Article(id=1241355800879353857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1657123200000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773891886205, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1701360000000, pubDateStr=2023-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773891886205, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773891886205, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773891886205, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241355799189058005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773891885801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773898068569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=218, endPage=223, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241355802569658380, articleId=1241355800879353857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Vented Explosion Characteristics of Premixed Methane-air Gas by Top Ignition, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Experiments of vented explosion were conducted in a 1 m3 vessel under the conditions of top ignition for premixed methane-air gas with a concentration from 7% to 13% to investigate the influence law of methane concentration on flame evolution and internal overpressure during the vented explosion process. The explosion venting mechanism was analyzed by analyzing the pressure-time curve and the flame evolution image. The results prove that concentration has a significant impact on the explosion venting characteristics of the methane-air premixed gas. The overpressure inside the container presents a double-peak phenomenon with a specific methane concentration. The first pressure peak P1 can appear at each concentration, while the second pressure peak P2 only occurs when the concentration is 9%. P1 increases first and then decreases with the increase of concentration, while the trend of the timing of the peak is the opposite. However, both reach the extreme value at the methane concentration of 10%. This is mainly formed by the combined effects of initial flame propagation, external explosion, Helmholtz oscillation and Taylor instability, etc. The phenomenon that P2 is much higher than P1 is mainly formed by the mutual promotion of flame and sound pressure and the thermoacoustic coupling effect triggered by disturbance. The flame downward propagation velocity increases first and then decreases with the concentration, and reaches the maximum value when the methane concentration is 10%, and the combustion velocity is generally faster in the slightly rich combustion state.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Jin-gui (1987-), male, associate professor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in industrial explosion and protection, (E-mail) .
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利用自主设计和搭建的1 m3矩形泄爆系统,开展了顶部点火条件下7%~13%浓度范围的甲烷-空气预混气体泄爆实验,研究甲烷浓度对泄爆过程中火焰演化和内部超压特性的影响规律,并结合压力时程曲线和火焰演化图像等进行机制分析,研究结果表明:浓度对甲烷-空气预混气体的泄爆特性有显著影响,在特定甲烷浓度下,容器内部超压出现双峰现象,在各浓度下均出现压力峰值P1,而压力峰值P2仅在浓度为9%出现。各浓度均出现的第一压力峰值P1随着浓度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而该峰值出现时间的变化趋势却与之相反,两者均在甲烷浓度10%下取得极值。这一现象主要由初始火焰传播、外部爆炸、亥姆霍兹振荡和泰勒不稳定性等因素综合影响形成。仅在甲烷浓度9%出现由火焰与声波耦合作用诱发产生的声学峰值P2,该峰值远大于压力峰值P1;其主要由火焰和声压的相互促进与扰动触发热声耦合作用影响形成。火焰向下传播速度随浓度呈先增加后减小的趋势,在甲烷浓度10%时达到最大值,且稍富燃状态下燃烧速度总体较快。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王金贵(1987-),男,福建武平人,副教授、博士,研究方向为工业爆炸及防护,(E-mail)
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陈爱萍(1999-),女,安徽休宁人,学士,研究方向为安全工程与应急管理,(E-mail)

CHEN Ai-ping (1999-), female, bachelor, mainly engaged in safety engineering and emergency management, (E-mail) .

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陈爱萍(1999-),女,安徽休宁人,学士,研究方向为安全工程与应急管理,(E-mail)

CHEN Ai-ping (1999-), female, bachelor, mainly engaged in safety engineering and emergency management, (E-mail) .

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陈爱萍(1999-),女,安徽休宁人,学士,研究方向为安全工程与应急管理,(E-mail)

CHEN Ai-ping (1999-), female, bachelor, mainly engaged in safety engineering and emergency management, (E-mail) .

