Article(id=1241089944286982804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1674403200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828501054, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828501054, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828501054, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828501054, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089946019230390, articleId=1241089944286982804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Smooth Blasting Technology for Tunnel Inverted Arch and its Engineering Application, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dislocation and overbreak of tunnel inverted arch are serious when traditional blasting excavation technology is used. This is because traditional blasting technology does not adopt the smooth blasting method, and the angle of the perimeter holes is too large when drilled by manual rock drilling rigs. By therefore analyzing the traditional blasting excavation technique of invert, the cause of serious studiedthe smooth blasting technology for inverted arch is proposed based on the smooth blasting theory and a large quantity of engineering practice. Water decking charge structure is adopted in the perimeter holes, which can be adjusted according to the inverted arch shape. The spacing between the perimeter holes is 30~50 cm, and the thickness of the smooth blasting layer is greater than the perimeter hole spacing by 10~30 cm. Additionally, a drilling counterforce support is used to reduce the angle of the perimeter holes which can ensure each blast hole to be drilled to the design depth. After comparing the blasting effects of the proposed smooth blasting technology and traditional blasting technology for the inverted arch by field tests, the contour overbreak by the smooth blasting technology is far less than that of traditional blasting technology, and the cost of every 12 m tunnel excavation is reduced by 35.14%.

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隧道仰拱部位采用传统爆破开挖技术开挖错台大、超挖严重。仰拱传统爆破开挖技术未采用光面爆破方法且人工凿岩钻机钻凿周边孔外插角过大是导致超挖严重的重要原因。针对隧道仰拱传统爆破开挖技术存在的问题,基于大量工程实践,结合光面爆破理论提出了隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术。仰拱部位光面爆破技术周边孔采用间隔装药,采用水袋填塞装药间隙,根据仰拱断面形状调整周边孔装药参数。仰拱轮廓线上周边眼距离为30~50 cm,光爆层的厚度大于周边眼间距10~30 cm。采用钻孔反力支座可以减小周边孔钻孔外插角,保证每个炮孔均钻至设计深度,有效控制超挖。结合实际工程开展现场试验对比仰拱采用光面爆破技术与传统爆破开挖技术的爆破效果,采用光面爆破技术仰拱轮廓超挖远远小于采用传统爆破技术开挖。对比仰拱分别采用光面爆破技术和传统爆破开挖技术开挖12 m的成本,仰拱采用光面爆破技术开挖成本较采用传统方法降低35.14%,仰拱部位采用光面爆破技术开挖具有显著的经济效益。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张震(1993-),男,讲师、工学博士,主要从事工程爆破方面的研究工作,(E-mail)
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/QFqj3q71zq84tEEhxvitg==, magXml=7wjYP5xFg0jnL38sZ9zWEg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=qsihnRyzy2mktVS65hzrsQ==, pdfFileSize=7255362, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9AAmp+vzIg2erSlXqPiEHg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cAiEWZvPPNjpdtoNfn+jIA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李向平(1979-),男,高级工程师,从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

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李向平(1979-),男,高级工程师,从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

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Blasting parameters of inverted arch excavation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型数量段位孔深/m单孔药量/kg小计/kg装药类型
仰拱周边眼Ⅰ型22330.7516.5间隔装药
仰拱周边眼Ⅱ型6330.603.6间隔装药
仰拱辅助孔9130.908.1连续装药
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955800346869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089944286982804, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仰拱开挖爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型数量段位孔深/m单孔药量/kg小计/kg装药类型
仰拱周边眼Ⅰ型22330.7516.5间隔装药
仰拱周边眼Ⅱ型6330.603.6间隔装药
仰拱辅助孔9130.908.1连续装药
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955896815868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089944286982804, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cost analysis of inverted arch excavation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖方法项目指标单价/元费用/元总计/元
光面爆破技术开挖作业班次6人4班200480016 470
炸药112 kg101120
雷管188发193572
砼超耗14.04 m34976978
传统爆破技术开挖作业班次5人4班200400025 392
炸药128 kg101280
雷管120发192280
砼超耗35.88 m349717 832
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955984896257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089944286982804, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仰拱开挖成本分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖方法项目指标单价/元费用/元总计/元
光面爆破技术开挖作业班次6人4班200480016 470
炸药112 kg101120
雷管188发193572
砼超耗14.04 m34976978
传统爆破技术开挖作业班次5人4班200400025 392
炸药128 kg101280
雷管120发192280
砼超耗35.88 m349717 832
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隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术及工程应用
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李向平 1 , 龚伟毅 1 , 张震 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(2): 69-74
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(2): 69-74
隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术及工程应用
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李向平1 , 龚伟毅1, 张震2
作者信息
  • 1.中铁十二局集团 第一工程有限公司,西安 710038
  • 2.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 李向平(1979-),男,高级工程师,从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

