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Article(id=1241089941678125507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673798400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828500432, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828500432, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828500432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828500432, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=217, endPage=222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089942416323080, articleId=1241089941678125507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Pressure Propagation Characteristics of Ultra-high Pressure by Large Oil-filled Equipment during Arc Explosion, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When the local high voltage discharge occurs in the internal area of a converter transformer oil tank, the transformer oil in the discharge area will be vaporized instantly and explosion pressure wave will be generated. In order to study the propagation characteristics of the pressure wave in the transformer tank and elevated seat area in the above process, a three-dimensional geometric model was established and divided into polyhedral meshes according to the actual experimental situation. For numerical simulation, a fluent software was used. During the calculation, the actual discharge energy curve was loaded in the discharge area through the profile file, and the compressibility of gas and liquid was considered through the gas-liquid two-phase flow model. The results show that when the arc energy is 4.929 MJ and the duration is 58.6 ms, the peak pressures at the monitoring point on the top of the elevated seat, on the left and right top of the oil tank are 1.21 MPa, 4.62 MPa and 3.79 MPa, respectively. The pressure peak in the elevated seat area decreases with the increase of the distance from the fault point. The simulated pressure peak and pressure variation trends obtained by simulation at different monitoring points display a satisfied consistence with the experimental results, which verifies the effectiveness of the simulation calculation model. By establishing and solving the arc fault discharge simulation model in the oil tank through numerical simulation, the detailed pressure variation curve and the pressure wave propagation law in the three-dimensional space can be obtained. It can greatly reduce the loss of manpower and material resources caused by the discharge experiment, and provide an effective theoretical basis for the prevention of arc explosion accident in the transformer oil tank.

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大型充油设备油箱内部区域发生局部高压放电时，会使放电区域变压器油瞬间气化并产生爆炸压力波。为了研究上述过程中压力波在变压器油箱内部以及升高座区域的传播特性，依据实际实验情况建立三维几何模型，并划分多面体网格，采用FLUENT软件进行数值模拟。计算过程中通过Profile文件在放电区域加载实际放电能量曲线，并且通过气液两相流模型考虑气体和液体的可压缩性对其进行计算求解。结果表明：电弧能量4.929 MJ、持续时间58.6 ms情况下，计算得到升高座顶部监测点压力峰值为1.21 MPa，油箱左侧顶部位置监测点压力峰值4.62 MPa，油箱右侧顶部位置监测点压力峰值3.79 MPa；升高座区域内达到的压力峰值随着距离故障点位置的增加而不断减小。将仿真得到的不同监测点位置压力峰值以及压力变化趋势与实验结果进行对比，二者具有较好的一致性，验证了仿真计算模型的有效性。通过数值模拟手段建立油箱内电弧故障放电仿真模型并求解，可获得油箱及升高座内各位置的详细压力变化曲线及三维空间内压力波传播规律，能够极大地减少放电实验所产生的人力和物力损耗，并为变压器油箱内电弧燃爆事故预防提供有效的理论依据。

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罗传仙（1976-），男，高级工程师，主要从事输变电设备运维与状态诊断研究，（E-mail）。

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罗传仙（1976-），男，高级工程师，主要从事输变电设备运维与状态诊断研究，（E-mail）。

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罗传仙（1976-），男，高级工程师，主要从事输变电设备运维与状态诊断研究，（E-mail）。

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特高压大型充油设备电弧燃爆过程压力传播特性研究
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罗传仙 1, 2 , 田洪迅 3 , 黄勤清 1, 2 , 杨旭 1, 2 , 刘正阳 1, 2 , 周文 1, 2 , 储后广 4 , 韩雪峰 4
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(2): 217-222
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(2): 217-222
特高压大型充油设备电弧燃爆过程压力传播特性研究
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罗传仙1, 2 , 田洪迅3, 黄勤清1, 2, 杨旭1, 2, 刘正阳1, 2, 周文1, 2, 储后广4, 韩雪峰4
作者信息
  • 1.南瑞集团（国网电力科学研究院）有限公司，武汉 430074
  • 2.国网电力科学研究院 武汉南瑞有限责任公司，武汉 430074
  • 3.国家电网有限公司，北京 100032
  • 4.国网新疆电力有限公司 电力科学研究院，乌鲁木齐 830063

