Article(id=1241089942152081903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673798400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828500544, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828500544, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828500544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828500544, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=180, endPage=189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089942479237647, articleId=1241089942152081903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Damage Law of Chamber Surrounding Rock Mass under Different Blasting Sources, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study of damage expansion process of the surrounding rock mass under blasting is of great significance to the blast resistance design of a chamber. In order to explore the damage propagation law of the surrounding rock mass around a chamber under the action of different blasting sources, a numerical calculation model including top explosion, vault side explosion, side wall explosion, bottom side explosion and bottom explosion was established by using the finite element simulation software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The RHT model was used to analyze the damage propagation process of the chamber surrounding rock mass at different positions. On this basis, 10 vibration velocity monitoring points were set equidistantly from the blast source to the chamber boundary in the model, and the vibration velocity attenuation law from the blast source center to the chamber boundary was studied. The results show the damage point first appears at the shortest distance from the blast source, and is then formed subsequently. The damage zone expands gradually along the boundary of the chamber and finally forms the damage zone. Compared with the decay law of the blasting vibration velocity, the blasting vibration wave is fully reflected in the surrounding rock mass, which makes the blasting vibration velocity appear an amplification effect. At the same time, the damage evolution from the blast source to the surrounding rock mass corresponds to the change law of the peak vibration velocity, which can be used to determine if damage happens.

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爆破作用下硐室围岩的损伤扩展过程对硐室抗爆设计具有重要意义。为探究不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩的损伤扩展规律,利用有限元模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了顶爆、拱顶侧爆、侧爆、底部侧爆及底爆5个等爆源距数值计算模型,对模型中的岩体采用RHT模型分析了不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩的损伤扩展过程。在此基础上,在模型中沿爆源至硐室边界处等距离地设置了10个振速监测点,研究了爆源中心至硐室边界处的振动速度衰减规律。结果表明:相同爆源距不同爆源位置下硐室围岩的损伤扩展规律为首先在距爆源最近距离处出现“损伤点”,在“损伤点”形成后,损伤区沿着硐室边界逐步扩展,最终形成沿硐室边界处的损伤区。相较于爆破振动速度衰减规律,爆破振动波在硐室围岩处发生全反射,使硐室围岩处爆破振动速度出现放大效应。同时,爆源至硐室围岩处的损伤演化与峰值振速变化规律相互对应,将硐室围岩处峰值振速放大效应与硐室围岩的损伤结合,认为硐室围岩是否产生损伤可通过监测其振动速度进行确定。

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唐海(1970-),男,博士、副教授,从事采矿和爆破等方面的研究(E-mail)

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唐海(1970-),男,博士、副教授,从事采矿和爆破等方面的研究(E-mail)

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唐海(1970-),男,博士、副教授,从事采矿和爆破等方面的研究(E-mail)

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figureFileBig=xktfGktTL0ywkzLnLxZQ4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089957633257818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089942152081903, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同爆源位置下爆破振动速度对比, figureFileSmall=Q45TFX+eTmIwUhdfxpp5fg==, figureFileBig=xktfGktTL0ywkzLnLxZQ4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089957721338207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089942152081903, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

RHT model parameters of granite

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参数名称参数值参数名称参数值
密度ρ/(kg·m-32660参考压缩应变率EOC3E-5
剪切模量/GPa17参考拉伸应变率EOT3E-6
失效塑性应变EPSF2.0失效压缩应变率EC3E25
状态方程参数B01.22失效拉伸应变率ET3E25
状态方程参数B11.22压缩应变率指数βc0.025
状态方程参数T1/GPa43.87拉伸应变率指数βt0.045
状态方程参数T20压缩屈服面参数GC*0.85
雨贡纽系数A1/GPa43.87拉伸屈服面参数GT*0.4
雨贡纽系数A2/GPa49.40剪切模量缩减系数XI0.25
雨贡纽系数A3/GPa11.62损伤参数D10.025
失效面参数A2.50损伤参数D21.0
失效面参数N0.85最小失效应变0.01
单轴抗压强度fc/MPa150残余应力强度参数AF2.5
剪压强度比0.07残余应力强度参数AN0.85
拉压强度比0.05孔隙压缩压力PEL/MPa133
罗德角相关系数Q00.72孔隙压实压力PCO/GPa6
罗德角相关系数B0.01孔隙度指数NP3
起始孔隙率ALPHA1.0  
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花岗岩RHT模型参数

