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Article(id=1241089943016100706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672934400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828500750, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828500750, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828500750, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828500750, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=210, endPage=216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089943305507713, articleId=1241089943016100706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Vibration Control of Underground Blasting based on Structure Protection in Mining Area, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to determine the degree of impact of blasting vibrations on main haulage roadways and surface buildings near an underground mine, and to control these effects, it is necessary to obtain field test data through industrial experimentation. The Blast-NET blasting monitoring instrument was first used to monitor the radial, tangential, and vertical vibration velocities and frequencies caused by the blasting. According to the Sadovsky formula, the K and α values related to geological conditions were calculated using single-factor regression analysis, and the actual blasting vibration velocity calculation formula was obtained. The reliability of the calculation formula was then verified through continuous vibration monitoring, and optimization experiments were conducted on three different blasting network configurations: row-by-row, segmented, and hole-by-hole. The research results showed that if the protection of surface buildings is considered, the minimum safe distance between the source of the explosion and the protected buildings is 250 meters, 200 meters, and 125 meters respectively for row-by-row, segmented, and hole-by-hole blasting. If the protection of underground haulage roadways is considered, the minimum safe distance between the source of the explosion and the protected roadways is 30 meters, 25 meters, and 25 meters respectively for row-by-row, segmented, and hole-by-hole blasting. Finally, it is concluded that when the predicted vibration velocity meets the requirements of row-by-row or segmented blasting, the mine can use nonel detonators for blasting. If the hole-by-hole blasting network is required, only digital electronic detonators or high-precision nonel detonators can be used.

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为了明确某地下矿山采场爆破振动对运输大巷和地表民房等的影响程度，并对其进行控制，应用现场工业试验的方式获取实测数据资料。试验首先采用Blast-NET型爆破监测仪对爆破引起的径、切、垂向振动速度和频率进行监测，根据萨道夫斯基公式，用一元回归分析法计算得出与地质条件相关的K、α值，从而获得了现场实际爆破振动速度计算公式。随后通过持续开展振动监测验证了计算公式的可靠性，并分别对逐排起爆、分段起爆、逐孔起爆三种不同起爆网路进行优化试验。研究结果表明，若考虑保护地表民房，在逐排起爆、分段起爆、逐孔起爆条件下，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离分别为250 m、200 m、125 m；若考虑保护井下运输巷道，在逐排起爆、分段起爆、逐孔起爆条件下，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离分别为30 m、25 m、25 m。最终认为：当预测振动速度满足逐排或逐排分段起爆条件时，矿山可采用导爆管雷管起爆；若仅满足逐孔起爆网路时，则只能采用数码电子雷管或高精度导爆管起爆网路。

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曾令峰（1982-），男，福建龙岩，安徽理工大学本科，工程师职称，从事矿山技术及管理工作，（E-mail）。

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曾令峰（1982-），男，福建龙岩，安徽理工大学本科，工程师职称，从事矿山技术及管理工作，（E-mail）。

