Article(id=1241089939606139272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672934400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828499938, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828499938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828499938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828499938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=117, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089940306588063, articleId=1241089939606139272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Blasting Demolition Technology of Cofferdam at Inlet of Expansion Project of Wuqiangxi Hydropower Station, columnId=1240702072073548400, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The inlet cofferdam of the expansion engineering of Wuqiangxi hydropower station consists of the reserved rock barrier, concrete, soil and stones. The rock barrier is a bedding slope with relatively developed soft interlayers, which results in a complicated geological condition and blasting demolition environment for the cofferdam. In the process of demolishing the bedding rock barrier, it is impossible to break the rock once in a large area according to the economic section of a conventional cofferdam due to the large engineering quantity of the underwater blasting excavation, high requirement of fragmentation, long construction time and high risk. Under the condition of ensuring the stability of the cofferdam, the method of vertical stratification, horizontal zoning and loosening bench blasting was adopted to implement land excavation as much as possible. For the underwater blasting, according to the geological conditions of rock barrier, the mechanical characteristics of rock mass, the water depth (20~37 m) and the fragmentation requirement, the powder factor of 0.9~1.1 kg/m3 and maximum charge per delay of 60 kg was adopted. Electronic detonators were used for blast hole initiation and a series of safety measures such as bubble curtains and flexible protective nets were set. The field monitoring results show that the effect of blasting vibration and water percussive wave on structures such as inlet gate has been effectively controlled, and the efficiency of underwater slag removal and transfer has been improved.

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五强溪水电站扩机工程进水口围堰采用预留岩坎+混凝土围堰+土石子围堰的组合结构形式,堰内岩坎为顺层坡,软弱夹层较发育,围堰爆破拆除环境和地质条件复杂。顺层岩坎拆除时无法按常规围堰的经济断面进行大范围削方和一次拆除,深水水下爆破开挖工程量大、块度要求高、施工时间长、安全风险高。爆破拆除过程中在保证围堰稳定的条件下,采取垂向分层、水平向分区、台阶松动爆破的施工方法,尽可能多地实施陆上开挖。水下爆破根据岩坎地质条件、岩体力学特性及覆盖水深(20~37 m),结合水下爆破清渣块度要求,采用0.9~1.1 kg/m3的炸药单耗。通过数码电子雷管高精度延时起爆技术,严格控制单段最大药量(60 kg以内),并设置气泡帷幕和柔性防护网等一系列安全防护措施。经现场爆破监测结果表明:爆破振动及水击波对进水口闸门等建构筑物的影响得到了有效控制,提高了水下清渣、转运效率得到了提高。

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文超(1986-),男,工程师,主要从事水利水电工程施工和管理工作,(E-mail)

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文超(1986-),男,工程师,主要从事水利水电工程施工和管理工作,(E-mail)

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文超(1986-),男,工程师,主要从事水利水电工程施工和管理工作,(E-mail)