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顶部点火下甲烷-空气预混泄爆特性研究
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陈爱萍 1 , 胡超 2 , 梁志星 2 , 郑昊宇 1 , 谢乐 1 , 高超兰 1 , 王金贵 1, 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(4): 218-223
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(4): 218-223
顶部点火下甲烷-空气预混泄爆特性研究
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陈爱萍1 , 胡超2, 梁志星2, 郑昊宇1, 谢乐1, 高超兰1, 王金贵1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.福州大学 至诚学院,福州 350002
  • 2.福州大学 环境与安全工程学院,福州 350116
  • 陈爱萍(1999-),女,安徽休宁人,学士,研究方向为安全工程与应急管理,(E-mail)

    CHEN Ai-ping (1999-), female, bachelor, mainly engaged in safety engineering and emergency management, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

王金贵(1987-),男,福建武平人,副教授、博士,研究方向为工业爆炸及防护,(E-mail)
Vented Explosion Characteristics of Premixed Methane-air Gas by Top Ignition
Ai-ping CHEN1 , Chao HU2, Zhi-xing LIANG2, Hao-yu ZHENG1, Le XIE1, Chao-lan GAO1, Jin-gui WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhicheng College, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
  • 2.College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
出版时间: 2023-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.028
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利用自主设计和搭建的1 m3矩形泄爆系统,开展了顶部点火条件下7%~13%浓度范围的甲烷-空气预混气体泄爆实验,研究甲烷浓度对泄爆过程中火焰演化和内部超压特性的影响规律,并结合压力时程曲线和火焰演化图像等进行机制分析,研究结果表明:浓度对甲烷-空气预混气体的泄爆特性有显著影响,在特定甲烷浓度下,容器内部超压出现双峰现象,在各浓度下均出现压力峰值P1,而压力峰值P2仅在浓度为9%出现。各浓度均出现的第一压力峰值P1随着浓度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而该峰值出现时间的变化趋势却与之相反,两者均在甲烷浓度10%下取得极值。这一现象主要由初始火焰传播、外部爆炸、亥姆霍兹振荡和泰勒不稳定性等因素综合影响形成。仅在甲烷浓度9%出现由火焰与声波耦合作用诱发产生的声学峰值P2,该峰值远大于压力峰值P1;其主要由火焰和声压的相互促进与扰动触发热声耦合作用影响形成。火焰向下传播速度随浓度呈先增加后减小的趋势,在甲烷浓度10%时达到最大值,且稍富燃状态下燃烧速度总体较快。

甲烷爆炸  /  泄爆  /  顶部点火  /  火焰演化

Experiments of vented explosion were conducted in a 1 m3 vessel under the conditions of top ignition for premixed methane-air gas with a concentration from 7% to 13% to investigate the influence law of methane concentration on flame evolution and internal overpressure during the vented explosion process. The explosion venting mechanism was analyzed by analyzing the pressure-time curve and the flame evolution image. The results prove that concentration has a significant impact on the explosion venting characteristics of the methane-air premixed gas. The overpressure inside the container presents a double-peak phenomenon with a specific methane concentration. The first pressure peak P1 can appear at each concentration, while the second pressure peak P2 only occurs when the concentration is 9%. P1 increases first and then decreases with the increase of concentration, while the trend of the timing of the peak is the opposite. However, both reach the extreme value at the methane concentration of 10%. This is mainly formed by the combined effects of initial flame propagation, external explosion, Helmholtz oscillation and Taylor instability, etc. The phenomenon that P2 is much higher than P1 is mainly formed by the mutual promotion of flame and sound pressure and the thermoacoustic coupling effect triggered by disturbance. The flame downward propagation velocity increases first and then decreases with the concentration, and reaches the maximum value when the methane concentration is 10%, and the combustion velocity is generally faster in the slightly rich combustion state.