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曾令峰（1982-），男，福建龙岩，安徽理工大学本科，工程师职称，从事矿山技术及管理工作，（E-mail）。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Monitoring and analysis of the impact of underground mining blasting vibration on the ground environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089957645832833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=18, authorNames=黄欣成, 卢文波, 张立新, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄欣成, 卢文波, 张立新, 等. 全尾砂胶结充填体的爆破振动破坏机制和振动速度阈值研究[J]. 爆破, 2021, 38(1): 1-7., articleTitle=全尾砂胶结充填体的爆破振动破坏机制和振动速度阈值研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089957725524614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=19, authorNames=HUANG Xin-cheng, LU Wen-bo, ZHANG Li-xin, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Xin-cheng, LU Wen-bo, ZHANG Li-xin, et al. Research on blasting vibration failure mechanism and vibration velocity threshold of full tailings cemented backfill[J]. Blasting, 2021, 38(1): 1-7. 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Research on prediction of vibration peak velocity of buried pipeline under blasting load of tunnel excavation[J]. China Safety Production Science and Technology, 2021, 17(5): 123-129. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on prediction of vibration peak velocity of buried pipeline under blasting load of tunnel excavation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089959415829136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=401, pageEnd=410, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=22, authorNames=李祥龙, 张其虎, 王建国, journalName=黄金科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李祥龙, 张其虎, 王建国, 等. 地下爆破精确延时逐孔起爆减振试验研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2021, 29(3): 401-410., articleTitle=地下爆破精确延时逐孔起爆减振试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089959516492436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=401, pageEnd=410, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=23, authorNames=LI Xiang-long, ZHANG Qi-hu, WANG Jian-guo, journalName=Gold Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Xiang-long, ZHANG Qi-hu, WANG Jian-guo, et al. Experimental study on precise delay and hole by hole initiation and vibration reduction of underground blasting[J]. Gold Science and Technology, 2021, 29(3): 401-410. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental study on precise delay and hole by hole initiation and vibration reduction of underground blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089959591989911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=129, pageEnd=132, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=24, authorNames=郭鹏杰, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭鹏杰. 数码电子雷管在峨口铁矿爆破中的应用[J]. 爆破, 2021, 38(4): 129-132., articleTitle=数码电子雷管在峨口铁矿爆破中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089959684264601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=129, pageEnd=132, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=25, authorNames=GUO Peng-jie, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Peng-jie. Application of digital electronic detonator in blasting of Ekou Iron Mine[J]. Blasting, 2021, 38(4): 129-132. 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Analysis of the impact of blasting vibration in an underground mine on the safety of surface buildings[J]. Mining Technology, 2021, 21(1): 80-83. 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Research on the influence of blasting vibration on the surface residual deformation and buildings: Taking Yungaishan Coal Mine No. 2 as an example[J]. Chinese Journal of Safety Science, 2015, 25(12): 123-128. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the influence of blasting vibration on the surface residual deformation and buildings: Taking Yungaishan Coal Mine No. 2 as an example, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089960195969710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=3, pageStart=56, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=30, authorNames=张春锋, 秦天戈, 张旭, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张春锋, 秦天戈, 张旭, 等. 爆破施工对地下洞室群的影响研究[J]. 爆破, 2022, 39(3): 56-63., articleTitle=爆破施工对地下洞室群的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089960284050096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=3, pageStart=56, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=31, authorNames=ZHANG Chun-feng, QIN Tian-ge, ZHANG Xu, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Chun-feng, QIN Tian-ge, ZHANG Xu, et al. Study on the influence of blasting construction on underground cavern group[J]. Blasting, 2022, 39(3): 56-63. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the influence of blasting construction on underground cavern group, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089960372130482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=86, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=32, authorNames=于蕾, journalName=铁道工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于蕾. 爆破振动对多层建筑物的安全影响[J]. 铁道工程学报, 2015, 32(3): 86-89., articleTitle=爆破振动对多层建筑物的安全影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089960468599477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=86, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=33, authorNames=YU Lei, journalName=Chinese Journal of Railway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Lei. Safety effects of blasting vibration on multi-storey buildings[J]. Chinese Journal of Railway Engineering, 2015, 32(3): 86-89. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Safety effects of blasting vibration on multi-storey buildings, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089960569262774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=6, pageStart=939, pageEnd=945, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=34, authorNames=方前程, 商丽, 商拥辉, journalName=爆炸与冲击, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方前程, 商丽, 商拥辉, 等. 爆破振动诱发民房结构损伤识别的随机森林模型[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2017, 37(6): 939-945., articleTitle=爆破振动诱发民房结构损伤识别的随机森林模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089960665731769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=6, pageStart=939, pageEnd=945, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=35, authorNames=FANG Qian-cheng, SHANG Li, SHANG Yong-hui, journalName=Explosion and Shock, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANG Qian-cheng, SHANG Li, SHANG Yong-hui, et al. A random forest model for the identification of damage to residential buildings induced by blasting vibration[J]. Explosion and Shock, 2017, 37(6): 939-945. (in Chinese), articleTitle=A random forest model for the identification of damage to residential buildings induced by blasting vibration, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241089948447723765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241089948456112374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, companyId=1241089948447723765, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Zijin Mining Construction Group (Xiamen) Co, Ltd, Xiamen 361000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241089948464500983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, companyId=1241089948447723765, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=紫金矿业建设集团（厦门）有限公司，厦门 361000)])], 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figureFileSmall=CF2qX1tnevkZ+nQPJXi5sw==, figureFileBig=67S58UMoSNbb5zfZfCnkew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089955166999044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, language=CN, label=图11, caption=电子数码雷管逐孔起爆网路, figureFileSmall=CF2qX1tnevkZ+nQPJXi5sw==, figureFileBig=67S58UMoSNbb5zfZfCnkew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089955255079434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting vibration data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间-爆破中段-仪器编号爆心距/m总药量/kg最大段装药量/kg最大合速度/（cm·s-1）
0720-780-A2901062.4192.80.2360
0720-780-C2801062.4192.80.2237
0720-780-D2661062.4192.80.2700
0724-780-A117626.5200.11.4056
0724-780-C146626.5200.10.9377
0724-780-D150626.5200.11.0492
0827-780-A4451241.6169.10.4550
0827-780-C4261241.6169.10.8914
0827-780-D4051241.6169.10.2390
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955334771215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破振动监测数据整理表