    • 罗传仙（1976-），男，高级工程师，主要从事输变电设备运维与状态诊断研究，（E-mail）。

Research on Pressure Propagation Characteristics of Ultra-high Pressure by Large Oil-filled Equipment during Arc Explosion
Chuan-xian LUO1, 2 , Hong-xun TIAN3, Qin-qing HUANG1, 2, Xu YANG1, 2, Zheng-yang LIU1, 2, Wen ZHOU1, 2, Hou-guang CHU4, Xue-feng HAN4
Affiliations
  • 1.Nari Group (State Grid Electric Power Research Institute) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Wuhan Nari Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
  • 3.State Grid Corporation of China, Beijing 100032, China
  • 4.Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830063, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.030
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摘要
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大型充油设备油箱内部区域发生局部高压放电时，会使放电区域变压器油瞬间气化并产生爆炸压力波。为了研究上述过程中压力波在变压器油箱内部以及升高座区域的传播特性，依据实际实验情况建立三维几何模型，并划分多面体网格，采用FLUENT软件进行数值模拟。计算过程中通过Profile文件在放电区域加载实际放电能量曲线，并且通过气液两相流模型考虑气体和液体的可压缩性对其进行计算求解。结果表明：电弧能量4.929 MJ、持续时间58.6 ms情况下，计算得到升高座顶部监测点压力峰值为1.21 MPa，油箱左侧顶部位置监测点压力峰值4.62 MPa，油箱右侧顶部位置监测点压力峰值3.79 MPa；升高座区域内达到的压力峰值随着距离故障点位置的增加而不断减小。将仿真得到的不同监测点位置压力峰值以及压力变化趋势与实验结果进行对比，二者具有较好的一致性，验证了仿真计算模型的有效性。通过数值模拟手段建立油箱内电弧故障放电仿真模型并求解，可获得油箱及升高座内各位置的详细压力变化曲线及三维空间内压力波传播规律，能够极大地减少放电实验所产生的人力和物力损耗，并为变压器油箱内电弧燃爆事故预防提供有效的理论依据。

电弧燃爆  /  变压器油箱  /  超压峰值  /  数值仿真

When the local high voltage discharge occurs in the internal area of a converter transformer oil tank, the transformer oil in the discharge area will be vaporized instantly and explosion pressure wave will be generated. In order to study the propagation characteristics of the pressure wave in the transformer tank and elevated seat area in the above process, a three-dimensional geometric model was established and divided into polyhedral meshes according to the actual experimental situation. For numerical simulation, a fluent software was used. During the calculation, the actual discharge energy curve was loaded in the discharge area through the profile file, and the compressibility of gas and liquid was considered through the gas-liquid two-phase flow model. The results show that when the arc energy is 4.929 MJ and the duration is 58.6 ms, the peak pressures at the monitoring point on the top of the elevated seat, on the left and right top of the oil tank are 1.21 MPa, 4.62 MPa and 3.79 MPa, respectively. The pressure peak in the elevated seat area decreases with the increase of the distance from the fault point. The simulated pressure peak and pressure variation trends obtained by simulation at different monitoring points display a satisfied consistence with the experimental results, which verifies the effectiveness of the simulation calculation model. By establishing and solving the arc fault discharge simulation model in the oil tank through numerical simulation, the detailed pressure variation curve and the pressure wave propagation law in the three-dimensional space can be obtained. It can greatly reduce the loss of manpower and material resources caused by the discharge experiment, and provide an effective theoretical basis for the prevention of arc explosion accident in the transformer oil tank.