methane explosion  /  vented explosion  /  top ignition  /  flame evolution
陈爱萍, 胡超, 梁志星, 郑昊宇, 谢乐, 高超兰, 王金贵. 顶部点火下甲烷-空气预混泄爆特性研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (4) : 218 -223 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.028
Ai-ping CHEN, Chao HU, Zhi-xing LIANG, Hao-yu ZHENG, Le XIE, Chao-lan GAO, Jin-gui WANG. Vented Explosion Characteristics of Premixed Methane-air Gas by Top Ignition[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (4) : 218 -223 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.028
天然气主要成分为甲烷,是一种清洁气体能源,被广泛应用于化学工业、气体发动机和民用煤气等。甲烷在使用、运输和储存过程中也伴随各类安全问题,而爆炸是最严重的灾害类型。泄爆是减弱爆炸事故损失的重要方法,其本质是在容器上预设低强度材料薄弱面,实现爆炸压力、温度和有害气体等的泄放[1]
国内外学者利用多种实验装置开展了不同点火位置、气体类型与浓度等的泄爆实验[2-8],发现点火位置、气体类型与浓度等是影响泄爆状态的重要因素。郑立刚等在方管中研究了点火位置对掺氢甲烷和单一甲烷气体泄爆过程中火焰演化结构和爆炸压力的影响[2]。曹勇等探究圆柱型容器中点火位置对氢气泄爆过程中火焰传播速率、火焰面积以及内部超压的影响规律[3]。李国庆等基于管道研究了点火位置对油气爆炸超压和火焰形态的影响[4]。许闯等研究了点火位置和开口率对连接容器内天然气爆炸压力特性的影响[5]。Guo等在当量比为0.6~5.0的氢气泄爆实验中探究了点火位置与内外超压之间的关系[6]。Yang等研究了点火位置对当量比为0.8~3.0的H2-CO爆炸的影响[7]。梳理发现,容器形状与尺寸等对气体泄爆特性有明显影响,先前研究多基于小尺寸实验装置,形状多以圆柱体或管道为主,而对中等尺寸(1 m3)矩形容器泄爆特性研究较少。且以往多集中于压力-时程特征研究,而对相应火焰行为尚未得到很好的阐明。课题组前期研究发现顶部泄爆时,顶部点火比中、底部点火的爆炸超压更大[8]。因此,有必要开展中尺寸矩形容器(1 m3)顶部点火条件下甲烷-空气预混泄爆特性及其机制研究。
综上所述,利用自主设计和搭建的1 m3矩形泄爆系统,在顶部点火条件下,开展了浓度范围为7%~13%的甲烷-空气预混泄爆实验,研究甲烷浓度对泄爆过程中火焰演化和内部超压特性的影响规律,并结合压力时程曲线和火焰演化图像等探究其影响机制,以期对甲烷爆炸预防和控制提供理论支撑。
实验装置为高1800 mm、长1000 mm、宽550 mm的方形泄爆容器,顶部泄爆口尺寸为600 mm×400 mm,如图1所示。实验中采用法兰螺栓连接的铝膜封闭泄爆口[1,8,9],该膜静态破膜压力约为9.5 kPa。点火电极位于距容器顶部100 mm处的中间位置,点火能量约为500 mJ,精度±5 mJ。根据道尔顿分压定律配置7种甲烷-空气预混气体,甲烷浓度分别为7%、8%、9%、10%、11%、12%和13%,每个浓度开展3次重复实验。为记录和观察容器内的火焰演化过程,矩形容器的正立面有3个长为700 mm、宽为400 mm的透明观察窗,利用高速摄像机(HX-3,NAC)以500 Hz的频率拍摄火焰演化图像。在容器右侧壁中部安装一个压电式压力传感器(PCB-102B16),以记录泄爆过程中的内部超压。所有实验均在初始压力和初始温度分别为101 kPa和280 K的条件下进行,点火电极、高速相机和压力传感器通过信号发生器同步触发。具体实验操作步骤与方法详见团队前期研究[1]