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Determination of safety control standard for high rock slopes under blasting Vibration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089952579121291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=17, issue=3, pageStart=53, pageEnd=57, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=11, authorNames=李金河, 刘美山, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李金河, 刘美山. 溪洛渡水电站导流洞围堰爆破技术及效果分析[J]. 工程爆破, 2011, 17(3): 53-57., articleTitle=溪洛渡水电站导流洞围堰爆破技术及效果分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089952717533335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=17, issue=3, pageStart=53, pageEnd=57, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=12, authorNames=LI Jin-he, LIU Mei-shan, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Jin-he, LIU Mei-shan. Blasting demolition technology and effect analysis of the diversion tunnel cofferdam in Xi-LuoDu hydropower station[J]. Engineering Blasting, 2011, 17(3): 53-57. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Blasting demolition technology and effect analysis of the diversion tunnel cofferdam in Xi-LuoDu hydropower station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089952834973848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=14, issue=4, pageStart=76, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=13, authorNames=张文煊, 刘美山, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张文煊, 刘美山. 大型水电站围堰及岩坎爆破拆除中的安全防护问题研究[J]. 工程爆破, 2008, 14(4): 76-81., articleTitle=大型水电站围堰及岩坎爆破拆除中的安全防护问题研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089952973385888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=14, issue=4, pageStart=76, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=14, authorNames=ZHANG Wen-xuan, LIU Mei-shan, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Wen-xuan, LIU Mei-shan. Research on safety protection problems in blasting demolition of cofferdam and rock ridge of large hydropower station[J]. Engineering Blasting, 2008, 14(4): 76-81. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on safety protection problems in blasting demolition of cofferdam and rock ridge of large hydropower station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089953090826407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=34, issue=1, pageStart=108, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=王红彬, 王霄, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王红彬, 王霄. 白鹤滩水电站左岸导流洞围堰拆除技术研究[J]. 爆破, 2017, 34(1): 108-112., articleTitle=白鹤滩水电站左岸导流洞围堰拆除技术研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089953220849839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=34, issue=1, pageStart=108, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=16, authorNames=WANG Hong-bin, WANG Xiao, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Hong-bin, WANG Xiao. Explosive demolition technology analysis of diversion tunnel cofferdam at left bank in Baihetan hydropower station[J]. Blasting, 2017, 34(1): 108-112. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Explosive demolition technology analysis of diversion tunnel cofferdam at left bank in Baihetan hydropower station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089953329901750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=29, issue=1, pageStart=19, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=柴修伟, 梁开水, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=柴修伟, 梁开水. 水下炮孔爆破不同方向的水中冲击波传播特性研究[J]. 爆破, 2012, 29(1): 19-22., articleTitle=水下炮孔爆破不同方向的水中冲击波传播特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089954877599935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=29, issue=1, pageStart=19, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=18, authorNames=CHAI Xiu-Wei, LIANG Kai-shui, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHAI Xiu-Wei, LIANG Kai-shui. Research on propagation characteristic of water shock wave induced by underwater drilling blasting in different direction[J]. Blasting, 2012, 29(1): 19-22. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on propagation characteristic of water shock wave induced by underwater drilling blasting in different direction, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241089951148863510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, awardId=51374163, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(51374163), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241089943288738370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241089943297126980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, companyId=1241089943288738370, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.China Gezhouba Group No.1 Engineering Co., Ltd., Yichang 443002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241089943301321285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, companyId=1241089943288738370, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国葛洲坝集团 第一有限公司,宜昌 443002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241089943422956111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241089943431344720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, companyId=1241089943422956111, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241089943443927636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, companyId=1241089943422956111, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241089947185247007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Structure of the cofferdam at the water inlet, figureFileSmall=qfYjRildVB23GWoJsMvPcw==, figureFileBig=MXnaUZPZN0EofmcQu6ga8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089947277521705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=CN, label=图1, caption=进水口围堰结构, figureFileSmall=qfYjRildVB23GWoJsMvPcw==, figureFileBig=MXnaUZPZN0EofmcQu6ga8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089947571123016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram of cofferdam demolition (unit: m), figureFileSmall=/UCGtfKz/JcIpqz1Uc2jXQ==, figureFileBig=3lYNs3llMQKXBjtEC59l2Q==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig. 