Article(id=1241355800300548572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1668614400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773891886066, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1701360000000, pubDateStr=2023-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773891886066, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773891886066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773891886066, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241355799189058005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773891885801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773898068569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241381731652129442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241355799189058005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=142, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241355800543818205, articleId=1241355800300548572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Matching Relationship Between Bubble and Target Size in Near-field Underwater Explosion, columnId=1241046467696193882, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=SPECIAL BLASTING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the interaction mechanism between the structure of different sizes and the bubbles, an underwater explosion experiment of 2.5 g TNT was carried out at the bottom 15cm of the fixed square plates with side lengths of 20 cm, 40 cm and 70 cm. Through the observation of the experimental high-speed video and the pressure data measured by the sensor, it is found that when the size of the plate is too small, the bubble will contact with the air during the expansion process, and the bubble pulsation process will be terminated. In order to further explore the matching relationship between the explosion bubble and the target size, CEL algorithm in Abaqus software was used to establish the fixed square plate with Lagrange grid and the remaining part with Euler grid. The dynamic behavior and pressure data of the near-field underwater explosion bubble were numerically simulated. The feasibility of the simulation method is verified by comparing the simulation results with the bubble phenomenon captured in the experiment and the measured pressure time history curve. Taking the explosion depth divided by the maximum bubble radius as the specific depth and the side length of the board divided by the maximum bubble radius as the side length, a series of simulations were carried out with the side length of the board being 0.455 to 3.182 times the maximum theoretical bubble radius and the explosion distance being 0.455 to 1.136 times the maximum theoretical bubble radius. The simulation results show that with the decrease of plate size, the bubbles are more likely to collapse in advance. With dimensionless plate size and dimensionless explosion depth as variables, a boundary function is given to complete the bubble pulsation. The closer the distance between explosion distance and plate size, the earlier the end time of bubble pulsation.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HUANG Rui-yuan (1984-), male, Ph. D, mainly engaged in explosive and shock dynamics research, (E-mail) .
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为了探究不同尺寸结构与气泡的相互作用机理,开展了2.5 g TNT在边长为20 cm、40 cm和70 cm固支方板底部15 cm处起爆的水下爆炸实验,通过观察实验高速录像以及传感器测得的压力数据结果得到:板的尺寸过小时,气泡在膨胀过程中会与空气接触,使得气泡脉动过程终止。为进一步探究爆炸气泡与目标尺寸的匹配关系,采用Abaqus软件中的CEL算法,固支方板以拉格朗日网格建立,其余部分以欧拉网格建立,对近场水下爆炸气泡的动力学行为以及压力数据进行数值模拟,通过将仿真结果与实验拍摄到的气泡现象与测得的压力时程曲线做对比验证了仿真方法的可行性。以爆炸深度除以最大气泡半径为比深度,以板的边长除以最大气泡半径为边长,接着开展了板边长为0.455到3.182倍最大理论气泡半径、爆距为0.455到1.136倍最大理论气泡半径的系列仿真。仿真结果表明:随着板尺寸的减小,气泡越容易提前溃散;以无量纲板尺寸和无量纲爆深为变量给出能否形成一个完成气泡脉动的分界函数;爆距与板尺寸距离分界线越近,气泡脉动结束时间越早。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黄瑞源(1984-),男,博士、研究员,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究,(E-mail)
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刘元凯(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水下爆炸载荷研究,(E-mail)

LIU Yuan-kai (1998-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the underwater explosion load research, (E-mail) .

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刘元凯(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水下爆炸载荷研究,(E-mail)

LIU Yuan-kai (1998-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the underwater explosion load research, (E-mail) .

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LIU Yuan-kai (1998-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the underwater explosion load research, (E-mail) .