图2为9%浓度甲烷-空气预混气体火焰演化图像。气体被点燃后,火球从点火电极处迅速向四周膨胀,内部超压呈指数型增长至大于破膜压力后,铝膜破碎,容器内气体从泄爆口快速泄放。当泄放引起的压力下降速率等于内部燃烧引起的压力上升速率时[1],容器内产生第一个超压峰值P1,如图3所示。随后,泄放气体速率大于内部气体燃烧速率,内部超压逐渐降低。在这过程中气体燃烧速率逐渐增大,泄放气体速率逐渐减小,当两者再次相等时,由于容器内部气体的过度泄放产生负压峰值Pneg,压力的增减由该竞争机制决定,依次循环往复,在压力波形上表现为剧烈周期性振荡,如图3所示。此时可以观察到火焰底部在容器内上下跳跃,该现象称为亥姆霍兹振荡[1],经换算单位时间内压力振荡次数可得此时的亥姆霍兹振荡频率约为63 Hz,如图2(b)~(c)所示。当火焰向下运动时,火焰内部已燃气体和容器内部未燃气体密度不同,将触发泰勒不稳定现象[1,8],导致火焰底部出现胞状结构,如图2(d)所示。此外,亥姆霍兹振荡会导致火焰表面的泰勒不稳定性,而泰勒不稳定性又会加剧亥姆霍兹振荡[2]。这种正反馈机制进一步促进火焰表面出现大量细胞状结构,会极大地增加火焰与未燃气体的接触面积,再次加速火焰的燃烧及传播。顶部点火为火焰的向下传播提供较长的燃烧路径,同时大量未燃气体被限制于容器内,为火焰向下传播提供大量可燃质,使顶部点火时火焰有着较长且较强的燃烧行为。随着火焰的进一步传播,容器外部火焰强度减弱,火焰逐渐接触容器底部,迅速点燃容器底部残余的未燃气体,发出耀眼的光,如图2(g)所示,此时形成图3所示的第二个压力峰值P2,称为声学振荡峰值[1],经换算该阶段单位时间内压力振荡次数可得其频率约为440 Hz。最后随着容器内气体的燃尽,容器内部超压逐渐恢复到常压。
经对所有实验浓度下的压力图像汇总发现在整个泄爆过程中[8],爆炸超压主要由两种峰值主导:一是在泄爆初期由于初始火焰传播、外部爆炸、亥姆霍兹振荡和泰勒不稳定性等因素综合影响形成前期主导峰值P1;二是在泄爆后期由于火焰和声波的耦合作用产生的第二个主导压力峰值P2[1,8]。因此后续主要针对浓度对峰值P1P2的影响展开研究。
图4为峰值P1及其出现时间随着甲烷浓度变化趋势。随着浓度的增加,峰值P1先增大后减小,其出现时间却先减小后增大,两者均在10%取得最值。该浓度下的第一个压力峰值最大为8.4 kPa,达到峰值所需时间最短为106 ms。前人曾发现当初始温度相同时,甲烷在当量比为1.1时层流燃烧速度最快[10]。在本实验设置浓度中浓度10%的当量比最接近1.1(仅相差0.05),该组浓度下早期甲烷层流燃烧速度最快,容器内部压力率先超过破膜压力,泄爆膜最早破裂,燃烧爆炸产生的破坏威力最大,火焰的压力峰值P1最大。当甲烷浓度低于或高于10%时,反应分别受甲烷浓度或空气的限制,均导致燃烧不剧烈,故该峰值较小并出现较晚。
在7%~13%浓度中,仅9%浓度下出现P2。火焰接触容器底部燃烧残余的未燃气体,发出耀眼的光[1],此时产生P2。为分析浓度对P2的影响机制,图5选取各浓度下火焰接触底部瞬间的图片。由图可知9%浓度下火焰接触底部时的明亮程度明显高于其他浓度,这是由于此浓度下泄爆膜破裂后引起气流的扰动,会导致流体热力学参数的改变,并导致热释放率的波动;热释放率的波动激起了声压的振动,而声波在容器壁内多次反射形成了爆炸波,从而加强了声波的振动;声波的振动又再次引起容器内流体热力学参数的改变,从而形成了正反馈循环系统[1]。这种正反馈循环系统最终导致高频周期振动的剧烈燃烧现象,火焰剧烈燃烧发出耀眼的光,最终触发容器的高幅值振荡[1],从而产生超压峰值P2。而浓度低于9%或高于10%,由于燃烧后期甲烷浓度或空气不足,过量的空气或甲烷气体又会吸收容器内部分能量,导致未能形成正反馈循环系统,故火焰燃烧不剧烈,在容器底部观察不到耀眼的光,超压峰值P2消失,其典型压力图像如图6所示。
结合图4图5发现,在本实验条件下稍富燃(10%浓度)峰值P1最大(见图4)却未产生P2,而稍贫燃(9%浓度)P2出现最显著(见图5)。分析认为由于在燃烧早期,稍富燃(10%浓度)下燃烧较剧烈,在106 ms时产生峰值为8.4 kPa的P1,而稍贫燃(9%浓度)燃烧较缓慢,在124 ms时产生峰值为6.2 kPa的P1。比较而言,前者燃烧剧烈容器内部超压较迅速达到破膜压力,破膜后容器内外压力差较大导致容器内气体较多地被泄放出去,产生较大峰值P1,容器内留存的气体量不足以产生P2。而后者燃烧较缓慢,破膜后向外泄放的气体量较少,容器内留存的气体量较多,为燃烧后期产生P2提供了能量。
