Article(id=1241089939996209566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1674748800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828500031, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828500031, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828500031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828500031, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=153, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089941497770420, articleId=1241089939996209566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Richtmyer-meshkov Instability Mechanism of Wavy Interface in Explosive Welding, columnId=1241046467696193882, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=SPECIAL BLASTING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, the model of the forming mechanism of the wavy metal interface during explosive welding can only give a quantitative or qualitative description of some aspects of the forming process, rather than fully explaining all the phenomena involved. In the study of explosive welding of the titanium-steel transition layer, the wavy interface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. When the scanning electron microscope was enlarged to 2000 times, the wavy interface turned out to be titanium drops forming island shape bonding interface in the copper. When the relative displacement of the two plates is large, the crest part of the interfacial wave will be pulled off and the "island" will be formed. The theoretical analysis and experimental study of explosive welding show that the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability mechanism can better explain the formation process of the wavy interface in explosive welding. In the process of explosive welding, near the collision point, a thin layer of melting zone will appear at the welding interface, and the material near the interface is in a quasi-fluid state. When the high pressure elastic-plastic stress wave arrives, the interface disturbance will be caused, and the disturbance caused by the previous stress wave will further develop under the action of a series of subsequent stress waves, forming a typical Richtmyer-Meshkov interface instability. Therefore, Richtmyer-Meshkov instability and freezing are responsible for the formation of various types of wavy interfaces observed in explosive welding.