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时间-爆破中段-仪器编号爆心距/m总药量/kg最大段装药量/kg最大合速度/（cm·s-1）
0720-780-A2901062.4192.80.2360
0720-780-C2801062.4192.80.2237
0720-780-D2661062.4192.80.2700
0724-780-A117626.5200.11.4056
0724-780-C146626.5200.10.9377
0724-780-D150626.5200.11.0492
0827-780-A4451241.6169.10.4550
0827-780-C4261241.6169.10.8914
0827-780-D4051241.6169.10.2390
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955406074390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Reference values of limit charge and blasting vibration under different distances

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爆源距离R/m《爆破安全规程》振动速度V/（cm·s-1）满足《爆破安全规程》振动要求时不同距离处的极限单段装药量Q/kg不同起爆方式时的计算振动速度（装药量以最大一段计）
逐排起爆，实际药量（315.8 kg）计算振速一排两段，实际药量（157.9 kg）计算振速逐孔起爆，实际药量（39.5 kg）计算振速
2518（矿山巷道K=198.51，α=1.68）277.122.3315.176.99
30478.816.4411.175.14
35760.312.698.623.97
401134.910.146.893.17
451615.98.325.652.60
502216.66.974.732.18
1250.45（民用建筑物K=275.55，α=1.81）17.61.420.940.41
15030.41.020.670.29
17548.20.770.510.22
20072.00.610.400.17
225102.50.490.320.14
250140.60.410.270.12
275187.10.340.220.10
300242.90.290.190.08
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955502543388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同距离所对应的极限单段装药量和爆破振动参考值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆源距离R/m《爆破安全规程》振动速度V/（cm·s-1）满足《爆破安全规程》振动要求时不同距离处的极限单段装药量Q/kg不同起爆方式时的计算振动速度（装药量以最大一段计）
逐排起爆，实际药量（315.8 kg）计算振速一排两段，实际药量（157.9 kg）计算振速逐孔起爆，实际药量（39.5 kg）计算振速
2518（矿山巷道K=198.51，α=1.68）277.122.3315.176.99
30478.816.4411.175.14
35760.312.698.623.97
401134.910.146.893.17
451615.98.325.652.60
502216.66.974.732.18
1250.45（民用建筑物K=275.55，α=1.81）17.61.420.940.41
15030.41.020.670.29
17548.20.770.510.22
20072.00.610.400.17
225102.50.490.320.14
250140.60.410.270.12
275187.10.340.220.10
300242.90.290.190.08
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955611595300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Blasting vibration safety criteria (intercepted)

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序号保护对象类别安全允许指振动速度/（cm·s-1）
f≤10 Hz10 Hz<f≤50 Hzf>50 Hz
1土窑洞、土坯房、毛石房屋0.15~0.450.45~0.90.9~1.5
2一般民用建筑物1.5~2.02.0~2.52.5~3.0
3矿山巷道15~1818~2520~30
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955720647210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089943016100706, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

我国爆破振动安全判据（截取）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保护对象类别安全允许指振动速度/（cm·s-1）
f≤10 Hz10 Hz<f≤50 Hzf>50 Hz
1土窑洞、土坯房、毛石房屋0.15~0.450.45~0.90.9~1.5
2一般民用建筑物1.5~2.02.0~2.52.5~3.0
3矿山巷道15~1818~2520~30
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基于矿区建（构）筑物保护的井下爆破振动控制研究
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曾令峰
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(2): 210-216
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(2): 210-216
基于矿区建（构）筑物保护的井下爆破振动控制研究
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曾令峰
作者信息
  • 紫金矿业建设集团（厦门）有限公司，厦门 361000