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articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=图2, caption=实验所使用的固支方板, figureFileSmall=4/BaROW9xR74KYilBHfVUQ==, figureFileBig=feJiXN/g4WWsZ6XBD5hVbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241355816129851446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Experimental image of 15 cm blast distance under 70 cm×70 cm×1 cm board, figureFileSmall=sYiGEdyGKQOSrJzmnpFqJg==, figureFileBig=3U1UcLKwxtKcETf5wviEsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241355816276652098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=图3, caption=70 cm×70 cm×1 cm板下15 cm爆距实验录像, figureFileSmall=sYiGEdyGKQOSrJzmnpFqJg==, figureFileBig=3U1UcLKwxtKcETf5wviEsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241355816389898317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Experimental image of 15 cm blast distance under 40 cm×40 cm×1 cm board, figureFileSmall=iZfCNr+uNpXri4CUHOhQ0Q==, figureFileBig=g4c0f8uwWn1S8mNvmW/8Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241355816473784405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=图4, caption=40 cm×40 cm×1 cm板下15 cm爆距实验录像, figureFileSmall=iZfCNr+uNpXri4CUHOhQ0Q==, figureFileBig=g4c0f8uwWn1S8mNvmW/8Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241355816557670493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Experimental image of 15 cm blast distance under 20 cm×20 cm×1 cm board, figureFileSmall=zmagKpvKZfyR9ZXig2i3pA==, figureFileBig=ZkeTqtt6PuXAcWs79K66cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241355816675111021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=图5, caption=20 cm×20 cm×1 cm板下15 cm爆距实验录像, figureFileSmall=zmagKpvKZfyR9ZXig2i3pA==, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241355820772946241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=图18, caption=拟合结果, figureFileSmall=UtGma9Y7p/8ZTfZg9S2cGw==, figureFileBig=D2xNYuDwHILF5bgcToR2rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241355820877803847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of example toroidal drive system

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传感器类型传感器编号灵敏度pC/MPa
壁压传感器109C11 877110.70
水下传感器11491144.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241355820974272841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验所用传感器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器类型传感器编号灵敏度pC/MPa
壁压传感器109C11 877110.70
水下传感器11491144.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821116879185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of the JWL equation of state

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A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωρ0/(kg·m-3e/(J·kg-1
373.773.74714.150.90.3516303.8×106
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821251096919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

JWL状态方程参数

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A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωρ0/(kg·m-3e/(J·kg-1
373.773.74714.150.90.3516303.8×106
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821368537437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simulation condition table

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板尺寸/cm10×1020×2030×3040×4050×5060×6070×70
爆距/cm10101010101010
12.512.512.512.512.512.512.5
15151515151515
17.517.517.517.517.517.517.5
20202020202020
25252525252525
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821477589349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

仿真工况表

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板尺寸/cm10×1020×2030×3040×4050×5060×6070×70
爆距/cm10101010101010
12.512.512.512.512.512.512.5
15151515151515
17.517.517.517.517.517.517.5
20202020202020
25252525252525
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821578252652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Simulation results

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爆距板尺寸/cm气泡脉动爆距板尺寸/cm气泡脉动
载荷/MPa比冲量/(N·s/m2载荷/MPa比冲量/(N·s/m2
10 cm10×1012.5 cm10×10
20×2020×20
30×3030×30
40×4040×40
50×508.915714409.8250×502.496753031.41
60×609.5904211 455.7360×6020.325615 603.20
70×708.5505711 651.4570×7036.673716 243.64
15cm10×1017.5 cm10×10
20×2020×20
30×3030×30
40×4040×40
50×5055.788633 494.7550×5059.083338 133.76
60×6023.578524 681.8860×6019.533524 200.03
70×7015.830118 655.7170×7010.322919 347.10
20 cm10×1025cm10×10
20×2020×20
30×3030×30
40×4040×40
50×5054.233849 845.0650×5033.660534 967.42
60×6039.397929 974.1260×6033.998331 012.31
70×7036.134923 794.2970×7025.464321 623.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241355821720858992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241355800300548572, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆距板尺寸/cm气泡脉动爆距板尺寸/cm气泡脉动
载荷/MPa比冲量/(N·s/m2载荷/MPa比冲量/(N·s/m2
10 cm10×1012.5 cm10×10
20×2020×20
30×3030×30
40×4040×40
50×508.915714409.8250×502.496753031.41
60×609.5904211 455.7360×6020.325615 603.20
70×708.5505711 651.4570×7036.673716 243.64
15cm10×1017.5 cm10×10
20×2020×20
30×3030×30
40×4040×40
50×5055.788633 494.7550×5059.083338 133.76
60×6023.578524 681.8860×6019.533524 200.03
70×7015.830118 655.7170×7010.322919 347.10
20 cm10×1025cm10×10
20×2020×20
30×3030×30
40×4040×40
50×5054.233849 845.0650×5033.660534 967.42
60×6039.397929 974.1260×6033.998331 012.31
70×7036.134923 794.2970×7025.464321 623.98
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近场水下爆炸气泡与目标尺寸匹配关系研究
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刘元凯 1 , 秦健 1, 2 , 迟卉 3 , 孟祥尧 2 , 文彦博 4 , 黄瑞源 4
爆破 | 特种爆破 2023,40(4): 142-153
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爆破 | 特种爆破 2023, 40(4): 142-153
近场水下爆炸气泡与目标尺寸匹配关系研究
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刘元凯1 , 秦健1, 2, 迟卉3, 孟祥尧2, 文彦博4, 黄瑞源4
作者信息
  • 1.南京理工大学 瞬态物理国家重点实验室,南京 210094
  • 2.海军研究院,北京 100161
  • 3.防化研究院,北京 102205
  • 4.福州大学 土木工程学院,福州 350116
  • 刘元凯(1998-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水下爆炸载荷研究,(E-mail)