张震(1993-),男,讲师、工学博士,主要从事工程爆破方面的研究工作,(E-mail)
Smooth Blasting Technology for Tunnel Inverted Arch and its Engineering Application
Xiang-ping LI1 , Wei-yi GONG1, Zhen ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.The 1st Engineering Co., Ltd. of China Railway 12th Bureau Group, Xi'an 710038, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.010
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隧道仰拱部位采用传统爆破开挖技术开挖错台大、超挖严重。仰拱传统爆破开挖技术未采用光面爆破方法且人工凿岩钻机钻凿周边孔外插角过大是导致超挖严重的重要原因。针对隧道仰拱传统爆破开挖技术存在的问题,基于大量工程实践,结合光面爆破理论提出了隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术。仰拱部位光面爆破技术周边孔采用间隔装药,采用水袋填塞装药间隙,根据仰拱断面形状调整周边孔装药参数。仰拱轮廓线上周边眼距离为30~50 cm,光爆层的厚度大于周边眼间距10~30 cm。采用钻孔反力支座可以减小周边孔钻孔外插角,保证每个炮孔均钻至设计深度,有效控制超挖。结合实际工程开展现场试验对比仰拱采用光面爆破技术与传统爆破开挖技术的爆破效果,采用光面爆破技术仰拱轮廓超挖远远小于采用传统爆破技术开挖。对比仰拱分别采用光面爆破技术和传统爆破开挖技术开挖12 m的成本,仰拱采用光面爆破技术开挖成本较采用传统方法降低35.14%,仰拱部位采用光面爆破技术开挖具有显著的经济效益。

隧道仰拱  /  传统爆破开挖技术  /  光面爆破技术  /  超挖  /  爆破效果

The dislocation and overbreak of tunnel inverted arch are serious when traditional blasting excavation technology is used. This is because traditional blasting technology does not adopt the smooth blasting method, and the angle of the perimeter holes is too large when drilled by manual rock drilling rigs. By therefore analyzing the traditional blasting excavation technique of invert, the cause of serious studiedthe smooth blasting technology for inverted arch is proposed based on the smooth blasting theory and a large quantity of engineering practice. Water decking charge structure is adopted in the perimeter holes, which can be adjusted according to the inverted arch shape. The spacing between the perimeter holes is 30~50 cm, and the thickness of the smooth blasting layer is greater than the perimeter hole spacing by 10~30 cm. Additionally, a drilling counterforce support is used to reduce the angle of the perimeter holes which can ensure each blast hole to be drilled to the design depth. After comparing the blasting effects of the proposed smooth blasting technology and traditional blasting technology for the inverted arch by field tests, the contour overbreak by the smooth blasting technology is far less than that of traditional blasting technology, and the cost of every 12 m tunnel excavation is reduced by 35.14%.

