷锚衬砌，开挖断面尺寸为6.5 m（宽）×6.5 m（高），断面面积44.5 m2，如图1所示。区域地质报告及现场调查显示该工程基岩地层主要为石灰岩、白云岩、砂岩、砾岩夹泥岩、白云岩夹泥岩、砂岩夹砾岩。同时在区域构造的影响下，测区分支构造极其发育。地下水较发育，并且补径排条件受地下含水系统物质结构、地形地貌及自然气候条件影响，控制隧址区各含水岩组内地下水形成、富集及循环特征。
2　原爆破方案及其效果分析
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2.1　原爆破方案设计
原方案在PDK773+255~284试验段按照全断面法爆破开挖，采用中空孔直眼掏槽方式，设计循环进尺3 m，每循环炮孔158个，其中直径80 mm的空孔8个，其余炮孔共计150个，直径均为42 mm。合计装药量216 kg，炸药单耗1.6 kg/m3。各炮孔均采用连续装药形式，尾部采用锚固剂堵塞。所用炸药为2#岩石乳化炸药，药卷规格均为ϕ 32 mm×300 mm×0.3 kg，使用孔内非电毫秒雷管延期起爆网路，起爆顺序从断面中心向外逐段起爆，原方案炮孔布置如图2所示。
2.2　设计存在的问题
（1）现场爆破效果表明虽能达到预计进尺，但是爆后掌子面表面凹凸不平，超欠挖现象较为严重。经分析单循环爆破的超挖均值为0.2~0.4 m，最大达0.5 m以上，同时也存在局部欠挖现象，最大欠挖在0.3 m左右。爆后在开挖轮廓面上周边孔痕迹保存率不足80%，爆后整体效果如图3所示。
（2）原破方案沿用传统式保守设计，炸药用量大，单耗量较高。将断面中心部位设置8个大直径中空孔配合装药炮孔作为主掏槽区，不仅增加了工作量，而且对围岩的损伤较大。同时导致掌子面中间部位爆后岩石抛掷距离较大，且块度不均匀，爆堆较为分散，不利于清渣运输。
（3）由于炮孔采用传统的装药结构，孔口部位用炮泥堵塞，使得爆破过程中产生大量的粉尘和有害气体，从而导致每循环的通风时间增加，不仅增加了施工费用，还会对施工进度产生影响。
3　爆破方案优化
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基于上述问题，为实现安全高效施工，亟需对原方案进行优化。下文将主要从参数设计、掏槽孔布置形式、装药结构三方面进行优化分析研究，确定出符合现场实际的爆破设计方案。
3.1　爆破参数设计
3.1.1　炸药单耗
依据Pokrovsky提出的经验公式计算炸药单耗q[10]
式中：qa为未修正炸药单耗，kg/m3，取0.1倍的岩石坚固性系数；k为自由面系数；f为岩石结构系数；e为炸药的换算系数。计算得到q=1.2 kg/m3。
3.1.2　炮孔数量
工作面上的炮孔数量N1用式（2）进行估算[11]
式中：S为隧道断面面积，m2；α为装药系数；γ为每米药卷的炸药质量，kg/m。计算得到N1=118.4个，取N1=119个。
3.1.3　崩落孔参数
崩落孔位于掏槽孔外围，周围岩体破坏是爆炸应力波和爆生气体共同作用的结果，其孔距Lbk及排距Lbp可取裂隙区半径。裂隙区半径R用经验公式计算[12]
式中：d为炮孔直径，m；ρ0为炸药密度，kg/m3；D为炸药爆速，m/s；σc、τc分别为岩石的极限抗压强度和抗剪强度，Pa。计算得到R=71.7 cm，为方便施工，取R=70 cm。因此，崩落孔孔距及排距为70 cm。
3.1.4　周边孔与底板孔参数
周边孔的线装药密度一般较低，布置在开挖边界上，其孔距Lzk可按式（4）确定
经计算，Lzk=50.4 cm，取Lzk=50 cm。同时周边孔还应按照3.3%的外插角向外进行设置，以期达到较好的超欠挖控制效果[13]。
底板孔位于开挖断面的底部，在爆破时有大量岩石覆盖，所受到的移动阻力较大，因此应较周边孔适当加大其装药量[14]。结合岩石爆破过程中形成的裂隙区半径R，将底板孔孔距取70 cm。
3.2　掏槽孔参数与布置
原方案采用中空孔直眼掏槽技术，充分利用大直径中空孔的空孔效应[15]，但在实际应用中的爆破效果较差，现对掏槽孔的布置进行调整。根据CYT15-3型凿岩机和钻头直径情况，空孔直径仍选用80 mm，按式（5）计算中空孔的数量N2[16]
式中：L为循环进尺，m；dk为空孔直径，mm。
经计算，1.3个空孔方能满足3 m循环进尺的需求。结合原方案的施工经验，在掌子面中部仍设两组掏槽孔，每组设一个中空孔。当隧道断面宽度较小时，装药最优抵抗线b可按经验公式（6）确定[17]
式中：dz为装药直径，cm；B为自由面宽度，cm；ρs为岩石容重，g/cm3；e为炸药爆力校正系数。
根据式（6）计算内圈掏槽孔与大直径中空孔间的距离b1，爆后为外圈掏槽孔爆破提供更好的自由面。本方案仍采用2#岩石乳化炸药，经计算，b1=20.1 cm，取b1=20 cm。在内圈掏槽孔爆后形成的槽腔宽度b′=2×20+4.2=44.2 cm，将其作为外圈掏槽孔的自由面，同理代入式（6）计算，b2=36.2 cm，取b2=36 cm。综合上述计算，经调整后掏槽孔布置与施工现场作业如4图所示。
3.3　装药结构
采用水封光面爆破技术，将原方案装药结构孔口部位的炮泥堵塞改为水袋堵塞。在防止能量损失的同时，利用水的不可压缩性，水袋中的水在岩石中产生“水楔”效应，可进一步破碎岩石，提高炸药能量的利用率。同时在爆破过程中所产生的水雾起到很好的降尘作用，改善施工环境，减少通风时间[18]。另外，为避免周边孔装药集中于孔底，采用药卷与水袋间隔填装的结构形式，在一定程度上减弱孔底的爆破作用，达到控制超欠挖、减弱围岩破裂与损伤的目的。除周边孔之外的其他装药炮孔均采用连续装药形式，所有炮孔采用导爆管传爆，起爆雷管装在炸药底部反向起爆，装药结构如图5所示。