    LIU Yuan-kai (1998-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the underwater explosion load research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

黄瑞源(1984-),男,博士、研究员,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究,(E-mail)
Study on Matching Relationship Between Bubble and Target Size in Near-field Underwater Explosion
Yuan-kai LIU1 , Jian QIN1, 2, Hui CHI3, Xiang-yao MENG2, Yan-bo WEN4, Rui-yuan HUANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Transient Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 2.Naval Research Academy, Beijing 100161, China
  • 3.Research Institution of Chemical Defense, Beijing 102205, China
  • 4.College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
出版时间: 2023-12-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.019
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为了探究不同尺寸结构与气泡的相互作用机理,开展了2.5 g TNT在边长为20 cm、40 cm和70 cm固支方板底部15 cm处起爆的水下爆炸实验,通过观察实验高速录像以及传感器测得的压力数据结果得到:板的尺寸过小时,气泡在膨胀过程中会与空气接触,使得气泡脉动过程终止。为进一步探究爆炸气泡与目标尺寸的匹配关系,采用Abaqus软件中的CEL算法,固支方板以拉格朗日网格建立,其余部分以欧拉网格建立,对近场水下爆炸气泡的动力学行为以及压力数据进行数值模拟,通过将仿真结果与实验拍摄到的气泡现象与测得的压力时程曲线做对比验证了仿真方法的可行性。以爆炸深度除以最大气泡半径为比深度,以板的边长除以最大气泡半径为边长,接着开展了板边长为0.455到3.182倍最大理论气泡半径、爆距为0.455到1.136倍最大理论气泡半径的系列仿真。仿真结果表明:随着板尺寸的减小,气泡越容易提前溃散;以无量纲板尺寸和无量纲爆深为变量给出能否形成一个完成气泡脉动的分界函数;爆距与板尺寸距离分界线越近,气泡脉动结束时间越早。

水下爆炸  /  气泡脉动  /  固支方板  /  爆炸深度

In order to explore the interaction mechanism between the structure of different sizes and the bubbles, an underwater explosion experiment of 2.5 g TNT was carried out at the bottom 15cm of the fixed square plates with side lengths of 20 cm, 40 cm and 70 cm. Through the observation of the experimental high-speed video and the pressure data measured by the sensor, it is found that when the size of the plate is too small, the bubble will contact with the air during the expansion process, and the bubble pulsation process will be terminated. In order to further explore the matching relationship between the explosion bubble and the target size, CEL algorithm in Abaqus software was used to establish the fixed square plate with Lagrange grid and the remaining part with Euler grid. The dynamic behavior and pressure data of the near-field underwater explosion bubble were numerically simulated. The feasibility of the simulation method is verified by comparing the simulation results with the bubble phenomenon captured in the experiment and the measured pressure time history curve. Taking the explosion depth divided by the maximum bubble radius as the specific depth and the side length of the board divided by the maximum bubble radius as the side length, a series of simulations were carried out with the side length of the board being 0.455 to 3.182 times the maximum theoretical bubble radius and the explosion distance being 0.455 to 1.136 times the maximum theoretical bubble radius. The simulation results show that with the decrease of plate size, the bubbles are more likely to collapse in advance. With dimensionless plate size and dimensionless explosion depth as variables, a boundary function is given to complete the bubble pulsation. The closer the distance between explosion distance and plate size, the earlier the end time of bubble pulsation.