    • 曾令峰（1982-），男，福建龙岩，安徽理工大学本科，工程师职称，从事矿山技术及管理工作，（E-mail）。

Research on Vibration Control of Underground Blasting based on Structure Protection in Mining Area
Ling-feng ZENG
Affiliations
  • Zijin Mining Construction Group (Xiamen) Co, Ltd, Xiamen 361000, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.029
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摘要
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为了明确某地下矿山采场爆破振动对运输大巷和地表民房等的影响程度，并对其进行控制，应用现场工业试验的方式获取实测数据资料。试验首先采用Blast-NET型爆破监测仪对爆破引起的径、切、垂向振动速度和频率进行监测，根据萨道夫斯基公式，用一元回归分析法计算得出与地质条件相关的K、α值，从而获得了现场实际爆破振动速度计算公式。随后通过持续开展振动监测验证了计算公式的可靠性，并分别对逐排起爆、分段起爆、逐孔起爆三种不同起爆网路进行优化试验。研究结果表明，若考虑保护地表民房，在逐排起爆、分段起爆、逐孔起爆条件下，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离分别为250 m、200 m、125 m；若考虑保护井下运输巷道，在逐排起爆、分段起爆、逐孔起爆条件下，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离分别为30 m、25 m、25 m。最终认为：当预测振动速度满足逐排或逐排分段起爆条件时，矿山可采用导爆管雷管起爆；若仅满足逐孔起爆网路时，则只能采用数码电子雷管或高精度导爆管起爆网路。

地下矿山  /  爆破振动监测  /  爆区建（构）筑物  /  微差爆破

In order to determine the degree of impact of blasting vibrations on main haulage roadways and surface buildings near an underground mine, and to control these effects, it is necessary to obtain field test data through industrial experimentation. The Blast-NET blasting monitoring instrument was first used to monitor the radial, tangential, and vertical vibration velocities and frequencies caused by the blasting. According to the Sadovsky formula, the K and α values related to geological conditions were calculated using single-factor regression analysis, and the actual blasting vibration velocity calculation formula was obtained. The reliability of the calculation formula was then verified through continuous vibration monitoring, and optimization experiments were conducted on three different blasting network configurations: row-by-row, segmented, and hole-by-hole. The research results showed that if the protection of surface buildings is considered, the minimum safe distance between the source of the explosion and the protected buildings is 250 meters, 200 meters, and 125 meters respectively for row-by-row, segmented, and hole-by-hole blasting. If the protection of underground haulage roadways is considered, the minimum safe distance between the source of the explosion and the protected roadways is 30 meters, 25 meters, and 25 meters respectively for row-by-row, segmented, and hole-by-hole blasting. Finally, it is concluded that when the predicted vibration velocity meets the requirements of row-by-row or segmented blasting, the mine can use nonel detonators for blasting. If the hole-by-hole blasting network is required, only digital electronic detonators or high-precision nonel detonators can be used.

