Article(id=1241089939153154412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682524800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828499830, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828499830, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828499830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828499830, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089939455144321, articleId=1241089939153154412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Inverse Calculation of Blast Source Parameters in Gold Mine Explosion Accident, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

No matter violent & terrorist incidents or explosion accidents, parameters related to the explosion source, such as explosive equivalent, are always important for the post-explosion accident investigation. The characteristic trace of the medium under explosion load is an important basis for tracing the cause of an explosion accident and obtaining the corresponding explosion source parameters. After reviewing the typical research progress of explosive characteristic traces, including explosion crater, damage of surrounding buildings, and personnel damage degree, it is found that there are significant differences in the shape and size among the explosion craters created by near surface explosions, exposed surface explosions and explosions with certain depth. This research is based on an underground explosion accident in a gold mine in 2021, which was caused by that the dropped welding slag from the shaft ignited the underground combustible materials and explosive equipment. According to the sizes of three explosion craters formed at the accident site, the TNT equivalents are calculated as 654.17 kg, 232.49 kg and 193.83 kg, respectively. Then, the particle vibration velocity and the shock wave overpressure of the shaft wall are calculated as 40 cm/s and 2129 Pa, according to the TNT equivalents. The calculation results are consistent with the damage degree of the cage and shaft wall.

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无论暴恐事件、爆炸安全事故,爆源相关参数如爆炸当量,始终是爆炸后事故调查的重要内容。爆炸荷载作用下介质的特征痕迹提取与研究是爆炸事故追根溯源与爆源参数获取的重要依据。本文介绍了爆炸特征痕迹(如爆坑、周围建筑物破坏情况、人员损伤程度等)的典型研究进展。对于药包的近地面爆炸、地表裸露爆炸与具有一定埋深的爆炸,其爆炸后形成的爆坑形状与尺寸存在较大差别。相关学者深入探讨了爆坑尺寸与爆炸当量、炸药高度等的关系。2021年,国内某金矿发生井下炸药爆炸事故,系井口焊渣掉落,引燃井下可燃物及相关爆破器材所致。以爆炸事故现场形成的三个爆坑痕迹为切入点,基于爆坑尺寸参数,经反演计算得到其TNT当量分别为654.17 kg、232.49 kg、193.83 kg。根据反演得到的爆炸TNT当量,计算获得竖井井壁质点振动速度为40 cm/s,井壁冲击波超压为2129 Pa。通过比对爆炸后罐笼、井壁外观损伤形貌,计算结果与罐笼、井壁损伤程度具有一致性。该研究方法对类似爆炸事故的溯源追踪具有一定参考价值。

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李毅(1995-),男,博士研究生,从事工业安全研究工作,(E-mail)
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李欣(1988-)男,博士,从事消防救援、火灾爆炸事故调查工作,(E-mail)

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李欣(1988-)男,博士,从事消防救援、火灾爆炸事故调查工作,(E-mail)

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李欣(1988-)男,博士,从事消防救援、火灾爆炸事故调查工作,(E-mail)

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articleId=1241089939153154412, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Explosion craters at the accident site, figureFileSmall=ucvbI8kNPW6O3hToHBy3EQ==, figureFileBig=ggFO4NamV6JBfTC8krD8Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089947961193318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=CN, label=图3, caption=爆炸现场爆坑, figureFileSmall=ucvbI8kNPW6O3hToHBy3EQ==, figureFileBig=ggFO4NamV6JBfTC8krD8Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948045079408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Typical explosion crater structure, figureFileSmall=j7hohMg3s4hRhGvrB+e7Iw==, figureFileBig=wflqIk8Wzcy4HGijOiVodA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948124771192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=CN, label=图4, caption=典型爆坑结构, figureFileSmall=j7hohMg3s4hRhGvrB+e7Iw==, figureFileBig=wflqIk8Wzcy4HGijOiVodA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948229628804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Appearance of the cage, figureFileSmall=ZHRioz24YgX4QibGBFHmzA==, figureFileBig=+p54SkUSqhHXi7JoCiMKOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948355457935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=CN, label=图5, caption=罐笼外观, figureFileSmall=ZHRioz24YgX4QibGBFHmzA==, figureFileBig=+p54SkUSqhHXi7JoCiMKOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089948485481373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relationship between K, α and lithology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性Kα
坚硬岩石50~1501.3~1.5
中硬岩石150~2501.5~1.8
软岩石250~3501.8~2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241089948577756074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

K值和α值与岩性的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性Kα
坚硬岩石50~1501.3~1.5
中硬岩石150~2501.5~1.8
软岩石250~3501.8~2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241089948695196597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Allowed values of blasting vibration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保护对象类型安全允许振动速度/(cm·s-1
<10 Hz10~50 Hz50~100 Hz
1土坯房、毛石房屋0.5~1.00.7~1.21.1~1.5
2一般砖房、非抗振的大型砖块建筑物2.0~2.52.3~2.82.7~3.0
3钢筋混凝土结构房屋3.0~4.03.5~4.54.2~5.0
4一般古建筑与古迹0.1~0.30.2~0.40.3~0.5
5水工隧道 7~15 
6交通隧道 10~20 
7矿山隧道 15~30 
), ArticleFig(id=1241089948829414337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939153154412, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爆破振动安全值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保护对象类型安全允许振动速度/(cm·s-1
<10 Hz10~50 Hz50~100 Hz
1土坯房、毛石房屋0.5~1.00.7~1.21.1~1.5
2一般砖房、非抗振的大型砖块建筑物2.0~2.52.3~2.82.7~3.0
3钢筋混凝土结构房屋3.0~4.03.5~4.54.2~5.0
4一般古建筑与古迹0.1~0.30.2~0.40.3~0.5
5水工隧道 7~15 
6交通隧道 10~20 
7矿山隧道 15~30 
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某金矿爆炸事故中爆源参数反演计算
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李欣 1 , 张刚 2 , 陈先锋 3 , 李毅 3
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(2): 24-28
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(2): 24-28
某金矿爆炸事故中爆源参数反演计算
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李欣1 , 张刚2, 陈先锋3, 李毅3
作者信息
  • 1.黄石市消防救援支队,黄石 435000
  • 2.南阳防爆电气研究所有限公司,南阳 473000
  • 3.武汉理工大学,武汉 430070
  • 李欣(1988-)男,博士,从事消防救援、火灾爆炸事故调查工作,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