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参数名称参数值参数名称参数值
密度ρ/(kg·m-32660参考压缩应变率EOC3E-5
剪切模量/GPa17参考拉伸应变率EOT3E-6
失效塑性应变EPSF2.0失效压缩应变率EC3E25
状态方程参数B01.22失效拉伸应变率ET3E25
状态方程参数B11.22压缩应变率指数βc0.025
状态方程参数T1/GPa43.87拉伸应变率指数βt0.045
状态方程参数T20压缩屈服面参数GC*0.85
雨贡纽系数A1/GPa43.87拉伸屈服面参数GT*0.4
雨贡纽系数A2/GPa49.40剪切模量缩减系数XI0.25
雨贡纽系数A3/GPa11.62损伤参数D10.025
失效面参数A2.50损伤参数D21.0
失效面参数N0.85最小失效应变0.01
单轴抗压强度fc/MPa150残余应力强度参数AF2.5
剪压强度比0.07残余应力强度参数AN0.85
拉压强度比0.05孔隙压缩压力PEL/MPa133
罗德角相关系数Q00.72孔隙压实压力PCO/GPa6
罗德角相关系数B0.01孔隙度指数NP3
起始孔隙率ALPHA1.0  
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TNT and equation of state parameters

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密度ρ/(kg·m-3爆速D/(m·s-1A/GPaB/GPaR1R0ω初始比内能E0/GPa
16306930371.673.4074.15810.3037
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TNT炸药和状态方程参数

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密度ρ/(kg·m-3爆速D/(m·s-1A/GPaB/GPaR1R0ω初始比内能E0/GPa
16306930371.673.4074.15810.3037
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Air material and related equation parameters

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密度ρ/(kg·m-3C0C1C2C3C4C5C6初始比内能E0/GPa
1.200000.40.400.25
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空气及相关方程参数

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密度ρ/(kg·m-3C0C1C2C3C4C5C6初始比内能E0/GPa
1.200000.40.400.25
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不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩损伤规律的数值模拟研究
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唐海 1 , 马谕杰 1 , 夏祥 2 , 袁超 1 , 张肖雨 1 , 范磊 1 , 姜威振 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(2): 180-189
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(2): 180-189
不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩损伤规律的数值模拟研究
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唐海1 , 马谕杰1, 夏祥2, 袁超1, 张肖雨1, 范磊1, 姜威振1
作者信息
  • 1.湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湘潭 411201
  • 2.中国科学院 武汉岩土力学研究所 岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,武汉 430071
  • 唐海(1970-),男,博士、副教授,从事采矿和爆破等方面的研究(E-mail)

Numerical Simulation of Damage Law of Chamber Surrounding Rock Mass under Different Blasting Sources
Hai TANG1 , Yu-jie MA1, Xiang XIA2, Chao YUAN1, Xiao-yu ZHANG1, Lei FAN1, Wei-zhen JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.026
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爆破作用下硐室围岩的损伤扩展过程对硐室抗爆设计具有重要意义。为探究不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩的损伤扩展规律,利用有限元模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了顶爆、拱顶侧爆、侧爆、底部侧爆及底爆5个等爆源距数值计算模型,对模型中的岩体采用RHT模型分析了不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩的损伤扩展过程。在此基础上,在模型中沿爆源至硐室边界处等距离地设置了10个振速监测点,研究了爆源中心至硐室边界处的振动速度衰减规律。结果表明:相同爆源距不同爆源位置下硐室围岩的损伤扩展规律为首先在距爆源最近距离处出现“损伤点”,在“损伤点”形成后,损伤区沿着硐室边界逐步扩展,最终形成沿硐室边界处的损伤区。相较于爆破振动速度衰减规律,爆破振动波在硐室围岩处发生全反射,使硐室围岩处爆破振动速度出现放大效应。同时,爆源至硐室围岩处的损伤演化与峰值振速变化规律相互对应,将硐室围岩处峰值振速放大效应与硐室围岩的损伤结合,认为硐室围岩是否产生损伤可通过监测其振动速度进行确定。