underwater explosion  /  bubble pulsation  /  fixed square plate  /  explosion depth
刘元凯, 秦健, 迟卉, 孟祥尧, 文彦博, 黄瑞源. 近场水下爆炸气泡与目标尺寸匹配关系研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (4) : 142 -153 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.019
Yuan-kai LIU, Jian QIN, Hui CHI, Xiang-yao MENG, Yan-bo WEN, Rui-yuan HUANG. Study on Matching Relationship Between Bubble and Target Size in Near-field Underwater Explosion[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (4) : 142 -153 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.019
鱼雷作为现代海上战争中重要的武器[1,2],具有杀伤力大,毁伤效果强等特点。相比同当量的反舰导弹,鱼雷可以对敌方船体造成更严重的打击效果。这主要是因为鱼雷在水下爆炸,不但会形成冲击波,还会形成气泡脉动以及水射流对船体造成毁伤[3-6]。所以关于水下爆炸的研究一直是近现代的热点,如Cole在1948年发表《Underwater Explosion》一书从水下爆炸现象、水下爆炸冲击波以及气泡理论等方面阐述水下爆炸相关理论与机理[7],之后Zamyshlyaev在其基础上改进水下爆炸冲击波载荷经验公式也得到广泛使用[8]。近些年来各学者对于水下爆炸公式与参数的研究依然没有停止[9-14]。现代随着科学技术的发展,有更多的方法测量水下爆炸的载荷以及气泡特性[15-17],越来越多学者开始着手研究之前难以观测研究的气泡脉动水射流阶段。段超伟等对气泡动态特性的研究进展从实验、理论以及数值模拟进行了系统阐述[18]。文彦博等经过研究得出固支方板加快气泡坍塌过程且炸药与板距离越小会更加速气泡坍塌的结论[19],即近场结构对于气泡脉动的影响。董琪等利用LS-DYNA软件对不同深度浅水爆炸进行数值模拟来研究爆炸深度对于气泡脉动的影响[20],得出了随着爆炸深度的增加,气泡脉动受到自由面与重力影响减小的结论。王树山等人利用实验研究了不同比例深度条件下的气泡横向半径、纵向半径、膨胀时间等特性[21],深入探究了水下爆炸气泡动力学过程,也是对于气泡脉动阶段的进一步探索。张姝红等依靠实验对水下爆炸气泡脉动的形成原因、周期等特点进行探讨[22]。关于近场结构对气泡的影响,Tong Shiyu等利用实验与仿真结合[23],揭示气泡破碎机理,研究气泡与板间距离对于气泡射流特性以及气泡动力学行为的影响;Hu Zhenyu等通过数值模拟以及火花空化气泡试验分析气泡脉动与结构之间的相互作用关系[24],并分析了四种不同的气泡破碎模式;胡振宇等结合试验研究了五种不同的射流模式[25],罗列了不同的气泡到结构的距离下,浮力与Bjerknes力对于气泡脉动阶段的影响特点。水下气泡脉动的形成与否极大影响爆炸毁伤效果,如果目标尺寸无法满爆炸气泡形成气泡脉动将极大地浪费爆炸能量。但是目前对于水下爆炸气泡关于板尺寸与爆炸深度之间的匹配关系研究较少,对于气泡脉动形成的边界研究不多,所以文章内容具有一定研究价值。