4, caption=Underwater initiation network, figureFileSmall=GsfQyFZTLfEYWmizyjRjJA==, figureFileBig=JiyBeFQ8cqCbjb+XfUKO/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948221240195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=CN, label=图4, caption=水下爆破网路图, figureFileSmall=GsfQyFZTLfEYWmizyjRjJA==, figureFileBig=JiyBeFQ8cqCbjb+XfUKO/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948321903501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The effect of underwater blasting, figureFileSmall=Y8Z2lE7XdkKpZkUwE+bwew==, figureFileBig=us1hQc0Ty72etor/Td3NMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948405789588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=CN, label=图5, caption=水下爆破效果, figureFileSmall=Y8Z2lE7XdkKpZkUwE+bwew==, figureFileBig=us1hQc0Ty72etor/Td3NMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948519035811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Layout of monitoring points (unit: m), figureFileSmall=oeJde79WGOkyrxhcKaXyIA==, figureFileBig=iTr5iryEsTeEpDooDTQRjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948607116207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=CN, label=图6, caption=监测点布置图(单位:m), figureFileSmall=oeJde79WGOkyrxhcKaXyIA==, figureFileBig=iTr5iryEsTeEpDooDTQRjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948720362423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters of concrete in zone 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台阶高度H/m孔径ϕ/mm药卷直径/mm孔距a/m排距b/m孔深度L/m堵塞长度/m炸药单耗/(kg·m-3单孔药量Q/kg
4 m(上层)42321.51.04.51.00.352.1
6 m(下层)90703.02.56.51.50.3516.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241089948833608642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1区混凝土爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台阶高度H/m孔径ϕ/mm药卷直径/mm孔距a/m排距b/m孔深度L/m堵塞长度/m炸药单耗/(kg·m-3单孔药量Q/kg
4 m(上层)42321.51.04.51.00.352.1
6 m(下层)90703.02.56.51.50.3516.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241089950372918221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Bench blasting parameters of zone 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台阶高度H/m孔径ϕ/mm药卷直径/mm孔距a/m排距b/m孔深度L/m堵塞长度/m炸药单耗/(kg·m-3单孔药量Q/kg
6~10 m90703~3.52~3.07~111.5~2.50.3516~37
), ArticleFig(id=1241089950477775831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2区台阶爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台阶高度H/m孔径ϕ/mm药卷直径/mm孔距a/m排距b/m孔深度L/m堵塞长度/m炸药单耗/(kg·m-3单孔药量Q/kg
6~10 m90703~3.52~3.07~111.5~2.50.3516~37
), ArticleFig(id=1241089950582633445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Underwater blasting parameters of the rock barrier

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水深H/m孔径ϕ/mm孔距a/m排距b/m孔深度L/m堵塞长度/m炸药单耗/(kg·m-3单孔最大药量Q/kg
<18 m1152.02.05~70.50.927
>18 m1152.02.07~131.01.157
), ArticleFig(id=1241089950721045492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩坎水下爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水深H/m孔径ϕ/mm孔距a/m排距b/m孔深度L/m堵塞长度/m炸药单耗/(kg·m-3单孔最大药量Q/kg
<18 m1152.02.05~70.50.927
>18 m1152.02.07~131.01.157