underground mine  /  blasting vibration monitoring  /  buildings (structures) in blasting area  /  millisecond blasting
曾令峰. 基于矿区建（构）筑物保护的井下爆破振动控制研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 210 -216 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.029
Ling-feng ZENG. Research on Vibration Control of Underground Blasting based on Structure Protection in Mining Area[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 210 -216 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.029
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在控制爆破振动速度方面，国内外学者进行了相当的研究并得出了相应结论。阳生权等讨论了爆破地震安全判据及其在工程中的应用[1-3]，认为应该把地震幅值、频谱和持续时间三者同时纳入爆破地震安全判据；赵明生等通过研究认为响应速度安全评价指标与实际爆破震动结果相符合[4-6]，较振速-频率相关的双因素安全判据更能反映出爆破震动的特性和建（构）筑物的响应特性；罗明荣等针对现场实测超过安全规程允许振速的两组数据[7,8]，认为考虑爆破振动3要素与建筑物的动态响应的综合性安全判据，较传统的速度-频率的双因素安全判据更为可靠。杨凯等对地下爆破振动对地面环境的影响进行现场监测，提出振动速度衰减规律与药量控制标准[9-11]；李祥龙等为控制井下爆破振动对地表建筑物的影响[12,13]，采用数码电子雷管，并对现场爆破实施监测，为矿山爆破提供安全指导；厉建华等分析和评价地下矿山开采爆破振动对地表房屋的影响[14]，认为爆破振动的累积效应对房屋有较大的影响。王遵义等采用经验公式计算爆破安全允许距离[15]，得到了爆破振动对地表建筑沉降的影响的规律；张春锋等针对地下隧道爆破施工对邻近地下洞室群安全稳定性的影响进行了现场试验研究[16]；于蕾通过现场监测楼房不同层高的振动响应[17]，分析了普通多层建筑对爆破振动产生的高层放大效应现象；方前程等建立随机森林模型[18]，选取质点峰值振动速度、主频率、爆心距、屋盖形式等多个影响因素为爆区民用建筑物的保护提供了一种预测模型。
综上所述，目前常用的方法还是通过现场监测，或引入预测模型结合爆破振动相关信息进行研究。为加强对某地下采场运输大巷及地表民房的保护，矿山工程技术人员根据现场实际工况，将爆破振动测试仪器与分析软件相结合，从建（构）筑物的安全阈值出发，多次进行了爆破设计优化试验，最终为控制矿山爆破振动确定了决策依据。
1 矿区概况
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1.1 工程概况
某地下金矿开采至上部中段，生产系统完善，主要采用分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法进行开采，随着采矿量增大，爆破量也不断增大。采场钻凿上向扇形深孔，孔径60 mm，孔深为5~15 m，孔底距1.9 m，孔口距0.2 m，排距1.6 m，最小抵抗线1.7 m，散装铵油装药器装药，根据现场实际，每次爆破三排炮孔，扇形中深孔布孔及出矿方式见图1。当现场采用逐排网路进行回采爆破时，往往出现地表振幅过大而导致民房受到影响，且对爆区附近的运输大巷也有负面作用。因此，有必要对地表民房及爆区附近的运输大巷道进行振动检测，并依据监测情况优化爆破网路以控制爆破振动效应。
1.2 监测区域环境
如图2所示，民用建筑物主要分布在采区的西偏北约35°、东偏北约30°以及南侧共计3个区域。其中南侧民用建筑物靠近风井，与采区中间相隔一片丘陵，距离采区较远，受到爆破振动影响较小；西北方向民用建筑物群，总体受到爆破振动影响不大，因此主要监测对象是采区东北侧的民用建筑群，其结构大多为砖混房或木质的土石房。同时，对于距离采场25 m左右的井下运输大巷也同步进行监测。
2 爆破振动监测
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2.1 监测系统
本次选取成都泰测科技有限公司研发的Blast-NET型爆破测振仪，其精度高、操作简单且可自动采集，此设备在隧道、矿山、路桥等基建项目中广泛使用，主要用于安全评估，具备稳定性和可靠性。见图3。
2.2 监测原理
井下回采爆破时，信号通过基岩传至传感器，传感器将信号输入至记录仪中储存；之后可利用U盘取数或直接将记录仪连接至个人电脑，再进行下一步的分析和处理。通过振动速度、频率、时程曲线等，分析得到爆破产生的影响[10]。并利用分析结果，调整爆破参数设计以及加强对相关对象的保护[11]。
2.3 现场监测
2.3.1 测点布置
根据生产安排，回采爆破主要集中在780中段，所以监测计划将围绕此中段的爆破展开，以本中段的爆源为中心，选取距离最近的民房及附近运输大巷，进行多次爆破振动监测，测点布设如图4所示。