近场水下爆炸的毁伤效果受到目标尺寸以及气泡半径的共同影响,这些因素决定了气泡能否从空气中吸入气体从而影响气泡演化。为探究近场水下爆炸气泡与目标尺寸匹配关系,开展2.5 g TNT在不同大小固支方板下15 cm的水下爆炸试验,得到气泡图像以及压力曲线,从压力曲线可以得出相应工况下水下爆炸产生的气泡脉动峰值、比冲量以及周期等特性。同时开展数值模拟与实验对比证明仿真可行性。然后利用ABAQUS软件进行系列仿真,根据系列仿真结果总结近场水下爆炸气泡与目标尺寸匹配关系,将结果进行无量纲化处理并使用不同当量仿真结果进行验证,最后以爆深和气泡半径为变量给出了能否形成一个完整气泡脉动的分界线函数。
水下爆炸实验在江苏省淮安市盱眙县江苏永丰机械有限责任公司的水箱中完成。水箱规格为2 m×2 m×2.2 m,厚度为10 mm。水箱四周有0.6 m×0.6 m的钢化玻璃窗,通过一侧的玻璃窗完成高速录像的记录,在另一侧玻璃窗利用补光灯对箱内进行补光,使高速摄像所捕捉到的影像更加清晰。高速录像使用的设备为Vision Research公司生产的Phantom高速摄像机。见图1图2
试验所使用炸药为2.5 g圆柱形压药的TNT炸药,炸药长径比为1∶1。TNT采用8号雷管于底端引爆。实验所采用的固支方板分别是20 cm×20 cm×1 cm、40 cm×40 cm×1 cm、70 cm×70 cm×1 cm三种,焊接在1.3 m高的支架架上,支架为直径2 cm的实心钢柱,四个柱脚分别焊接20 cm×20 cm×0.5 cm底板,钢架总重80 kg,尽可能使固支方板在实验过程中减小晃动。在固支方板上连接有一个美国PCB公司生产的传感器,传感器位于固支方板正中心,炸药在传感器正下方相应爆距引爆,壁压传感器型号为109C11 8771,量程为690 MPa,灵敏度为0.01 mV/kPa。在炸药水平面相应距离有水下传感器,编号为11491。水下传感器下方绑有1 kg的铅锤确保实验过程中传感器的距离炸药距离不变,防止在实验准备阶段因为传感器质量较轻而随水漂动,实验所使用的传感器及灵敏度如表1所示。
实验使用Phantom高速摄影机进行拍摄,爆炸开始前1 s左右按下记录键开始记录,拍摄频率为3200 fps,像素为1280×800。试验结束后在整段录像中截取出实验气泡图像从开始产生到完全溃散的图像。
图3为70 cm×70 cm×1 cm的板下爆炸产生的气泡图像,由实验录像看出气泡爆炸后0 ms到22.50 ms为气泡膨胀阶段,22.50 ms到39.06 ms气泡收缩。由图像可以看出因板的尺寸较大,对爆炸气泡和空气起到良好的阻隔作用,所以气泡在膨胀后收缩形成气泡脉动。
图4为40 cm×40 cm×1 cm板下实验录像图像,0 ms到20.63 ms左右是气泡膨胀阶段,20.63 ms到40.94 ms是气泡的收缩阶段。该板相较于70 cm×70 cm×1 cm的板更小,所以对空气的阻碍效果相对较差。从实验录像中可以明显看出气泡在收缩阶段从空气中吸入的气体,即图4中37.50 ms图像虚线内区域,所以气泡在收缩后即溃灭。
20 cm×20 cm×1 cm板下实验高速录像如图5,由于当气泡膨胀到较大半径时依靠惯性继续膨胀,此时气泡内部压力小于外部,所以可以看出实验爆炸产生的气泡在膨胀过程中到约13.75 ms时有明显的空气吸入,即气泡上方环状小气泡,随后原本光滑的气泡表面迅速布满细碎的小气泡,爆炸产生的气泡在膨胀过程中溃散。
由三种板下的实验录像对比可以看出,在同一爆距下,板尺寸更大时,水下爆炸的气泡可以存在更久,70 cm×70 cm×1 cm的板下爆炸气泡膨胀后形成气泡脉动才溃散,而40 cm×40 cm×1 cm板下的板下的爆炸气泡在膨胀后即收缩过程中溃散,20 cm×20 cm×1 cm板下爆炸气泡在膨胀过程中就溃散。由实验可以看出当爆距固定时,板的尺寸大小对水下爆炸气泡有较明显的影响。
图6为40 cm×40 cm×1 cm固支方板15 cm爆距下测得壁压数据,实验测得板下壁压冲击波峰值为75.788 MPa。
图7是70 cm×70 cm×1 cm固支方板15 cm爆距下测得壁压数据,其中冲击波载荷峰值为73.425 MPa,与40 cm×40 cm×1 cm固支方板下同样爆距测得的冲击波峰值仅差2.363 MPa,相差约3.12%,即同样的爆距下板的尺寸大小不影响冲击波峰值。