不同爆源位置  /  RHT模型  /  围岩损伤  /  振动速度  /  数值模拟

The study of damage expansion process of the surrounding rock mass under blasting is of great significance to the blast resistance design of a chamber. In order to explore the damage propagation law of the surrounding rock mass around a chamber under the action of different blasting sources, a numerical calculation model including top explosion, vault side explosion, side wall explosion, bottom side explosion and bottom explosion was established by using the finite element simulation software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The RHT model was used to analyze the damage propagation process of the chamber surrounding rock mass at different positions. On this basis, 10 vibration velocity monitoring points were set equidistantly from the blast source to the chamber boundary in the model, and the vibration velocity attenuation law from the blast source center to the chamber boundary was studied. The results show the damage point first appears at the shortest distance from the blast source, and is then formed subsequently. The damage zone expands gradually along the boundary of the chamber and finally forms the damage zone. Compared with the decay law of the blasting vibration velocity, the blasting vibration wave is fully reflected in the surrounding rock mass, which makes the blasting vibration velocity appear an amplification effect. At the same time, the damage evolution from the blast source to the surrounding rock mass corresponds to the change law of the peak vibration velocity, which can be used to determine if damage happens.

different explosion source locations  /  RHT model  /  damage of surrounding rock  /  vibration velocity  /  numerical simulation
唐海, 马谕杰, 夏祥, 袁超, 张肖雨, 范磊, 姜威振. 不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩损伤规律的数值模拟研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 180 -189 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.026
Hai TANG, Yu-jie MA, Xiang XIA, Chao YUAN, Xiao-yu ZHANG, Lei FAN, Wei-zhen JIANG. Numerical Simulation of Damage Law of Chamber Surrounding Rock Mass under Different Blasting Sources[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 180 -189 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.026