tunnel inverted arch  /  traditional blasting excavation technology  /  smooth blasting technology  /  overbreak  /  blasting effect
李向平, 龚伟毅, 张震. 隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术及工程应用. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 69 -74 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.010
Xiang-ping LI, Wei-yi GONG, Zhen ZHANG. Smooth Blasting Technology for Tunnel Inverted Arch and its Engineering Application[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 69 -74 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.010
隧道仰拱结构是在隧道底部设置的将整个衬砌结构组合成一个闭环的反向拱形支护结构,是隧道支护体系的重要组成部分之一。《铁路隧道设计规范》(TB10003—2016)中指出,采用钻爆法施工隧道一般宜设置仰拱[1]。隧道仰拱与上部衬砌结构封闭成环,可以提高支护体系承载力,对限制隧道周边位移,控制隧道围岩塑性区的发展有着重要的作用[2-4]。仰拱部位采用钻爆法开挖时,超欠挖往往难以避免,过量超欠挖对隧道施工安全生产和工程质量有重大影响,同时会严重影响工程经济效益[5-7]
隧道开挖过程中超欠挖控制是隧道工程和工程爆破领域的重要研究课题,国内外学者基于大量隧道钻爆法开挖工程,分析总结了导致隧道超欠挖的因素并提出相应的超欠挖控制措施。Mottahedi等将导致隧道超欠挖的因素分成可控、非可控、半可控三类,并采用混合ANFIS-PSO模型对隧道超挖进行预测[8]。马元磊和贺鹏在过断层巷道掘进中采用光面爆破方案,有效控制了巷道超欠挖[9]。梁东彪基于现场试验及数值模拟研究了周边孔爆破参数对隧道超欠挖的影响[10]。张继春等结合实际特大断面隧道爆破开挖工程,经现场爆破试验提出了隧道光面爆破开挖方案,有效控制了围岩超欠挖及爆破损伤[11]。冯海暴等基于九瑞高速岩质隧道工程,根据实际调查和现场试验,提出了影响超欠挖和造价耗费的主要因素及控制措施[12]。Chen等指出传统周边孔钻孔模式忽略了初衬的影响,隧道初衬的存在导致周边孔钻孔外插角过大,隧道超挖严重,并提出了长短孔联合的周边孔钻孔新模式以控制隧道超欠挖[13]。通过文献调研发现,现有研究中学者多是针对隧道上部轮廓的超欠挖问题进行研究,针对隧道仰拱部位钻爆法施工的超欠挖分析及控制技术研究少有涉及。
对隧道仰拱部位采用传统爆破开挖技术超挖严重的原因进行了分析。针对隧道仰拱传统爆破开挖技术存在的问题,基于大量工程实践,提出了基于钻孔反力支座的减小周边孔外插角的钻孔方法,并对仰拱周边孔进行光面爆破设计,综合提出了隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术。最后结合实际工程开展现场试验对比了仰拱采用光面爆破技术与传统爆破开挖技术的爆破效果及成本。
传统的隧道仰拱部位爆破开挖采用抬炮,仰拱轮廓周边孔采用连续装药,爆破开挖未采用光面爆破方法。周边孔采用连续装药时,炮孔轴线方向装药位置爆炸产生的压力远大于炮孔周边岩石的极限抗压强度,周边岩石形成压碎圈。因此,炮孔间未能沿周边孔连线形成裂缝,仰拱轮廓圆顺度较差,超挖严重。
此外,考虑到仰拱部位开挖面积及施工效率,炮孔一般采用气腿式风动凿岩钻机人工钻凿。凿岩机钻孔时支腿承担凿岩机工作时产生的后座力并对凿岩机施加适当的轴推力。钻凿仰拱轮廓上的周边孔时,为了发挥凿岩机支腿的支撑作用,提高钻孔效率和稳定性,需要保证气腿与地面呈一定角度,此时钻孔外插角相较于隧道上部轮廓周边孔外插角更大,仰拱每循环开挖接茬错台较大,仰拱部位超挖严重。图1为仰拱部位周边孔钻凿示意图。