由Cole总结,Zamyshlyaev在其基础上改进的TNT水下爆炸冲击波载荷经验公式[8]
式中:Pt)为冲击波压力,MPa;Pm为冲击波压力峰值,MPa;θ为冲击波衰减系数,即冲击波压力Pm衰减到Pm/e所需的时间,s;R测点到爆心的距离,m;R0为炸药初始半径,m;I为冲击波比冲量,N·s/m2。当测点距离爆心40 cm时,根据经验公式冲击波峰值应当为15.49 MPa,实验测得数据为14.09 MPa,如图8,偏差为9.03%,即实验得到的数据较为准确。
对实验工况使用ABAQUS软件中的CEL算法开展系列数值模拟。
对水下爆炸模型的整体进行1/4建模,模型分为水、空气、炸药以及固支方板。对水、空气、炸药使用欧拉单元建模。其中整体欧拉域尺寸为1 m×1 m×2.2 m长方体,空气为1 m×1 m×0.88 m,炸药为直径12.8 mm,高12.8 mm的1/4圆柱体,整体欧拉域除了空气与炸药之外的区域都是水。将固支方板设定为相应大小的壳单元刚体,板面放置略微低于水面。模型装配方式如图9(a)
空气材料参数使用理想气体方程进行定义
式中:空气密度ρ为1.225 kg/m3;空气环境压力pA为101 300 Pa;空气比热为717.4 J/kg·K。
炸药使用JWL状态方程进行定义[26]
式中:p为爆炸产物压力;η为相对密度,η=ρ/ρ0ρ为水的密度;ρ0为TNT理论密度;e为TNT比内能;ABωR1R2为常数,具体数据如表2
水使用Mie-Grüneisen状态方程进行定义,方程具体形式为
式中:μ为压缩比;a为体积修正系数;γ0为Mie-Grüneisen系数;C0为声速;S1S2S3是实验拟合系数。对水设置密度为1000 kg/m3,水中声速为1450 m/s。
将总体计算时长设置为50 ms,分三个step进行计算:首先因为冲击波持续时间非常短暂,由实验测得的数据可知冲击波峰值在前0.3 ms就产生,为了得到准确的冲击波峰值,将第一个step时长0.5 ms,输出500步;第二个step主要观察气泡膨胀与收缩的现象,时长34.5 ms,输出200步;第三个step为了得到形成一个完整气泡脉动的压力曲线,所以设置时长15 ms输出200步。
模型的边界条件设置为整体欧拉域的顶面,侧面和底面边界条件设定为固定,对称面设置为对称边界条件。将固支方板侧面设置为固定,对称面设置为对称边界条件。
模型网格划分采用局部加密的方法。通过计算得到2.5 g TNT爆炸的气泡半径约为21 cm,所以选择TNT周围25 cm的长方体区域为加密网格,为了预防空气对仿真结果的影响,将TNT上方加密网格区域拓展为35 cm,网格尺寸为0.3 cm立方体,其余部分网格为0.3 cm到4 cm逐渐过渡的立方体,如图9(b)
图10图12为实验与仿真结果的气泡现象对比。仿真结果取水的边界,这样既可以看到爆炸气泡也可以看到空气被吸入的现象。同时给出每一种板下气泡的上下点运动情况以及气泡半径实验与仿真对比图。其中气泡上下点运动采用各个时刻气泡最高点与最低点到板底的距离,通过对比实验与仿真气泡上下点运动情况可以得出仿真结果关于气泡竖直方向上动力学行为的仿真准确性。
图10图12可以看出,边长为20 cm板下约14.30 ms时气泡膨胀到最大半径,试验时气泡在约15.31 ms时膨胀到最大半径,随之因为空气的吸入气泡表面出现越来越多细碎的小气泡直至气泡溃散。边长为40 cm的板下仿真结果气泡在约16.03 ms时膨胀到最大半径,因板尺寸的增大阻碍了气泡与空气的接触,使得气泡有明显的收缩过程,而气泡因为能量损失过大,导致气泡溃散为小气泡,仿真结果气泡约于34.83 ms完全溃散,实验气泡在约39.38 ms完全溃散。边长为70 cm的仿真所得气泡于21.20 ms时膨胀到最大半径,实验气泡在约22.50 ms时膨胀到最大半径。随后气泡的演化过程现象与对应的时刻仿真结果都可以较好与实验结果进行对应。