近年来,爆破技术凭借着其施工方便、地质条件适应性强等优点被广泛应用于我国正在兴建的一大批地下工程中。在地下工程爆破施工中,经常会遇到爆破开挖对邻近硐室或隧道的影响问题。爆破开挖会产生爆破应力波,在爆破应力波作用下,往往会导致硐室围岩及邻近硐室产生损伤,致使围岩性能劣化,影响工程安全。
对于爆破荷载作用下邻近硐室围岩的稳定性问题。国内外学者通过现场实测、模型试验及数值模拟的方法已取得了较多的成果。王光勇通过模型实验研究了锚固硐室在顶部爆破荷载作用下的应力波传播及衰减规律[1],认为在爆破应力波作用下,锚固硐室拱顶的压应力峰值随比例距离的增加而呈现幂指数衰减。余永强利用数值模拟软件LS-DYNA研究了硐室拱部侧爆条件下硐室围岩的裂纹形成[2],得到了硐室围岩主要为受拉破坏,且迎爆侧围岩破坏严重的结论。徐景茂利用相似模拟实验研究了爆破平面波作用下大跨度洞室的稳定性[3],认为在爆破平面波作用下锚喷衬砌支护洞室的稳定性明显比毛洞高,相较于毛洞,锚喷衬砌支护洞室的承载能力可提高60%。郭东明通过实验与数值模拟相结合的方法[4],研究了不同间距邻近爆破载荷下隧道破坏及爆破振动规律,发现随着爆破间距的增大,硐室的破坏程度逐渐减弱;且迎爆侧最大振动速度分布在直墙中部至起拱点的位置处。刘永胜根据现场实际工况[5],研究了多次爆破下损伤累积效应对大跨度硐室围岩松动圈的影响规律,认为在对大跨度硐室进行安全防护时,应充分考虑多次爆破造成的围岩损伤累积效应。郭新新以实际工程为依托[6],通过数值模拟研究了爆破施工对既有裂缝、空洞隧道的动力影响问题。发现硐室的既有缺陷会使爆破振动产生放大,并建议当以爆破振动速度作为缺陷硐室的安全控制标准时,应适当降低振速值。凌同华同样以实际工程背景为依托[7],利用数值模拟软件Midas GTS NX研究了隧道爆破开挖对邻近隧道的动力响应问题,并将数值模拟数据与爆破振动安全控制标准相结合,得到了先行洞二衬布置的最佳间距应该距后行洞掌子面15~20 m。Nan Jiang研究了地铁爆破开挖对天然气管道的影响[8],并将现场爆破振动监测的结果和数值模拟的结果结合,得到了最危险工况下天然气管道安全的结论。类似的研究还有文献[9-14]。
目前关于爆破荷载对邻近硐室围岩的影响研究多集中在围岩的裂纹形成及振动速度上面,对于不同爆源位置下邻近硐室围岩损伤扩展规律的研究却相对较少。而探讨不同爆源位置下邻近硐室围岩的损伤规律,对预测爆破对邻近硐室的影响及维护硐室的安全与稳定具有重要意义。由于现场实测及模型实验中,无法观察到硐室围岩的损伤及其扩展规律,而数值模拟却可以突破现场及模型试验的束缚,给出硐室围岩损伤扩展过程。故本文在前人研究的基础上,利用数值模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA研究了不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩的损伤及其扩展规律,所得结论可为隧道及硐室稳定性研究提供参考
在设计数值计算模型时,考虑到实际工程中炸药及隧道的长度远大于其直径,可以将模型简化为平面应变问题。设计模型整体尺寸为30 m×30 m,采用g-cm-us单位制,为分析不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩损伤扩展规律,设计了顶爆、拱顶侧爆、侧爆、底部侧爆及底爆5个计算模型,并将爆源距统一设置为10 m(距硐室中心)。进行数值计算的目的是探讨不同爆源位置下洞室围岩的损伤规律,研究重点为不同爆源位置;考虑模型计算量及研究重点的基础上,对爆源进行简化,仅设置单个爆源,设计爆源中炮孔直径为40 cm,炸药直径为24 cm,经计算不耦合系数为1.67。文献[15]通过大量的数值模拟计算,得到了岩石钻孔爆破流固耦合算法中耦合区域大于10倍装药半径时,模拟结果收敛的结论。因此,在保证计算结果可靠的基础上,为提高计算效率,将模型中空气的尺寸设置为500 cm。设计硐室形状为直墙拱形,尺寸为3 m×3 m,硐室位置位于模型正中心。从爆源相对于硐室的位置出发,模型左右对称,为节省工作量,仅对爆源位置在模型左侧进行计算分析。顶爆模型设计示意图见图1,其余模型示意图见图2
使用HyperMesh软件对模型进行网格划分,考虑到模型整体尺寸及岩石损伤效果对网格尺寸的要求,按照单个网格尺寸5 cm对模型进行划分,最终划分网格单元数量为405898,节点数量为815508。为减弱边界效应,模型上部与硐室边界设置为自由面,其余模型四周均设置为无反射边界,设置模型计算时间为4000 μs。模型整体网格划分效果见图3