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目前对于爆炸焊接金属界面成波机理的模型只能对波状界面形成的某些方面给予定量或定性的描述,而不能全面地解释其中的所有现象。在对钛钢过渡层爆炸焊接研究时,通过扫描电镜观测钛/铜爆炸焊接波状界面,发现在放大2000倍时,钛铜之间并没有波状界面存在,而是“钛滴”在铜中形成了一个个“孤岛”状结合界面。当两板结合后的相对位移较大时,就会将界面波的波峰部分拉断,脱离原位形成“孤岛”。对爆炸焊接的理论分析以及实验研究表明,Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳机理可以更好地解释爆炸焊接波状界面的形成过程。爆炸焊接过程中,在碰撞点附近,爆炸焊接界面会出现一薄层熔化区,界面附近的材料处于准流体状态。当高压弹-塑性应力波到达时,就会引起界面的扰动,前面应力波引起的扰动在后续一系列应力波的作用下会进一步发展,形成典型的Richtmyer-Meshkov界面失稳。因此,Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳、冻结,是形成我们所观察到的爆炸焊接中各种类型的波状界面原因。

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段卫东(1965-),男,博士、武汉科技大学教授,从事特种爆破方面研究,(E-mail)
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谢礼宏(1998-),男,武汉科技大学硕士,主要从事特种爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

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爆炸焊接波状界面的Richtmyer-meshkov失稳机理
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谢礼宏 1 , 段卫东 1, 2 , 蒋培 1, 2
爆破 | 特种爆破 2023,40(2): 153-158
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爆破 | 特种爆破 2023, 40(2): 153-158
爆炸焊接波状界面的Richtmyer-meshkov失稳机理
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谢礼宏1 , 段卫东1, 2 , 蒋培1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学,武汉 430081
  • 2.中铁广州工程局集团有限公司 武科大爆破技术研究中心,武汉 430081
  • 谢礼宏(1998-),男,武汉科技大学硕士,主要从事特种爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

段卫东(1965-),男,博士、武汉科技大学教授,从事特种爆破方面研究,(E-mail)
Richtmyer-meshkov Instability Mechanism of Wavy Interface in Explosive Welding
Li-hong XIE1 , Wei-dong DUAN1, 2 , Pei JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 2.Blasting Technology Research Center of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China Railway Guangzhou Engineering Bureau Group Co., LTD., Wuhan 430081, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.022
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目前对于爆炸焊接金属界面成波机理的模型只能对波状界面形成的某些方面给予定量或定性的描述,而不能全面地解释其中的所有现象。在对钛钢过渡层爆炸焊接研究时,通过扫描电镜观测钛/铜爆炸焊接波状界面,发现在放大2000倍时,钛铜之间并没有波状界面存在,而是“钛滴”在铜中形成了一个个“孤岛”状结合界面。当两板结合后的相对位移较大时,就会将界面波的波峰部分拉断,脱离原位形成“孤岛”。对爆炸焊接的理论分析以及实验研究表明,Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳机理可以更好地解释爆炸焊接波状界面的形成过程。爆炸焊接过程中,在碰撞点附近,爆炸焊接界面会出现一薄层熔化区,界面附近的材料处于准流体状态。当高压弹-塑性应力波到达时,就会引起界面的扰动,前面应力波引起的扰动在后续一系列应力波的作用下会进一步发展,形成典型的Richtmyer-Meshkov界面失稳。因此,Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳、冻结,是形成我们所观察到的爆炸焊接中各种类型的波状界面原因。

爆炸焊接  /  界面波  /  扫描电镜  /  Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳  /  应力波

At present, the model of the forming mechanism of the wavy metal interface during explosive welding can only give a quantitative or qualitative description of some aspects of the forming process, rather than fully explaining all the phenomena involved. In the study of explosive welding of the titanium-steel transition layer, the wavy interface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. When the scanning electron microscope was enlarged to 2000 times, the wavy interface turned out to be titanium drops forming island shape bonding interface in the copper. When the relative displacement of the two plates is large, the crest part of the interfacial wave will be pulled off and the "island" will be formed. The theoretical analysis and experimental study of explosive welding show that the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability mechanism can better explain the formation process of the wavy interface in explosive welding. In the process of explosive welding, near the collision point, a thin layer of melting zone will appear at the welding interface, and the material near the interface is in a quasi-fluid state. When the high pressure elastic-plastic stress wave arrives, the interface disturbance will be caused, and the disturbance caused by the previous stress wave will further develop under the action of a series of subsequent stress waves, forming a typical Richtmyer-Meshkov interface instability. Therefore, Richtmyer-Meshkov instability and freezing are responsible for the formation of various types of wavy interfaces observed in explosive welding.

explosive welding  /  interface wave  /  scanning electron microscope  /  Richmyer-Meshkov instability  /  stress wave
谢礼宏, 段卫东, 蒋培. 爆炸焊接波状界面的Richtmyer-meshkov失稳机理. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 153 -158 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.022
Li-hong XIE, Wei-dong DUAN, Pei JIANG. Richtmyer-meshkov Instability Mechanism of Wavy Interface in Explosive Welding[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 153 -158 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.022
爆炸焊接后金属分界面上会出现了如图1所示的周期性的波状结合,这一引人注目的焊接现象不仅直接与焊接质量有关,而且具有重要的科学意义,它反映的是流体—弹塑性动力学若干理论课题中的界面失稳问题。因此对于波状界面形成机理的研究一直是爆炸焊接领域中最活跃,而又分歧最大的一个课题,大量学者在这方面做了大量的工作[1-7],总的来说,目前大致有如下几种性质不同的机理。
1)刻入机理:这种机理由Bahrani A S等人首先提出来的[8]。他们认为:碰撞点的压力远大于材料的动态屈服,在碰撞点附近材料的性质类似于无粘不可压缩流体,复板来流在碰撞点处分为两部分,一部分形成射流(部分书中称之为再入射流),另一部分形成杵体(部分书中称之为主体射流)。复板对基板发生侵彻作用,在基板上形成凹坑,在碰撞点前面形成凸起;当碰撞点继续移动时,驼峰被挤高并压迫射流,最后驼峰截阻射流,使它改变流动方向,并转折侵入复板来流;当复板来流进一步移动,碰撞点将移到驼峰顶部,并因剪切作用撕下一部分驼峰,在驼峰背面形成漩涡;碰撞点进一步移动,射流将剪切驼峰前沿使其伸长,并将其压平,然后碰撞点由顶部滑向下前方,形成新的凹坑和漩涡。
2)应力波机理:这种机理的代表者有S K Godunov,Godunov S K Crow,Jean E等[9-11],他们把界面波的形成归因于应力波的作用。认为碰撞点引起扰动产生压缩纵波和横波,这些纵波和横波在基复板中传播和反射,引起了界面的不稳定,并最终导致了界面波的形成。
3)涡脱机理(Vortex Mechanidms):这个机理的代表者有G R Coman和A H Holtzman等[12],他们认为,焊接界面中金属的流动可以用流体动力学中流体围绕一个障碍物流动时流束的分离与再汇合来模拟。射流在基、复板碰撞中起了一个横向障碍物的作用,基、复板来流在射流后面,产生了类似于卡门涡街的脱落与波状流动,并基于这个假设导出了计算界面波波长的半经验公式。