三种实验工况的气泡相较于仿真的结果都稍有延后,因为数值模拟的欧拉域采用固定边界,所以仿真的气泡会相比实验收缩更快一些。但总体仿真得到的气泡在周期与变化过程上都和实验结果比较接近,所以仿真可以较好模拟出实验现象。
图13为70 cm×70 cm×1 cm板下22.5 m水下爆炸实验与数值模拟板下方流体单元的入射压力时程曲线对比。
实验测得冲击波峰值为50.227 MPa,数值模拟生成的压力数据冲击波峰值为45.396 MPa,误差约为9.62%。仿真压力曲线上气泡脉动阶段载荷峰值产生时间为38.223 ms;实验所测得压力曲线气泡脉动阶段峰值产生时间为41.50 ms。实验测得气泡脉动峰值为19.456 MPa,仿真得到的气泡脉动峰值为22.158 MPa。对比得到仿真结果与实验所测结果在冲击波峰值、周期、气泡脉动峰值以及气泡脉动持续时间等方面均吻合良好,证明了仿真设置的准确性。
由实验结果可以看出在20 cm×20 cm×1 cm板下15 cm爆距的爆炸气泡在膨胀过程中就溃散,不能到达气泡脉动阶段;而70 cm×70 cm×1 cm板下15 cm爆距的爆炸气泡可以完整进行完第一次气泡脉动的演化。为了探究气泡脉动从无到有的过程,对10 cm×10 cm、20 cm×20 cm、30 cm×30 cm、40 cm×40 cm、50 cm×50 cm、60 cm×60 cm、70 cm×70 cm板下10 cm、12.5 cm、15 cm、17.5 cm、20 cm、25 cm的爆距进行系列仿真,仿真工况如表3
系列仿真包含了从无法产生气泡脉动到能产生完整气泡脉动的工况,并对爆距以及板的尺寸进行延伸与细化,以得到气泡脉动从无到有的过程。
表4是由系列仿真得到的相应工况气泡脉动生成情况,以及由压力曲线计算出的气泡脉动阶段载荷和比冲量。
在10 cm的爆距下,板的大小对冲击波阶段载荷与冲量不构成影响。当板的尺寸过小时,固支方板不能有效地阻拦爆炸产生的气泡在膨胀过程中吸入空气,所以在膨胀过程中便发生溃散。
同样在12.5 cm爆距下,也是在板尺寸在40 cm×40 cm到50 cm×50 cm工况内开始出现气泡脉动。随着爆距的增加,越明显地在50 cm×50 cm板下看到开始出现气泡脉动现象,且随着板尺寸增加,气泡脉动的载荷峰值和比冲量趋于稳定。
表4中数据可以看出气泡脉动与目标尺寸的匹配关系总体趋势是当板尺寸与爆距都较小时候,爆炸气泡无法形成气泡脉动和水射流,当板大小到达一定值后板的尺寸会对近场水下爆炸气泡的气泡脉动水射流形成有较显著的作用,当板的尺寸接着增大到一定值后气泡脉动阶段比冲量趋于稳定。
表4可以发现在仿真的各个爆距下,板尺寸在40 cm×40 cm增加到50 cm×50 cm的过程中出现了爆炸气泡的气泡脉动从无到有的转变,所以对42.5 cm×42.5 cm、45 cm×45 cm、47.5 cm×47.5 cm三种板尺寸下不同爆距水下爆炸展开系列仿真,得到结果。
图14给出了42.5 cm×42.5 cm板下压力曲线。由图14可以看出,当爆炸深度加深时,气泡脉动形成时间逐渐后延,当爆距为12.5cm时,因为爆距太小气泡更容易接触并吸入气体,所以造成气泡未形成气泡脉动就溃散,当爆距为15 cm、17.5 cm、20cm时气泡脉动峰值所在时间分别为25.02 ms、27.88 ms、28.85 ms。这是因为当爆炸深度过小时,爆炸产生的气泡会提前从空气中吸入气体,导致气泡提前收缩,当爆距加大,气泡吸入空气难度增加有助于爆炸气泡完整地完成气泡脉动阶段的演化。
通过数值模拟也得到45 cm×45 cm板下12.5 cm、15 cm、17.5 cm、20 cm爆距的板下压力时程曲线,如图15。由压力时程曲线看出即使板边长略有提升,但在12.5cm爆距下气泡依然无法形成气泡脉动。在15 cm、17.5 cm和20 cm爆距下气泡脉动峰值产生的时间分别为26.39 ms、28.44 ms和29.63 ms。