图7为不同浓度下对应的最大内部超压,由图可知,Pmax先随甲烷浓度增大呈现递增趋势,直至甲烷浓度为9%时达到最大值,此后,Pmax又降低。当浓度为9%时,由于火焰和声波的耦合作用产生第二个压力峰值P2,其数值远大于该浓度下的P1,故PmaxP2决定。而在其余浓度下的Pmax仍是由泄爆膜破裂后产生的第一个压力峰值P1。因此可得出声学振荡现象的破坏能力更强。
图8为以点火电极为起点,结合容器及窗口真实尺寸和火焰演化图像分析不同浓度火焰抵达特殊位置(下部火焰锋面抵达容器的上窗口中和下部,中窗口上、中和下部,下窗口上、中和下部)所对应的时间,得到的火焰在各阶段的位移-时间曲线,规定火焰向下传播为正方向。从图可以发现,稍富燃(10%和11%浓度)状态时燃烧较快。分析认为燃烧初期,火球均从点火电极以较慢的层流燃烧速度进行燃烧,各浓度下此时曲线相差不大。随着泄爆膜破裂,由于各浓度下亥姆霍兹振荡和泰勒不稳定等机制影响程度不同,火焰逐渐失稳出现细胞状结构的皱褶程度也不同,导致各浓度曲线的差异变大。稍富燃(10%和11%浓度)火焰燃烧较快是因为泄爆膜未破碎前,由于浓度10%和11%的当量比分别为1.05和1.16,最接近当量比1.1,其层流燃烧速度较快[10];泄爆膜破碎后,容器内大量气体泄放,容器内产生负压,导致部分外界空气回流至容器内,使容器内稍富燃甲烷得到空气补充后趋于当量浓度,有利于后续燃烧反应,故燃烧较快。此外,各曲线斜率(即火焰传播速率)整体呈现先增加后减小趋势,这也是因为燃烧初期各浓度下火焰层流燃烧速度较慢;燃烧中期火焰出现细胞状结构增大火焰与未燃气体的接触面积,故燃烧速度变快;燃烧后期,亥姆霍兹振荡和泰勒不稳定等影响减弱,火焰细胞状结构皱褶程度减小,燃烧速率变慢。
利用甲烷-空气预混气体矩形泄爆系统,实验研究了顶部点火条件下浓度对甲烷-空气预混气体泄爆特性的影响,并结合容器内部超压、火焰结构与演化等特征,探究其影响机制。研究发现:(1)浓度对甲烷-空气预混气体的泄爆特性有显著影响,在特定甲烷浓度下,容器内部超压出现双峰现象,在各浓度下均出现压力峰值P1,而压力峰值P2仅在浓度为9%出现。(2)峰值P1主要由于初始火焰传播、外部爆炸、亥姆霍兹振荡和泰勒不稳定性等因素综合影响形成,随着浓度的增加,其幅值先增大后减小,而出现该峰值的时间却先减小后增大。(3)峰值P2主要由于火焰和声压的相互促进与扰动触发热声耦合作用,在泄爆最后阶段猛烈燃烧,进而产生的声学峰值P2
  • 福州大学至诚学院大学生创新创业训练计划(202113470002)
  • 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2020J01505)
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2023年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.028
  • 接收时间:2022-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-07
基金
Innovation and entrepreneurship training program for students of Fuzhou University Zhicheng College(202113470002)
福州大学至诚学院大学生创新创业训练计划(202113470002)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China(2020J01505)
福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2020J01505)
作者信息
    1.福州大学 至诚学院,福州 350002
    2.福州大学 环境与安全工程学院,福州 350116

通讯作者:

王金贵(1987-),男,福建武平人,副教授、博士,研究方向为工业爆炸及防护,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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