arc explosion  /  transformer tank  /  peak overpressure  /  numerical simulation
罗传仙, 田洪迅, 黄勤清, 杨旭, 刘正阳, 周文, 储后广, 韩雪峰. 特高压大型充油设备电弧燃爆过程压力传播特性研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 217 -222 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.030
Chuan-xian LUO, Hong-xun TIAN, Qin-qing HUANG, Xu YANG, Zheng-yang LIU, Wen ZHOU, Hou-guang CHU, Xue-feng HAN. Research on Pressure Propagation Characteristics of Ultra-high Pressure by Large Oil-filled Equipment during Arc Explosion[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 217 -222 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.030
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特高压大型充油设备绝缘故障位置主要集中在高压套管和升高座区域，这些区域普遍具有空间狭小、场强高、结构复杂的特点。其中，高压套管导致故障约占变压器故障事故的37.3%[1]。故障位置发生绝缘击穿后会使油箱内部变压器油瞬间气化产生爆炸压力波，压力如果不能及时泄放极易引发更为严重的变压器油蒸气燃爆事故。因此，分析电弧爆炸过程中油箱内部压力分布与变化情况对于油箱安全防护设计有重要的参考价值。
Ben Landis为了研究变压器和分接开关电弧爆炸危害及其预防措施[2,3]，在大型变压器上进行了电弧放电实验，并通过数值模拟方法深入研究其物理现象；结果表明在无保护的情况下，变压器油箱内部压力不能及时泄放，应使用快速降压方法对分接开关时和油箱进行保护。陈杨和杨廷胜等人提出了新型变压器油溶解气体在线检测装置和检测方法[4,5]，为变压器油中气体的在线测量和精度提供了参考。陈城和马鑫等人提出了变压器故障识别方法[6,7]，为电力系统多特征故障识别提供了有效帮助。夏红军等人基于有限元分析方法和计算流体力学方法建立了油浸式变压器内部电弧故障下的温度场模型[8]，计算过程中将放电材料和电弧能量作为热源，考虑了冷却降温措施和壁面的辐射换热，获得了变压器内部的温度场分布，并验证了仿真模型的准确性。闫晨光等人为了研究变压器油箱开裂原因[9-11]，通过有限元仿真方法，研究了变压器内部发生故障后油箱内压力变化情况，获得了不同时刻油箱内压力分布云图及不同位置的压力时程曲线。由于变压器油长期在高温下工作[12]，郑雨秋等人研究了不同温度对变压器油气/雾的爆炸下限的影响[13]，研究发现随着温度的升高，变压器油的燃爆危险性增大。赵欣宇等人研究了不同泄放面积和变压器油蒸气量对爆炸压力的影响[14]，结果表明小面积泄放口的泄放效果并不理想，在设计允许的情况下，应尽可能增大泄放面积。周远翔等人通过实验证明变压器油在交直流复合电场和直流电场下的绝缘性能比交流电场情况要差[15]，并引入小桥理论的极化过程解释了纹波因数越小击穿电压越低这一物理现象。刘泽洪等人通过搭建变压器网侧升高座区域油箱内的电弧放电故障模拟实验平台[16,17]，进行了大电流、高爆燃容量模拟短路实验，获得了不同燃弧能量下升高座内部压强时域变化曲线，实验结果表明电流从20 kA增加至40 kA时，筒壁上压强峰值将从0.79 MPa增加至1.17 MPa，并证明了压力释放阀装置的关键作用。Ryan Brady为降低变压器爆炸后果[18-20]，提出了一种避免变压器油箱破裂的策略，并通过实验证明通过第一个动态压力峰值激活减压装置，可以在毫秒时间尺度内排空变压器中的油，进而有效防止油箱爆炸。