基于上述初步设计计算，将计算得到的参数结合实际情况与施工经验对其进行微调后，进行具体的细化工作，形成爆破参数表与炮孔布置图，如表1和图6、图7所示。
4　应用效果分析
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4.1　技术效果分析
采用上述方案在PDK773+285~315段连续进行10个循环爆破试验，爆后效果如图8所示。根据统计数据，每循环进尺达2.8~2.9 m，开挖轮廓面上周边孔痕迹保存率达85%以上。周边孔孔底大多位于开挖边界外0.1~0.25 m，平均线性超挖均值由原来的0.2~0.4 m降低到0.15 m以内，基本没有出现欠挖部位，围岩超欠挖的现象得到了有效控制。爆后掌子面平整光滑，未出现“鼓肚”现象，且爆破循环之间未出现明显“错台”现象，减少了清理掌子面的时间，也为下一循环的爆破工作创造了较好的条件。同时爆出来的岩块较为均匀，有利于装碴运输，较原方案表现出了良好的技术效果。
4.2　经济效果分析
根据现场统计数据，两方案每循环的技术参数、工序时间及费用对比表，如表2、表3与表4所示。
根据以上数据可得出，在设计循环进尺相同的情况下，优化方案较原方案炮孔数量减少37个，炸药消耗量减少约23%，从而使得每循环的施工作业用时与费用均有不同程度地降低。原方案每循环作业完成合计时长为8.5 h，优化方案合计时长为7.4 h，其中测量放样、排险及装药爆破的工序时间基本一致，炮孔凿钻与出碴的工序时间均有降低。另外，由于装药结构采用水袋堵塞，水袋中的水能很好地吸收爆轰产物中的有害气体和粉尘，从而保证施工作业人员的身体健康，对于小断面隧道施工尤为重要，同时也可减少通风时间0.3 h。在费用方面，原方案每循环作业合计成本约0.495万元，优化方案合计成本约0.415万元，较原方案每循环可减少费用约0.08万元。可见，优化方案在提升工效、节约成本方面较原方案有着明显的优势。
5　结论
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结合某铁路隧道平行导坑工程，对原方案进行优化分析，经现场应用表明采用优化后的爆破施工方案后，取得了较好的爆破效果。具体结论如下：
（1）运用经验公式对爆破参数与掏槽孔的布置进行优化调整，使其更能合理利用自由面，提高炸药能量的利用率。爆后掌子面平整光滑，未出现“鼓肚”现象，且爆破循环间未出现明显“错台”现象，平均线性超挖均值由原来的0.2~0.4 m降低到0.15 m以内，基本没有出现欠挖部位，有效控制了围岩超欠挖的现象。
（2）结合水封光面爆破技术，装药炮孔孔口部位用水袋堵塞，周边孔采用药卷与水袋间隔填装的结构形式，施工工艺较为简单。在保证围岩稳定的同时，使得隧道内的施工环境得到大大改善，从而保证了施工作业人员的身体健康，也可减少通风时间0.3 h。
（3）对比原爆破方案，优化后的方案炮孔数量、炸药用量以及炸药单耗均有所减少。统计数据表明，每循环可减少施工用时1.1 h，节约成本约0.08万元，有着明显的技术效果与经济优势。
（4）基于现有的优化方案，可根据现场机械设备及工程地质情况对空孔进行灵活调整，通过空孔的数量、直径与循环进尺的匹配，建立动态的爆破参数，从而达到进一步提升工效，节约成本的目的。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41172237)
  • 冻土工程国家重点实验室开放基金项目(SKLFE202107)
文献
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2023年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.009
  • 接收时间：2022-11-10
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2023-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2022-11-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41172237)
国家自然科学基金项目(41172237)
Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering(SKLFE202107)
冻土工程国家重点实验室开放基金项目(SKLFE202107)
作者信息
    1.西安建筑科技大学　土木工程学院，西安　710055
    2.陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室，西安　710055

通讯作者:

霍润科（1963-），男，教授、博士生导师，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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