), ArticleFig(id=1241089950872040443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Monitoring results of underwater blasting vibration and water percussive wave

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测次药量/kg质点振动速度/(cm·s-1水击波/MPa
单段最大药量总药量民房大坝GIS室进水口闸门大坝拦污栅(2#/3#机组)
距离/m实测值距离/m实测值
138.410670.820.190.28220<0.0067  
236.84330.520.130.19600.1079150<0.0067
356.03600.450.110.14600.07081630.0045
), ArticleFig(id=1241089951018840071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939606139272, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水下爆破振动及水击波监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测次药量/kg质点振动速度/(cm·s-1水击波/MPa
单段最大药量总药量民房大坝GIS室进水口闸门大坝拦污栅(2#/3#机组)
距离/m实测值距离/m实测值
138.410670.820.190.28220<0.0067  
236.84330.520.130.19600.1079150<0.0067
356.03600.450.110.14600.07081630.0045
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五强溪水电站扩机工程进水口围堰爆破拆除技术研究
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文超 1 , 李俊 1 , 祝文化 2
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2023,40(2): 117-122
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2023, 40(2): 117-122
五强溪水电站扩机工程进水口围堰爆破拆除技术研究
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文超1 , 李俊1, 祝文化2
作者信息
  • 1.中国葛洲坝集团 第一有限公司,宜昌 443002
  • 2.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
  • 文超(1986-),男,工程师,主要从事水利水电工程施工和管理工作,(E-mail)

Blasting Demolition Technology of Cofferdam at Inlet of Expansion Project of Wuqiangxi Hydropower Station
Chao WEN1 , Jun LI1, Wen-hua ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Gezhouba Group No.1 Engineering Co., Ltd., Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.017
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五强溪水电站扩机工程进水口围堰采用预留岩坎+混凝土围堰+土石子围堰的组合结构形式,堰内岩坎为顺层坡,软弱夹层较发育,围堰爆破拆除环境和地质条件复杂。顺层岩坎拆除时无法按常规围堰的经济断面进行大范围削方和一次拆除,深水水下爆破开挖工程量大、块度要求高、施工时间长、安全风险高。爆破拆除过程中在保证围堰稳定的条件下,采取垂向分层、水平向分区、台阶松动爆破的施工方法,尽可能多地实施陆上开挖。水下爆破根据岩坎地质条件、岩体力学特性及覆盖水深(20~37 m),结合水下爆破清渣块度要求,采用0.9~1.1 kg/m3的炸药单耗。通过数码电子雷管高精度延时起爆技术,严格控制单段最大药量(60 kg以内),并设置气泡帷幕和柔性防护网等一系列安全防护措施。经现场爆破监测结果表明:爆破振动及水击波对进水口闸门等建构筑物的影响得到了有效控制,提高了水下清渣、转运效率得到了提高。

扩机工程  /  进水口  /  围堰拆除  /  岩坎  /  顺层坡

The inlet cofferdam of the expansion engineering of Wuqiangxi hydropower station consists of the reserved rock barrier, concrete, soil and stones. The rock barrier is a bedding slope with relatively developed soft interlayers, which results in a complicated geological condition and blasting demolition environment for the cofferdam. In the process of demolishing the bedding rock barrier, it is impossible to break the rock once in a large area according to the economic section of a conventional cofferdam due to the large engineering quantity of the underwater blasting excavation, high requirement of fragmentation, long construction time and high risk. Under the condition of ensuring the stability of the cofferdam, the method of vertical stratification, horizontal zoning and loosening bench blasting was adopted to implement land excavation as much as possible. For the underwater blasting, according to the geological conditions of rock