在实际井下地下回采爆破监测中的测点布置时会发现，由于地表地形或一些已有物体的影响，很难保证各测点间完全按照有规律的距离进行布置，但为了保证后期拟合分析的顺利进行，各区域三台仪器至少应间隔一定空间距离，以保证数据的有效性。
2.3.2 监测过程
在井下爆破前1 h到达监测区域，选择完整的基岩或结实的水泥地面，用铲子和水清理测点，去除表面的泥沙和杂物，浇筑事先准备好的石膏浆，将传感器调至水平（调平气泡居中），并固定传感器，传感器上部箭头方向应指向爆源。固牢后，打开记录仪，选择自动模式及连续接收模式，同时将采样率设置为最小，避免遗漏信号，便可开始等待信号，图5、6为民房及地表、井下测点布置图。
3 监测结果及分析
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3.1 实测数据
根据生产进度，对地下采场780中段不同规模的正常生产爆破进行监测，测得民房附近及运输大巷道多组振动速度有效数据，限于篇幅仅列出民房附近典型数据如表1所示。
同时，对爆破振动信号进行FFT变换得到爆破振动频域图，分析表明，分段微差爆破时，实际监测爆破振动的主频基本分布在10~90 Hz。
3.2 规律分析
根据对780中段井下回采爆破的多次地表监测，进行线性拟合回归分析。经过挑选排除异常数据后的有效数据，利用萨道夫斯基公式进行拟合，则可得到相应的K、α值，一般有效数据越多，准确度越高。
式中：V为质点振动速度，cm/s；Q为装药量（齐发起爆为总药量，微差起爆为最大段别药量），kg；R为爆源中心与监测位置距离，m；K、α为与场地有关的系数、与地质条件有关的系数。
对采场爆破的有效振动数据进行拟合，得到
由拟合的数据可知，780中段附近和运输巷道附近的K和a值分别为K=275.55，α=1.81；K=198.51，α=1.68。
3.3 规律验证
为验证上述规律，根据采场爆破药量，对780中段的某次爆破运输大巷道与地表民房振动速度进行提前预测，并在爆破时进行监测，对比预测结果与监测结果，以验证得到的K、α值的置信度。见图7。
利用Blast-Cloud测振仪中软件的振速预测模块进行预测，测点相关空间参数应与实际监测时一致，最大段药量为315.8 kg，预测得到民房附近测点的最大振速为0.291467 cm/s。见图8。
对比实际监测得到的最大爆破振动合速度0.3199 cm/s，通过参考值K、α预测的爆破振动速度，准确度达到91.1%。因此，可以认为该参考值K=275.55，α=1.81在该地区范围内的可置信度较好。
4 爆破方案优化
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首先利用K、α求得不同爆源距离对应的极限单段装药量，并以矿山目前最大单段装药量（一排315.8 kg）为例，计算不同爆破网路（图9、图10、图11）下引起的不同距离运输大巷与地表民房爆破振动速度峰值（见表2）。随后结合《爆破安全规程》如表3，确定允许的振动速度峰值，从而选择合理的爆破方案。
分析表3数据可知：1）若考虑保护地表民房，当最大单段起爆药量为315.8 kg（即逐排起爆）时，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离为250 m；当最大单段起爆药量为157.9 kg（即采用一排分两段起爆）时，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离为200 m；当最大单段起爆药量为39.5 kg（即采用逐孔起爆）时，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离为125 m。
2）若考虑保护井下运输巷道，当最大单段起爆药量为315.8 kg（即逐排起爆）时，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离为30 m；当最大单段起爆药量为157.9 kg（即采用一排分两段起爆）时，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离为25 m；当最大单段起爆药量为39.5 kg（即采用逐孔起爆）时，爆源与保护建筑物最小安全距离为25 m。
显然，采用逐孔起爆技术所引起的爆破振动是最小的。当最大单段起爆药量为39.5 kg（即采用逐孔起爆）时，采用电子数码雷管或高精度导爆管雷管起爆网路，有利于保证地表建筑物及矿山运输巷道的安全。
5 结论
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通过现场工业试验，确定了某地下矿山附近爆区的爆破振动速度衰减规律，并进行大量测试以验证其可靠性，并明确采场回采爆破作用下，爆破振动对运输大巷和地表民房的影响程度，讨论了不同起爆方式以及不同距离情况下产生的爆破振动速度，计算结果表明，当振动速度预测值满足普通导爆管逐排或逐排分段起爆网路时，可以采用导爆管雷管起爆，若仅满足逐孔起爆网路时，只能采用数码电子雷管或高精度导爆管雷管网路。
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.029
  • 接收时间：2023-01-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-06
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    紫金矿业建设集团（厦门）有限公司，厦门 361000
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