目前LS-DYNA中常用的岩体损伤计算模型主要为HJC模型及RHT模型。许多学者对这两种模型的适用性进行了研究,认为HJC模型自身不能体现动载作用下脆性材料的拉伸损伤行为,需要添加额外的失效准则*MAT_ADD_EROSION来实现[16,17]。而添加的失效准则是通过删除失效单元来实现裂纹的扩展,删除失效单元一方面对网格密度要求较高,而过密的网格单元往往导致计算时间过长。另一方面删除失效单元破坏了模型整体的能量平衡,致使计算结果不可靠。而RHT模型拥有3个描述材料强度的极限面方程,分别为弹性极限面方程、失效面方程和残余强度面方程,并使用这些方程描述材料在冲击载荷作用下的初始屈服强度、失效强度及残余强度的变化规律[18],RHT模型应力表面及加载情况见图4
RHT模型共有37个参数,国内外学者做了大量的实验研究去校准了不同岩石的RHT模型参数[18-22]。鉴于此,本文采用的花岗岩RHT模型参数如表1所示(未列出参数采用默认值),它由文献[22]所校准。
炸药单元采用LS-DYNA中炸药特属的高能炸药材料模型,相关材料模型为*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN,结合JWL状态方程模拟爆轰过程中压力及比容的关系。炸药类型采用TNT炸药,相关材料参数见表2,该参数由文献[23]采用圆筒实验及BP神经网络进行校准。
空气单元采用LS-DYNA提供的空材料模型*MAT_NULL,并结合状态方程*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL来描述。相关参数见表3
表3中:C0C1C2C3C4C5C6为状态方程参数。
计算完成后,将得到的d3plot文件导入LS-DYNA专用的后处理器LS-PrePost中,观察岩体损伤的形成过程,如图5所示,其中D=1表示单元完全损伤,D=0表示单元未损伤。模拟结果显示:炸药爆炸后,炮孔周围在冲击压缩应力波的作用下率先形成损伤区,并且损伤区的范围随计算时间增加而增大;在计算时间达到1000 μs时,炮孔爆炸产生的压缩应力波在到达模型上部边界,模型上部边界为自由面,压缩应力波到达自由面时发生反射,形成反射拉伸波,岩体的抗拉强度远小于抗压强度,故岩体上部边界出现拉伸损伤区。t=1600 μs时,在拉伸应力波的作用下模型上部的损伤区域逐渐扩大。随着时间的增加,压缩应力波逐渐衰减,已不能造成围岩的损伤,故在硐室与爆源之间部分区域处未形成损伤区。当t=1750 μs时,逐渐衰减的压缩应力波传播至硐室围岩边界处并形成拉伸应力波;在拉伸应力波的作用下,硐室围岩首先在爆源距最小处出现“损伤点”,在“损伤点”形成后,损伤区沿着硐室边界逐步扩展,最终形成沿硐室边界处的损伤区。该损伤扩展过程与文献[24]中硐室破坏特征较为一致,也从侧面证明了模拟结果的可靠性。
根据相关研究成果[25],单孔爆破情况下,爆炸应力波的衰减规律可由式(1)计算
式中:Pr为径向压应力峰值;P1为初始径向应力峰值;为比例距离,,其中r为某点至装药中心的距离,r0为炮孔初始半径;a为应力波衰减指数,v为岩石的泊松比,这里取v=0.2;P1由式(2)及式(3)进行计算。
耦合装药时
不耦合装药时
式中:ρeDe为炸药密度和爆速,可由表(2)确定;ρmCp为岩石密度及纵波波速;rcrb为装药半径和炮孔半径;n为爆炸生成气体碰撞岩壁时产生的应力放大倍数,n=8~11,这里取10。
为了验证模拟结果的可靠性,在对模型进行后处理的过程中,选取爆源径向不同爆源距的10个监测点进行峰值压力输出。将模拟得到的压应力峰值与使用式(1)与式(3)得到的计算值进行比较,见图6
图6所示,数值模拟的结果与公式计算结果衰减趋势基本一致。工程实际中,公式(3)中某些参数需要根据现场实际进行确定。在上图使用公式计算过程中,这些参数是根据经验及相关研究成果中推荐采用的值确定的;另一方面,在LS-DYNA数值模拟中,炸药爆炸产生压力的大小,不仅与炸药密度及爆速有关,还与其采用的JWL状态方程参数有关,而在式(3)中,未考虑状态方程参数的影响。因此,无法做到数值计算结果与模拟结果完全一致。但从衰减趋势来看,数值模拟结果符合应力波传播的一般规律,依然可以得到模拟结果真实可靠的结论。
为进一步分析不同位置爆源作用下硐室围岩的损伤扩展规律,分别将拱顶侧爆、侧爆、底部侧爆及底爆模型计算结果导入LS-PrePost,观察围岩的损伤扩展过程。不同爆源位置下,硐室围岩损伤扩展图见图7
观察图7可以发现,无论爆源在何种位置,硐室围岩的损伤规律为首先在距爆源最近距离处形成“损伤点”,损伤点形成之后,会沿着硐室边界扩展,直至形成沿硐室边界处的损伤区。
有限元方法很难直接模拟出岩石的裂缝。为探究不同爆源位置下硐室围岩的裂缝扩展规律,采用一种等效模拟裂缝的方法,在对模型进行后处理的过程中将损伤程度在0.7以上的单元剔除[26],限于篇幅,仅列出顶爆条件下硐室围岩的裂缝形成规律,见图8
观察图8可以看出,硐室围岩的裂缝形成规律与损伤规律是相对应的,硐室围岩裂缝扩展规律为首先在距离爆源最近处形成层裂缝;而后,裂缝沿硐室边界扩展,最终形成沿硐室边界处的裂缝区。