barrier, the mechanical characteristics of rock mass, the water depth (20~37 m) and the fragmentation requirement, the powder factor of 0.9~1.1 kg/m3 and maximum charge per delay of 60 kg was adopted. Electronic detonators were used for blast hole initiation and a series of safety measures such as bubble curtains and flexible protective nets were set. The field monitoring results show that the effect of blasting vibration and water percussive wave on structures such as inlet gate has been effectively controlled, and the efficiency of underwater slag removal and transfer has been improved.

expansion project  /  water inlet  /  cofferdam demolition  /  rock barrier  /  bedding slope
文超, 李俊, 祝文化. 五强溪水电站扩机工程进水口围堰爆破拆除技术研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 117 -122 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.017
Chao WEN, Jun LI, Wen-hua ZHU. Blasting Demolition Technology of Cofferdam at Inlet of Expansion Project of Wuqiangxi Hydropower Station[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 117 -122 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.017
五强溪水电站位于沅水干流中下游,湖南省沅陵县境内,扩机工程布置于原枢纽工程大坝右岸,主要由引水建筑物、厂房建筑物、临时建筑等组成。其中引水建筑物由岸塔式进水口、引水隧洞、调压室和压力管道组成。进水口围堰主要是为了保证进水口边坡开挖及闸门等结构正常施工,扩机工程施工完成后实施爆破拆除[1,2]。进水口围堰岩坎中部的17#冲沟开挖过程中揭露的岩体非常破碎,为增加岩坎的挡水能力,需要在17#冲沟的外侧增加土石子堰并进行固结灌浆,利用土石子堰和两侧岩坎挡水,保障冲沟破碎岩体的开挖施工和混凝土浇筑置换,结合岩坎防渗帷幕,最终形成预留岩坎挡水。因此,进水口围堰采用预留岩坎+混凝土围堰+土石子围堰组合的结构形式,详见图1
进水口工程区岩性以砂岩、石英砂岩为主,夹板岩、砂质板岩,层状结构,软弱夹层较发育,岩性软硬相间,层间结合力弱,岩石f系数8~10。施工预留岩坎体外侧为反倾向层状结构岩质边坡,整体稳定性较好;岩坎内侧为岩质顺向坡,顺坡方向倾角约37°,岩坎中分布有较大的顺向软弱夹层,边坡基本顺层开挖,坡比约1∶1.33,顶部围堰基础EL98.5,围堰拆除上游底高EL82,下游按1∶5与进水口引水渠底板EL71相接。水库设计正常蓄水位108.00 m,汛期防洪限制水位98.00 m,死水位90.00 m。岩坎顶宽22~43 m,底宽93~105 m,长约122 m。进水口混凝土围堰拆除及预留岩坎工程量共计16万m3
根据五强溪扩机工程进水口围堰结构形式、地质条件及工期要求,围堰拆除与常规围堰相比,有以下特点和难点:
(1)由于岩坎内侧为顺层边坡,岩坎中分布有较大的顺向软弱夹层,顺层岩坎拆除不能按照常规围堰经济断面进行大范围堰内削方拆除、堰外水上开挖,以避免顺层边坡切脚后,施工围堰在水库正常蓄水位时岩坎内外侧水头差(37 m)造成的整体失稳和渗透破坏,堰内岩坎仅能进行顺层削薄处理,因此,后期水下爆破水头高、工程量大,水下钻孔、装药、联网工序复杂,拆除工期和质量保证难度较大。
(2)水上、水下爆破环境复杂,既要考虑爆破振动对临近的大坝、厂房、进水口闸门、民房等建构筑物的安全影响,更要保障围堰爆破拆除过程中电站的正常运行;同时,在进行混凝土围堰拆除和堰内顺层削薄过程中,爆破对土石子堰和岩体的振动影响导致的渗漏破坏及围堰稳定性也是施工过程中控制重点。
(3)水下拆除部分有土石子堰填渣、节理裂隙发育带以及堰内削薄时形成的顺层坡面,钻孔时易出现开孔难、塌孔、卡钻等,装药作业时,难以保证满足设计的装药结构和装药量。
(4)施工水位受电站调度影响,水位高,水下部分爆破拆除后只能采用长臂反铲和抓斗进行清渣、转运,清渣效率低,难度大,成本高;同时,进水口爆渣残留要求严格,需铺设柔性石渣防护网进行清渣。因此,水下拆除部分的爆破块度控制要求高。
(5)进水口围堰临近闸门和五强溪大坝及老厂房,进水塔距离岩坎60 m,最近处约30 m,爆破飞石、爆破水击波、爆后堆渣等对进水口塔体混凝土、闸门、门槽等临近结构物产生影响,必须实施完善的爆破安全防护措施。
根据五强溪电站进水口围堰及现场预留岩坎情况,进水口围堰拆除总体上遵循自上而下、水下由外向内、干地由内向外、混凝土子堰按照设计伸缩缝分区、分块进行施工。
围堰混凝土及预留岩坎拆除以EL98.5为界分为上、下两部分,其中EL98.5以上围堰混凝土拆除以及EL98.5以下基坑内侧预留岩坎削薄在干地条件下,采用松动控制爆破拆除。EL98.5以下剩余部分预留岩坎及土石子堰主要采用水上钻爆船钻孔控制爆破、水下挖泥船疏浚开挖的方式进行拆除,预留岩坎下游削薄拆除时应确保保留土石子堰及岩坎的稳定和安全。具体分区见图2
围堰1区(EL98.5以上)为C20混凝土结构,含有少量横拉模板ϕ 10 mm钢筋,平均长约133 m、上部墙体为直角梯形(上宽2 m、下底宽8.6 m)、高10.0 m。针对1区混凝土顶面宽度狭窄的特点,对1区混凝土结构采取分层爆破拆除,上层4 m采用手风钻进行浅孔松动控制爆破,爆破后采用长臂反铲将混凝土碎块清理至土石子堰和主围堰之间进行填筑,并加高外围子堰。下层6 m采用液压钻机进行深孔松动控制爆破。
围堰1区混凝土垂直钻孔、梅花形布孔,分区进行拆除。爆破采用非电导爆管雷管微差爆破。1区爆破参数见表1