采用实验手段对换流变压器油箱内的燃弧故障进行研究条件苛刻，且具有相当的危险性，同时也很难揭示故障过程整个内部三维空间的压力演变。因此本研究采用计算流体力学方法建立升高座油箱内电弧故障的仿真模型并进行求解，深入研究油室和升高座中的压力变化及其传播过程，并与实验数据进行对比，验证了计算模型的准确性。研究可为大型充油设备内电弧燃爆的安全防护提供科学参考。
1 电弧加载工况
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对油箱电弧放电实验过程中的电压与电流变化情况进行记录，并作为数值仿真的计算条件，实验在苏州电力科学研究院进行。电弧燃爆过程电流与电压随时间变化曲线见图1。
从图1可知，电弧放电过程持续时间较短，在58.6 ms的时间尺度内即结束。电弧爆炸过程中电压与电流变化剧烈，其中电流呈现较明显的周期性规律，周期约为20 ms，峰值电流44 554 A；电压变化呈现出一定不规则性，峰值电压为6.6 kV。故障过程中释放的电弧总能量为4.929 MJ。
2 数值建模
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2.1 几何模型与网格划分
参照实验过程中所用的实际变压器油箱以及升高座尺寸建立三维几何模型，具体几何结构如图2所示。
图2为仿真的三维几何模型，从图中可以看出整个计算域主要包含油箱、升高座、外部泄放空间三部分，升高座与外部泄放空间通过泄爆片连接。油箱位于底部，其形状为圆柱形，直径3 m，高2 m。升高座位于油箱上部，其中轴线与油箱中轴线为同一直线，升高座直径1.1 m，高4 m。DN250反拱形泄爆片位于升高座上部区域，直径为250 mm，泄放开启压力250 kPa。故障放电位置处于油箱内部，距离中轴线0.18 m，距离油箱底部1.34 m，放电电极间距为0.01 m。参照实验过程在油箱以及升高座内部不同位置设定3个计算监测点，用以捕捉仿真计算过程该位置的压力变化情况，并在升高座内设置监测点1~6来观察升高座内压力变化。
依据建立的三维几何模型构建数值仿真的计算域，并进行网格划分实现空间离散。整体网格与局部细节网格见图3。
图3展示了计算域的网格划分情况。在网格划分过程中对于内部流体域采用四面体网格划分方式，对壁面附近区域生成边界层并进行网格加密。由于多面体网格相比四面体网格具有更好的形状适应性以及在计算中更容易收敛等优势，在计算前将四面体网格基于网格节点转化为多面体网格，并进行网格光顺，优化网格质量。优化后的多面体网格数为675719，电弧故障区域最小网格尺寸为1 mm。
2.2 数值模型
以纳维-斯托克斯方程组为基础，建立三维可压缩气液两相流过程的数学模型，并采用有限体积法进行求解。气液两相流计算选用流体体积函数模型（Volume of Fluid，简称VOF）。对于泄放过程的湍流现象，采用k-ε双方程湍流模型计算。所建立数学模型的主要方程如下。
质量守恒
动量守恒
能量守恒
气体状态
液体状态方程
式中：P为压力，Pa；t为时间，s；T为温度，K；μ为流体动力粘度，Pa·s；ρ为流体密度，kg/m3；ρ0为参考压力下的液体密度，kg/m3；κ0为参考压力下的体积模量；n为密度指数，取值为7.15；M为体积模量。
湍流方程
式中：Gk与Gb分别为平均速度梯度以及浮力影响所产生的湍流动能；YM为可压缩湍流脉动膨胀对总耗散率的影响；μt为湍流粘性系数；C1ε、C2ε、C3ε为默认值常数；湍动能k与耗散率ε的湍流普朗特数分别为σk=1.0，σε=1.3。
3 仿真结果验证与分析
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3.1 不同位置监测点压力变化对比
计算过程中设置与实验压力测试过程中位置相同的3个监测点，具体位置如图2所示。电弧爆炸过程中不同时刻监测点位置压力变化计算结果与实验结果对比见图4。