在爆破过程中,部分能量以振动波的形式向外传递,形成爆破振动波。爆破振动波在传递过程中引起周围岩体的振动,且振动速度的强弱与周围岩体的损伤程度有密切的关系。为探究硐室围岩的损伤能否通过爆破振动速度来反映,分别在5个计算模型中等距离布置了爆源至硐室的十个振速监测点,随爆源距增加分别编号为1~10,并确保第10个监测点位于硐室围岩上,顶爆、侧爆、底爆模型振速监测点布置如图9所示。
在LS-PrePost中输出监测点X方向及Y方向振动速度时程曲线,并根据监测点的编号统计其振动速度峰值,绘制出各方向振动速度峰值随监测点的变化图,见图10
从上图可知,相较于爆破振动衰减规律,硐室围岩监测点(即第10个监测点)无论是X方向还是Y方向均出现放大效应。研究发现:硐室围岩为岩体和空气的交界面,可将其视为自由面。当由爆源传来的爆破振动波抵达硐室围岩时,振动波在自由面上产生全反射,增强了硐室围岩的动力响应。一方面,在自由面处,爆破振动波经反射形成拉伸波,引起硐室围岩受拉,岩石的抗拉强度较低,致使硐室围岩出现拉伸损伤区。而另一方面,硐室围岩自由面的存在使硐室围岩处振动速度产生放大效应。鉴于硐室岩体的损伤与其振动速度对应关系过于复杂,笔者将另撰文进行研究,故在此不展开讨论。
文献[27]通过岭澳核电站基岩现场爆破试验认为为控制基岩的损伤程度,距爆源距30 m处质点峰值振速应小于5.63 cm/s。文献[28]考虑了爆破的损伤累积效应认为爆破振速与主频均随爆破次数增加不断衰减。上述文献均说明了岩石损伤与爆破振动速度之间存在关联。观察图10可知,1~9号监测点峰值振动速度逐渐衰减,从岩石的损伤规律来看,炸药爆炸后,在冲击波的作用下率先在炮孔周围形成损伤区,同时炮孔周围的峰值振速较大。而随着爆源距的增加,冲击波逐渐衰减,已不能达到岩石的动态抗压强度,致使爆源距较大的地方没有出现岩石损伤区;表现在峰值振速上即为随着爆源距的增加峰值振速逐渐衰减。当冲击波到达硐室围岩时,经反射形成拉伸波,围岩的抗拉强度较小,引起硐室围岩受拉损伤,同时,硐室围岩处的振动速度峰值产生放大。即爆源至硐室围岩处的损伤演化与峰值振速变化规律是一一对应的。将数值模拟结果中硐室围岩损伤与振动速度放大效应综合考虑并结合上述参考文献可以认为,在一定程度上,爆破荷载作用下硐室围岩是否产生损伤区可通过监测其振动速度进行确定。由于建立的模型为平面应变模型,只有X方向及Y方向的振动速度,但这并不影响所得到的结论。
同时,从图10(a)中可以看到,相较于爆源在其他位置,顶爆和底爆X方向振动速度较小,而在(b)中侧爆方向Y方向振动速度较小。经研究发现:当爆源位置为顶爆和底爆时,监测点的位置处在爆源的正下方及爆源的正上方,如图8所示。此时监测点主要受到相对于爆源Y方向的冲击波压力作用,致使监测点Y方向振动速度较大。而在侧爆模型时,监测点位于爆源正右方,此时监测点主要受到爆源X方向的冲击波压力作用,故监测点X方向的振动速度较大。将其应用到实际工程中,即对硐室围岩进行爆破振动监测及预测时应考虑监测点与爆源之间的位置关系。
(1)不同爆源位置下,硐室围岩的损伤扩展规律是一致的。即首先在距爆源最近距离处形成“损伤点”,损伤点形成之后,会沿着硐室边界扩展,直至形成沿硐室边界的损伤区。
(2)相较于爆破振动衰减规律,爆破振动波在硐室围岩处产生全反射,并使硐室围岩处爆破振动速度出现放大效应。且当对硐室围岩进行爆破振动监测及预测时应考虑监测点与爆源之间的位置关系。
(3)爆源至硐室围岩处的损伤演化与峰值振速变化规律相互对应,将硐室围岩的拉伸损伤形成过程与硐室围岩的振动速度放大效应结合,认为爆破荷载作用下硐室围岩是否产生损伤能通过监测其爆破振动速度确定。
  • 湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(20A196)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2021JJ40211)
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.026
  • 接收时间:2023-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-16
基金
湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(20A196)
湖南省自然科学基金项目(2021JJ40211)
作者信息
    1.湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湘潭 411201
    2.中国科学院 武汉岩土力学研究所 岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,武汉 430071
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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