围堰2区(EL98.5以下)顶面宽5 m、台阶高27.7 m、平均长约75.0 m,上部局部为C20混凝土浇筑,其他大部为预留砂质岩坎,层状结构。2区拆除时主要以加高的土石子堰进行挡水,主围堰EL98.5以下灌浆帷幕辅助挡水,两道围堰之间基坑进行抽水降低水位。2区混凝土拆除按照设计伸缩缝分区、分块进行深孔松动控制爆破;基坑内侧EL98.5以下预留岩坎削薄在干地条件下陆上钻孔、爆破,顺层开挖。根据进水口开挖阶段实测厂房开关站(GIS室)的爆破振动控制要求和单段最大药量的对应关系,采用孔内高段位(MS13)、孔间MS3、排间MS5的普通塑料导爆管雷管接力起爆网路,参照前期进水口控制爆破开挖成果,单段最大药量在60 kg以内可满足开挖区爆破对邻近建构筑物的振动控制要求[3,4]。2区台阶爆破参数见表2,爆破拆除效果见图3
进水口围堰于2022年5月22日开始爆破拆除,混凝土子堰拆除和基坑内侧EL98.5以下预留岩坎削薄于7月5日结束。3区的EL98.5以下预留岩坎和土石子围堰全部转为水下爆破,采用钻爆船垂直钻孔,水上钻孔、水下爆破。水下钻孔爆破分两层施工,考虑围堰拆除上游底高EL82、下游按1∶5与进水口引水渠底板EL71相接,分层开挖按照90.00 m和71.00 m高程进行控制,以17#冲沟为界,利用冲沟形成的临空面向两侧进行,以控制爆渣抛掷方向、降低爆破振动效应对进水口结构影响。围堰拆除长度约133 m,总爆破量约14万m3
(1)火工品性能试验
水下爆破的火工品有导爆管非电延期雷管、防水电子数码雷管,防水乳化炸药,导爆索等。按实际装药形式加工试验药包,绑扎导爆索、药包和起爆雷管,浅水(水深2 m)试验分别采用非电雷管和数码电子雷管,浸泡48 h、72 h,试验3次准保率100%。深水(大于30 m)试验分别采用非电雷管和数码雷管,浸泡48 h、72 h,5次带水压试验准保率100%。考虑到大规模水下爆破的可靠性、安全性以及微差时间的精确性,有效控制爆破有害效应的影响,水下爆破采用数码电子雷管。
(2)爆区钻孔
水下爆破采用钻爆船钻孔,钻爆船采用创海K90定位定向仪按照设计爆区进行定位,定位平面精度5 cm,高程10 cm。钻孔过程中,通过定位仪实时监测船体变化情况,验证船体固定效果。根据围堰拆除水下钻孔深度大,地质条件复杂,采用定制履带式顶锤钻机钻孔,该钻机在传统液压钻机的基础上新增顶锤及套管功能,更适宜水下深孔钻孔。钻孔采用垂直孔,孔径ϕ 115 mm,水中及覆盖层套管跟进;炮孔间排距结合孔径及岩体条件,为满足破岩块度要求,取炮孔间距2 m,排距2 m;超钻深度取1.5~2 m,以保证底板设计高程以上完全炸开。为了提高钻爆效率,减少下套管、取套管操作过程的影响,在单响最大药量允许条件下,尽量提高钻孔的入岩深度,以提高爆破综合效率。
(3)单耗确定
水下爆破工程技术设计规范推荐的水下钻孔爆破单位炸药消耗量按以下公式计算[5]
式中:q为单位炸药消耗量;H为覆盖水深,m。
根据进水口水下岩坎的水文地质条件和岩体物理力学性质,结合水下爆破块度清渣控制要求,本工程水下爆破覆盖水深20~37 m左右,炸药单耗取0.9~1.1 kg/m3
岩坎水下爆破参数见表3
(4)爆破网路设计
水下爆破采用数码电子雷管联网。每次钻孔完成后,起升钻杆进行装药,装药采用一孔一设计,根据岩层的厚度进行装药计算。按照入岩厚度减去1.5 m孔口堵塞长度,连续装药,药卷直径ϕ 70 mm,采用塑料袋预先进行药包加工绑扎,孔内双发电子雷管,孔口采用细沙堵塞。装药完成后,拔出套管。
装药全部完成后,进行联网起爆,数码雷管联网需要将卡头置于水面以上,浮漂固定,联网全部完成后,采用数码雷管起爆器进行延时设定,最后进行起爆。典型的爆破网路设计见图4
(5)水下爆破效果
进水口围堰EL98.5以下预留岩坎和土石子围堰转为水下爆破后,经过钻爆船定位钻孔调试、火工材料试验、水下爆破试验等一系列准备工作的完成,目前已经转入正常爆破施工,日爆破方量700 m3左右。抓斗式清渣船抓斗斗容4.0 m3,爆破块度在1000 mm内的爆渣可单独抓起,爆破块度在300 mm内可达到理想的抓渣效率。现场爆破试验结果表明,采用现有钻爆参数,爆破块度能够满足抓斗船高效抓渣、转运要求。水下爆破效果见图5
进水口围堰拆除施工场地狭窄、交叉作业多,邻近建构筑物及厂房运行要求严格,爆破飞石、爆破振动及水击波、爆破抛渣等对邻近的进水口闸门及进水口塔体的影响尤为突出,必须进行严格的施工控制和安全防护。
(1)混凝土子堰和堰内岩坎顺层削薄过程中,对闸门井、交通支洞口等部位采用防护网和预加工钢板进行防护;2区削薄清渣完成验收后,在基坑地面分块满铺密目钢丝网,各钢丝网起吊绳用浮球牵引,围堰清渣完成后利用卷扬机配合挖泥船起网,渣石装泥驳船转运。
(2)进水口围堰堰内充水转入水下爆破开挖,首先在堰内进水口塔体前设置1~2道气泡帷幕,降低爆破时水中冲击波对闸门的冲击;在堰外和大坝之间的库区设置1~2道气泡帷幕,降低爆破水击波对大坝等结构的冲击影响。
(3)对前期试验确定的最大单段药量进行施工期监测,以校核最大单段药量的合理性。
典型爆破振动质点速度和水击波监测点布置见图6,监测结果见表4
现场监测数据可以看出,爆破最大单段药量在56 kg以内时,爆破振动速度及水击波均较小,各主要控制部位的质点振动速度均在允许最大值的80%以内[6-8];水击波因设计未提供控制标准,参考国内类似工程[9-11],本试验水击波在0.1 MPa以内,明显低于以往国内类似工程水击波安全允许标准,加之进水口侧测点布置在气泡帷幕前,若经过气泡帷幕削减后,水击波将进一步降低。因此,根据前述的爆破参数,采用数码电子雷管高精度延时起爆技术,严格控制单段最大药量,并设置气泡帷幕等安全防护措施,可有效地控制了爆破振动及水击波对进水口闸门等建构筑物的影响,确保爆破效果。
五强溪水电站扩机工程进水口围堰拆除,由于围堰岩坎冲沟区岩体破碎、堰内岩坎为顺层坡,导致围堰结构和爆破拆除环境、地质条件复杂,围堰拆除也不能按照常规的经济断面削薄和一次拆除。针对围堰拆除特点及要求,确定了纵向分层、水平向分区的爆破拆除施工程序、方法及爆破参数,特别是在深水条件下,大规模水下爆破通过采用数码电子雷管高精度延时起爆技术,严格控制单段最大药量,并设置气泡帷幕和柔性防护网等一系列安全防护措施,现场爆破效果较好,有效地控制了爆破振动及水击波对进水口闸门等建构筑物的影响,能够确保爆破拆除质量和扩机工程节点目标的顺利实现。深水条件下的大方量水下爆破施工方法可为类似工程提供借鉴。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51374163)
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.017
  • 接收时间:2023-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-06
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(51374163)
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    1.中国葛洲坝集团 第一有限公司,宜昌 443002
    2.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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