图4分别展示了换流变压器油箱与升高座内部不同监测点位置的仿真与实验数据对比。从图中可以看出仿真所获得的压力峰值以及压力随时间变化规律与实验基本一致，验证了该模型在计算上的有效性。从图4（a）和图4（b）可以看出，油箱顶部右侧和左侧位置的监测点相比，其压力峰值到达时间早0.2 ms，这是由于故障位置距油箱顶部右侧监测点位置较近导致的。2个监测点的压力峰值分别为3.79 MPa和4.62 MPa，油箱顶部左侧压力峰值更大。通过对试验数据以及监测点位置进行分析可知，油箱顶部右侧压力监测点距离内部凹槽形状钢结构较近，凹槽形状对该位置压力监测点的压力值产生一定阻挡作用，因此造成了油箱顶部左侧压力监测点峰值大于右侧。顶部监测点位置距离故障点位置较远，因此到达压力峰值时间相对滞后，在电弧故障后8.7 ms，达到压力峰值1.03 MPa。
3.2 电弧爆炸过程压力变化分析
为详细研究换流变压器油箱内压力的传播过程，通过创建油箱中轴线的竖直截面，选取故障后不同时刻的截面压力云图进行分析，见图5。
从图5可以看出，随着油箱中电弧燃爆故障发生，高压区首先出现在电弧故障位置；这是由于电弧放电瞬间对放电区域注入大量能量，温度急速上升，使放电区域内的变压器油发生裂解，产生大量气体，形成高压气泡；而后高压气泡向四周膨胀挤压周围液体，将压力以球面波的形式传递至绝缘油中。压力波首先与右侧壁面接触并发生反射，而后反射波与故障点产生的压力波在左侧壁面发生汇聚，导致左侧壁面压力大于右侧压力，从而使油箱顶部左侧监测点压力峰值较高。5.5 ms后压力波从油箱内向升高座传递，在7.5 ms时与泄压阀充分接触并达到泄压阀开启压力，升高座内压力开始向外释放。
3.3 不同距离压力峰值分析
为了研究到故障点不同距离位置监测点的压力峰值变化，选取升高座内不同位置监测点压力时程曲线进行分析，其压力变化曲线如图6所示。
由图6可以看出，监测点1~6压力峰值从2.75 MPa逐渐降低至0.72 MPa，说明升高座区域监测点距故障点距离越远，压力衰减越大，导致压力峰值越低；且距离泄压阀越近，峰值压力降低得越明显。7.5 ms时刻泄压阀打开，对比泄压阀开启后其附近的监测点5与监测点6可知，监测点6的峰值压力明显降低，这是因为压力波在经过泄压阀后泄放了部分压力。在泄压过程中，由于故障区仍处于持续放电状态，因此故障区仍然会持续产生一定压力；但由于泄压阀已经开启，因此后续产生的压力较低，均低于第一次压力峰值。通过以上研究说明泄压阀的存在可以有效降低电弧故障后油室与升高座内部高压持续时间，防止油箱产生整体破裂的严重后果。
4 结论
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基于计算流体力学仿真方法对变压器油箱内电弧爆炸过程压力变化进行了数值模拟，结合实验数据进行分析，得到以下主要结论。
（1）通过求解以N-S方程组为基础构建的数值模型可以较好地模拟油箱内电弧爆炸的压力传播过程，计算得到的压力变化曲线与实测曲线变化规律基本一致，证明了仿真模型的有效性。
（2）电弧故障位置位于油箱内部区域时，油箱壁面所承受的压力明显高于升高座壁面，油箱壁面压力峰值可达4.42 MPa，为升高座上部压力峰值的3.65倍。
（3）对升高座区域到电弧爆炸中心点不同距离位置出现的压力峰值进行了统计，其整体规律为随着距离的增加压力峰值不断下降。升高座区域不同位置达到的压力峰值均小于3 MPa。
基金
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  • 特高压大型充油设备关键部件故障机理与发展特性研究(5500-202055416A-0-0-00)
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.030
  • 接收时间：2023-01-16
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-16
基金
特高压大型充油设备关键部件故障机理与发展特性研究(5500-202055416A-0-0-00)
作者信息
    1.南瑞集团（国网电力科学研究院）有限公司，武汉 430074
    2.国网电力科学研究院 武汉南瑞有限责任公司，武汉 430074
    3.国家电网有限公司，北京 100032
    4.国网新疆电力有限公司 电力科学研究院，乌鲁木齐 830063
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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