4)亥姆霍尔兹失稳机理:这种机理的代表者有J N Hunt等人[13],他们认为由于在爆炸焊接的界面上存在速度梯度,在碰撞点附近,如忽略材料的强度,按低粘性不可压缩流体处理,就会产生Helmholtz失稳,在界面上产生波和漩涡。并根据此模型,推导出了波长λ与复板厚度hf,碰撞角β以及基、复板材料密度ρtρf之间的关系式
式中:k=2π为界面波的频率;tj为射流的厚度。
对界面波的形成机理,除了以上四种主要观点外,近年来Zlobin B S等人[14],缪广红等人还提出了一些综合的或新的模型[3];Zhou Q,Liu R等人通过对爆轰波传播的不同阶段进行研究[15],提出了波状界面的振幅和波长分别对应于爆轰生长区、稳定爆轰区和反射影响区,呈现增大、平缓和减小的趋势;Yang M,Xu J F等研究者综合了先进的表征手段和数值模拟手段[16],建立了详细的特殊涡演化模型。
尽管各种成波机理都可以对爆炸焊接金属界面波的形成给出一定的解释,但这些模型仍然只能对界面波形成的某些方面给予定量或定性的描述,而不能全面地解释界面波形成中的所有现象。通过对钛、钢、铜的爆炸焊接实验对界面波的形成进行了研究,提出了爆炸焊接界面的Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定机理,并以Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定机理对爆炸焊接中的各种波状界面进行了分析和解释。
钛/钢爆炸焊接复合板在工业上有着广泛的应用,但钛与钢直接爆炸焊接时,钛/钢焊接界面上的钛容易与钢结合生成FeTi、Fe2Ti等脆性金属间化合物,严重降低了界面的结合强度、影响了钛复合板的复合率,还会使钛复合板在生产及使用过程中发生大面积的脱焊开裂,造成质量事故[17]。因此,在钛-钢的爆炸焊接时,经常会用另一种金属作为钛-钢的爆炸焊接过渡层。
我们尝试用铝、铜作中间过渡层以改善钛-钢爆炸焊接复合板的焊接质量,并对各种类型的钛复合板的爆炸焊接界面情况进行分析,以图更清楚地了解钛复合板的界面结合性能。
我们对爆炸焊接试验试件做了超声检测、能谱分析和扫描电镜观测,在扫描电镜下,除了观察到如图2图3所示的波状界面结合形式。还观察到了如图4图5所示的另一种界面结合形式。在低倍(50倍)情况下,从图4看钛/铜好像形成了颇似波状的界面,但将界面放大到2000倍,从图5中可以清楚地看到,钛与铜并没有波状界面存在,而是“钛滴”在铜中形成了一个个“孤岛”。能谱分析表明,“孤岛”成分为百分之百的钛,没有铜的成分。
我们认为形成这种“孤岛”状结合界面的原因是:两种金属碰撞接触时虽然碰撞产生的力偶使两种材料运动保持一致,但在碰撞接触的瞬间,两板仍存在相对运动的趋势,而且可以产生很小的相对位移。两板的相对运动,使得在结合面间形成的波状界面的波峰和波谷发生扭曲,当两板结合后发生的相对位移较小时,就只能使界面波的波峰产生如图3所示向一边倾斜;当相对位移较大时,就会将界面波的波峰部分拉断,脱离原位形成图5中所示的“孤岛”。
在引言中已经对目前较为流行的几种界面波形成机理做了介绍。但这些模型中的部分假设和推论都与实验观测有明显的不合理之处。刻入机理认为:爆炸焊接时两板碰撞,只有复板材料才能形成射流,基板对射流的形成没有贡献。通过计算和对收集到的射流进行的实验数据分析,两者都表明,无论是对称碰撞、还是非对称碰撞,射流中都含有一定比例基板材料的组分[14];应力波机理认为:爆炸焊接的波状界面是冻结的塑性波波形,与射流的形成与否无关,但它不能解释界面波出现漩涡的原因;涡脱机理认为:碰撞点附近的金属完全呈不可压缩低粘流体的性质,而实验证明[18],爆炸焊接过程中,碰撞点附近实际上主要是高度塑性化的金属,至多是准液态,并不是真正理想液态;根据亥尔姆霍尔兹成波机理,稳定的界面将形成在碰撞点下游若干个波长处,以及碰撞点将是驻点。但实验表明,在碰撞瞬间,碰撞点处就出现了波状界面,而且碰撞点在运动过程中是上下浮动的。另外当界面波畸变严重时,经常在旋涡中观察到氧化物等杂质以及高速气流冲刷的痕迹[19],这也和亥尔姆霍尔兹平行流失稳理论相矛盾。总之,前人的模型虽然都能对界面波的形成从某些方面给予定性或定量的描述,但对爆炸焊接复合板中界面的一些重要现象又都不能予以合理地解释。
通过查阅大量的文献和分析研究,我们认为,爆炸焊接交界面上的Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳机理,可能是引起爆炸焊接界面波出现的真正原因。
当冲击波通过一个存在初始扰动的两种流体的交界面时,该界面将获得一个有限的加速度,同时其上的扰动也要发展,产生所谓的Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳[20,21]。扰动的发展初始是线性的,随着扰动幅度的增加,扰动很快偏离线性,而变得高度非线性化,并有可能产生漩涡。
按照Birbhoff的理论[22],界面不稳定的发生可以划分为五个阶段:
1)小扰动阶段;2)变形阶段;3)规则非线性阶段;4)不规则非线性阶段;5)湍流混合或统计阶段。
图6展示了激波管实验中得到的两种气体SF6和N2的Richtmyer-Meshkov界面失稳过程[23],(a)表示的是冲击波到达前两种气体交界面的初始状态,(b)、(c)、(d)表示冲击波到达界面后2 ms、4 ms和6 ms后交界面扰动的发展状况,图6和前面的钛-钢、钛-铜、铜-铁波状界面,以及与一些用数值模拟相比较[4,24],可以看出二者很相似。
爆炸焊接中,碰撞点附近的压力高达十几、几十万个大气压,远高于金属材料的动态屈服强度σdvn,同时由于再入射流的作用,碰撞点附近还会发生激烈的塑性畸变,并产生高温,在极短的时间内(10-8秒量级),可以升温到103℃。