为了解决隧道仰拱超挖严重的问题,基于光面爆破理论,在大量工程实践的基础上,总结提出了隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术。
仰拱作为隧道施工中的重要工序,控制好仰拱超欠挖,能够很好地降低施工成本、提高施工质量。基于大量工程实践,提出隧道仰拱部位光面爆破施工技术要求如下:
(1)仰拱部位零欠挖、少超挖,平均线性超挖量控制在12 cm以内。
(2)仰拱周边眼痕迹保存率,硬岩不应小于80%,中硬岩不应小于65%,并应在仰拱开挖轮廓面上均匀分布。
(3)仰拱每循环开挖接茬错台不大于15 cm。
隧道爆破开挖效果受地质条件影响较大,因此在对仰拱部位进行爆破设计时需要辨析地层岩性、围岩完整程度、节理裂隙等地质条件。此外,通过采集现场岩样开展岩石物理力学实验获得岩石单轴饱和抗压强度等参数,为仰拱部位光面爆破设计提供基础。
基于地质条件及岩石力学参数,参考爆破手册及工程经验设计仰拱部位光面爆破方案。周边眼沿着仰拱轮廓线布设,当地质条件相对较差时可向内偏移一定距离,偏移距离根据现场试验不断优化确定。仰拱轮廓线上周边眼距离为30~50 cm,地质条件较差时取小值,地质条件较好时取大值。仰拱部位周边眼与相邻辅助眼的距离,即光爆层的厚度大于周边眼间距10~30 cm。
仰拱轮廓线上周边眼装药采取间隔装药,根据光面爆破工程经验,周边孔装药长度通常为炮孔长度的20%~30%。仰拱部位两端与隧道边墙连接位置因开挖层厚度减小,仰拱部位两端一定范围周边眼装药量作适当降低调整,以免因装药过多导致两端超挖。此外,周边眼装药药卷之间间隙可以采用水袋填充,利用水的不可压缩特性均匀的将炸药爆炸荷载传递到炮孔内的各个位置。
为了解决人工钻凿仰拱周边孔时外插角过大,仰拱开挖错台及超挖严重的问题,通过配置钻孔反力支座减小气腿与地表之间的夹角,进而可以起到降低周边孔外插角的目的。图2为工程实践中使用的钻孔反力支座。仰拱部位周边孔钻孔时,气腿端部抵在开挖反力支座横梁上以提供反力,此时气腿与地表之间夹角可以足够小,钻杆可尽可能贴近仰拱设计轮廓线,周边孔的外插角大大减小。钻孔反力支座对钻孔角度起到保障作用,且可保证每个炮孔均钻至设计深度,可有效控制超挖。
人工钻凿仰拱部位炮孔时钻进速度每分钟不得大于0.5 m,岩质较硬地段应降低钻速,防止钻速过快造成飘钻,影响钻孔质量。施工过程中由现场技术员负责对钻孔过程进行盯控,当发现炮眼水流颜色发生变化、突进等异常情况时及时记录,并在装药前对开挖班进行交底,以便及时调整炸药用量。
某山岭隧道设计断面面积为116.33 m2,设计采用钻爆法施工。隧道穿越Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ级围岩段隧道采取全断面开挖,Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩采用台阶法开挖。隧道施工时仰拱部分最后开挖,与掌子面相隔一定安全步距。图3给出了隧道仰拱开挖轮廓,仰拱开挖断面面积为15.31 m2。隧道穿越Ⅲ级围岩时,开展了仰拱光面爆破开挖试验并与传统仰拱爆破开挖效果进行了对比。
基于第2.2.1节内容,开展仰拱部位光面爆破设计。仰拱部位围岩为Ⅲ级,设计开挖进尺为3 m。周边眼布置在仰拱轮廓线上,周边眼间距取40 cm。辅助眼间距取100 cm,仰拱部位周边眼与相邻辅助眼的距离取70 cm。仰拱部位炮孔布置如图4所示。
仰拱轮廓线上周边眼采取间隔装药,辅助孔采取连续装药。炸药为2号岩石乳化炸药,直径32 mm,单根药卷重量为0.3 kg。周边眼分两种类型,轮廓两端周边眼装药量作适当降低调整。表1给出了仰拱开挖爆破具体参数。仰拱部位设有Ⅰ型周边眼22个,每个炮孔内装有2.5节炸药,单孔药量为0.75 kg。仰拱部位设有Ⅱ型周边眼6个,每个炮孔内装有2节炸药,单孔药量为0.60 kg。仰拱部位设有辅助孔9个,每个炮孔装有3节炸药,单孔装药量为0.9 kg。周边眼装药间隙填塞水袋,所有炮孔孔口采用水袋进行封堵,单节水袋长度为30 cm。图5为周边孔及辅助孔的装药结构图。