图16是47.5 cm×47.5 cm板下四个爆距数值模拟得到的板下压力时程曲线,同样在12.5 cm爆距下爆炸气泡不形成气泡脉动,在15 cm、17.5 cm和20 cm爆距下气泡脉动形成时间分别为27.86 ms、30.28 ms、31.02 ms,随着爆距的增加气泡脉动形成时间逐渐延后。
取板的边长L与该当量下最大气泡半径Rm比值L/Rm为比边长,代表板的尺寸与炸药当量的影响;取爆炸深度h与最大气泡半径Rm比值h/Rm为比深度,代表爆炸深度与当量的影响。
对于最大气泡半径有经验公式
式中:Rm为气泡膨胀最大半径,m;W为炸药当量,kg;b为水深,m。计算可得本次系列仿真的若干爆距下,气泡膨胀最大半径理论上都应该大约为22 cm。
针对5 g、10 g的TNT,在同一比深度下,对不同的板尺寸进行系列仿真,观察气泡脉动是否存在。并以比边长为y轴,比深度为x轴,系列仿真结果如图17
对仿真得到的气泡脉动产生与否的边界进行拟合,得到图18
其中拟合曲线表达式为y=1.9x-0.22(0.455≤x≤3.182,0.455≤y≤1.136),该试表示当固支方板边长比最大气泡半径范围在0.455到3.182,爆炸深度比最大气泡半径范围在0.455到1.136,即爆炸深度为1倍最大气泡半径左右时,水下爆炸气泡能否产生第一次气泡脉动的分界线。当实际比边长y0大于代入比深度x得到的y值时,实际情况可以产生气泡脉动,反之不能产生。
利用近场水下爆炸与数值模拟结合的方法,研究了近场结构尺寸以及爆炸深度对于气泡脉动形成的影响。利用系列仿真结果讨论了仿真工况范围内气泡脉动形成与否的分界线,并将目标尺寸以及爆炸深度参数进行无量纲处理讨论,得到的主要结论如下:
1)近场水下爆炸目标板尺寸与爆炸深度对于气泡脉动形成的影响主要在于影响空气的吸入,如果爆炸气泡提前吸入空气则气泡不能正常地进行膨胀收缩过程,导致气泡提前溃散不形成气泡脉动以及水射流。当目标尺寸在一定范围内增大时吸入空气的时间会从气泡膨胀阶段逐渐延后至收缩阶段。
2)近场水下爆炸当比深度在0.455到1.136区间内,比边长小于1.82时均因为外部空气涌入气泡中而不形成气泡脉动。比边长在1.82到2.27区间内,随着板尺寸加大,第一次气泡脉动逐渐可以形成,完成一次气泡脉动所需的时间变长。
3)得到了当水下爆炸工况的值在0.455到1.136以内,值在0.455到3.182以内时,气泡脉动能否产生的分界线函数。
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2023年第40卷第4期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.019
  • 接收时间:2022-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2023-12-01
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-11-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12172178)
国家自然科学基金(12172178)
作者信息
    1.南京理工大学 瞬态物理国家重点实验室,南京 210094
    2.海军研究院,北京 100161
    3.防化研究院,北京 102205
    4.福州大学 土木工程学院,福州 350116

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黄瑞源(1984-),男,博士、研究员,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.04.019
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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