图7为普通低碳钢(CT3)的强度-温度曲线[24]。从图中可以看出,温度的升高,使得材料强度降低、软化;而随着材料的软化,变形又自然增大,使得塑性功增加,进一步使材料软化,直到出现界面熔化层。
爆炸驱动下,复板与基板发生碰撞,虽然碰撞点的运动速度VC小于复合板材料的c,不能形成一个叠加的强冲击波波阵面,但会如图8所示,产生一系列以碰撞点为圆心,在基、复板中运动的高压弹-塑性应力波。当这一系列弹-塑性波运动到基、复板表面时,又会产生一系列反射拉伸波,这些波在两板交界面处也要透射和反射,甚至会产生Stoneley波、Love波等新的表面波[25,26],使得基、复板中的运动波系非常复杂。
由以上的叙述可知:碰撞点附近,爆炸焊接界面会出现一层薄熔化区,界面附近的材料处于准流体状态。当高压弹-塑性应力波到达时,就会引起界面的扰动,前面应力波引起的扰动在后续一系列应力波的作用下会进一步发展,形成典型的Richtmyer-Meshkov界面失稳。
在爆炸焊接复合板中,界面的Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳扰动的发展与真实流体界面上的Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳扰动的发展不同。它不但受初始扰动、弹-塑性波的强度等因素影响,而且受界面准流体层厚度和基、复板材料准流体形态存在的时间限制。随着碰撞点的远离,热传导及反射拉伸波的卸载作用,界面附近的压力和温度都会急剧降低(界面温度的冷却速率可达109 k/s),界面附近金属材料的可塑性也急剧降低,金属材料的性质迅速由准液态恢复为固态,同时将界面Richtmyer-Meshov失稳形成的扰动冻结下来,形成了我们所观察到的爆炸焊接中各种类型的波状界面。
由以上分析可知,爆炸焊接出现波状界面的必要条件是:碰撞产生的压力足够高,能够使碰撞点附近的基、复板材料都处于准流体状态。
当复板的运动速度VP较低,或复板与基板的强度或熔点相差悬殊较大(如铝和钢等),碰撞使硬度、熔点低的材料提早进入了流体或熔化状态,碰撞点压力、温度很难再进一步增加,不能再使高强度、高熔点的材料进入准流体状态,如果碰撞压力不足以使基、复板同时进入准流体状态,焊接界面就不会产生Rifchtmyer-MeshRov失稳。此时,即便焊接界面在应力波的作用下产生了小的扰动,也会由于弹性力的作用而大部分恢复,就在复板与基板之间形成所谓的平直界面。
当复板的运动速度适中,且复、基板的强度和熔点相差不大,在碰撞点附近复板、基板都会有一定厚度的材料呈准流体状态。那么在碰撞应力波的作用下,复板、基板交界面就会出现Richtmyer-Meshkov失稳,复板和基板之间在爆炸焊接完成后就会形成如图2图3所示的波状界面。两种材料的强度和熔点差别越小(如铜与钢),则界面两侧材料的流体化程度和准流体层厚度越相近,界面扰动的发育就越对称、形成的界面波形就越规则;若两种材料的强度或熔点相差较大(如钛与铜),界面两侧材料的流体化程度和准流体层厚度都不同,强度和熔点高的材料(如钛),流体化程度和准流体层厚度都较小,界面扰动的发育就不对称,界面波形也就不规则。
如果复板的运动速度过大,复板与基板碰撞时,就会在交界面处出现过度的熔化及在基、复板中形成较厚的准流体层。那么,交界面上的Richtmyer-Meshov失稳在连续弹-塑性应力波的作用下就会发展到湍流混合阶段,此时爆炸焊接就会形成如图9所示含有漩涡区的波状界面[22]。漩涡区内主要是爆炸焊接时熔融的液态金属在快速降温过程中形成裂纹、气孔的铸态组织,同时在过度熔化的界面上还会产生脆性的金属间化合物,这些都会降低结合面的强度。因此,在爆炸焊接中应控制装药量,避免形成含有漩涡区的波状界面。
当复板与基板为同一种材料时,由于在交界面处复板与基板材料的金相组织、硬度、密度不可能完全相同,两板碰撞后,复板和基板之间仍会存在有一个分界面,此分界面在弹-塑性波的作用下,同样要产生Richtmyer-Meshov失稳,形成波状交界面。
(1)总结目前爆炸焊接金属界面成波机理研究现状,并指出了各种成波机理的局限性。
(2)对钛/钢过渡层爆炸焊接进行研究时,发现了钛/铜之间存在“孤岛”状结合界面,并认为形成这种“孤岛”状结合界面的原因是:相对位移较大时,就会将界面波的波峰部分拉断,脱离原位形成图5中所示的“孤岛”。
(3)提出了爆炸焊接中Richtmyer-Meshkov界面失稳机理,爆炸焊接会在碰撞点附近界面出现一层薄熔化区,使界面附近的材料处于准流体状态。当高压弹-塑性应力波到达时,就会引起界面的扰动,前面应力波引起的扰动在后续一系列应力波的作用下会进一步发展,形成典型的Richtmyer-Meshkov界面失稳。界面Richtmyer-Meshov失稳形成的扰动冻结下来,形成了我们所观察到的爆炸焊接中各种类型的波状界面。
(4)利用Richtmyer-Meshkov界面失稳机理对爆炸焊接中出现的各种界面形状,如平直状界面、波状界面、含有漩涡区的波状界面、“孤岛”状界面形成机理进行了解释。
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.022
  • 接收时间:2023-01-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-27
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    1.武汉科技大学,武汉 430081
    2.中铁广州工程局集团有限公司 武科大爆破技术研究中心,武汉 430081

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段卫东(1965-),男,博士、武汉科技大学教授,从事特种爆破方面研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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