钻孔前,测量员对仰拱轮廓进行放样,根据爆破设计将炮孔布置在仰拱开挖断面上,钻孔人员根据炮孔标记位置钻孔。钻凿炮孔时凿岩机气腿支撑在钻孔反力支座上,钻杆尽可能保持水平,从而减小仰拱轮廓周边孔的外插角,降低仰拱部位的超挖。图6给出了利用钻孔反力支座进行仰拱部位周边孔钻孔的现场图。
钻孔完毕后,爆破班组按照爆破设计填塞炸药,安装起爆网路,经检查无误后起爆。待通风完成后,爆破人员入场检查有无盲炮,确认安全后进行出渣及基底清理工作。采用挖机进行出渣,出渣时为避免机械对基底破坏,预留20 cm人工配合机械清理。
清底完成后,由爆破技术人员对仰拱爆破效果进行分析,根据轮廓圆顺度、炮眼残留率、错台大小、超欠挖情况、开挖进尺等对爆破效果总结分析,针对本次爆破存在的问题制定改进措施,后续施工中严格把控问题环节或进行参数调整,最终实现爆破优化。
为了评估仰拱光面爆破效果,清底后对仰拱轮廓面进行三维扫描,形成断面扫描数据。将仰拱光面爆破开挖断面与采用传统爆破技术开挖断面进行对比,分析仰拱光面爆破技术对仰拱超欠挖控制的效果。图7给出了仰拱采用光面爆破技术及传统爆破技术开挖后的典型断面超欠挖分布。
图7可以看出,两种方法开挖仰拱部位都未产生欠挖。采用光面爆破技术开挖仰拱,测量得到超挖面积为0.254 m2,最大超挖为14 cm。采用传统爆破开挖技术开挖仰拱,测量得到超挖面积为1.087 m2,最大超挖为33.1 cm。仰拱采用传统爆破开挖技术超挖面积是采用光面爆破技术的4.28倍,采用光面爆破技术仰拱轮廓超挖远远小于采用传统爆破开挖技术。此外,经测量仰拱采用光面爆破开挖平均线性超挖控制在10 cm以内,接茬错台控制在5 cm以内,炮眼残留率控制在不小于80%。图8给出了采用光面爆破技术的仰拱爆破效果。
表2对比了仰拱分别采用光面爆破技术开挖和传统爆破技术开挖12 m的成本,其中混凝土只计算了超耗用量。分析数据可以得到,采用传统爆破技术开挖,混凝土超耗费用占据总费用的70.22%,而采用光面爆破技术开挖混凝土超耗费用仅占总费用的42.37%。仰拱采用光面爆破技术开挖成本较采用传统爆破技术开挖降低35.14%,因此仰拱部位推广采用光面爆破技术开挖具有显著的经济效益。
分析了隧道仰拱部位采用传统爆破开挖技术开挖超挖严重的原因。基于光面爆破理论,在大量工程实践的基础上,总结提出了隧道仰拱部位光面爆破技术,得到结论如下:
1)隧道仰拱部位采用传统爆破开挖技术超挖严重的重要原因是周边孔未采用光面爆破方法且人工凿岩钻机钻凿周边孔外插角过大。
2)隧道仰拱部位光面爆破设计需考虑地质条件影响,仰拱轮廓线上周边眼距离为30~50 cm,光爆层的厚度大于周边眼间距10~30 cm,周边眼装药采取间隔装药,装药间隙采用水袋填充。
3)基于钻孔反力支座人工钻凿周边孔可极大减小周边孔外插角,有效控制超挖。
4)现场试验表明采用光面爆破技术仰拱轮廓超挖远远小于采用传统爆破开挖技术开挖,仰拱部位采用光面爆破技术开挖具有显著的经济效益。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42102329)
  • 中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划重大课题(K2021G024)
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.010
  • 接收时间:2023-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42102329)
中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划重大课题(K2021G024)
作者信息
    1.中铁十二局集团 第一工程有限公司,西安 710038
    2.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056

通讯作者:

张震(1993-),男,讲师、工学博士,主要从事工程爆破方面的研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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