李毅(1995-),男,博士研究生,从事工业安全研究工作,(E-mail)
Inverse Calculation of Blast Source Parameters in Gold Mine Explosion Accident
Xin LI1 , Gang ZHANG2, Xian-feng CHEN3, Yi LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Huangshi Fire Rescue Detachment, Huangshi 435000, China
  • 2.Nanyang Explosion Proof Electric Research Institute, Nanyang 473000, China
  • 3.Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.004
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无论暴恐事件、爆炸安全事故,爆源相关参数如爆炸当量,始终是爆炸后事故调查的重要内容。爆炸荷载作用下介质的特征痕迹提取与研究是爆炸事故追根溯源与爆源参数获取的重要依据。本文介绍了爆炸特征痕迹(如爆坑、周围建筑物破坏情况、人员损伤程度等)的典型研究进展。对于药包的近地面爆炸、地表裸露爆炸与具有一定埋深的爆炸,其爆炸后形成的爆坑形状与尺寸存在较大差别。相关学者深入探讨了爆坑尺寸与爆炸当量、炸药高度等的关系。2021年,国内某金矿发生井下炸药爆炸事故,系井口焊渣掉落,引燃井下可燃物及相关爆破器材所致。以爆炸事故现场形成的三个爆坑痕迹为切入点,基于爆坑尺寸参数,经反演计算得到其TNT当量分别为654.17 kg、232.49 kg、193.83 kg。根据反演得到的爆炸TNT当量,计算获得竖井井壁质点振动速度为40 cm/s,井壁冲击波超压为2129 Pa。通过比对爆炸后罐笼、井壁外观损伤形貌,计算结果与罐笼、井壁损伤程度具有一致性。该研究方法对类似爆炸事故的溯源追踪具有一定参考价值。

爆炸特征痕迹  /  爆坑  /  爆炸当量  /  超压

No matter violent & terrorist incidents or explosion accidents, parameters related to the explosion source, such as explosive equivalent, are always important for the post-explosion accident investigation. The characteristic trace of the medium under explosion load is an important basis for tracing the cause of an explosion accident and obtaining the corresponding explosion source parameters. After reviewing the typical research progress of explosive characteristic traces, including explosion crater, damage of surrounding buildings, and personnel damage degree, it is found that there are significant differences in the shape and size among the explosion craters created by near surface explosions, exposed surface explosions and explosions with certain depth. This research is based on an underground explosion accident in a gold mine in 2021, which was caused by that the dropped welding slag from the shaft ignited the underground combustible materials and explosive equipment. According to the sizes of three explosion craters formed at the accident site, the TNT equivalents are calculated as 654.17 kg, 232.49 kg and 193.83 kg, respectively. Then, the particle vibration velocity and the shock wave overpressure of the shaft wall are calculated as 40 cm/s and 2129 Pa, according to the TNT equivalents. The calculation results are consistent with the damage degree of the cage and shaft wall.

explosive characteristic traces  /  explosion crater  /  explosive equivalent  /  overpressure
李欣, 张刚, 陈先锋, 李毅. 某金矿爆炸事故中爆源参数反演计算. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 24 -28 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.004
Xin LI, Gang ZHANG, Xian-feng CHEN, Yi LI. Inverse Calculation of Blast Source Parameters in Gold Mine Explosion Accident[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 24 -28 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.004
爆炸特征痕迹的识别、提取是爆炸现场分析的重要内容,它被广泛用于反恐怖袭击、安全事故调查等领域。通过对爆炸特征痕迹的分析,定量计算各物理参数(如爆炸物类别、药量等),可有效推测爆炸前的原始状态。炸药量估算是爆炸现场分析的重要内容之一,能够为反恐调查提供侦查方向,为正确认识安全事故危险性、波及范围等提供参考[1,2]
炸药量的反演计算就是在发生爆炸后的现场,选取典型破坏物,基于一种或多种经验计算公式,通过对破坏物的损毁情况(如玻璃的破碎、梁柱变形等)定性分析,推算爆炸药量及爆炸位置。基于爆炸特征痕迹的反演计算有:根据炸药盛装载体判断药量;根据炸药爆炸对周围介质的抛掷范围推断爆炸药量;根据爆炸后形成的爆坑痕迹计算炸药量;根据周围设施受冲击波破坏情况推断爆炸药量;根据人体受爆炸损伤程度反演爆炸药量等。
对于根据爆坑特征参数反演炸药量而言,需注意的是爆炸物在与地面有一定距离的近地面爆炸时,所形成的爆坑特征与爆炸物在地表裸露爆炸或地表以下埋设爆炸所形成的爆坑具有一定差异[3]。当不考虑爆坑深度时,冯伟涛等人研究了近地面药包爆炸成坑效应[4]。通过实验与计算对比,给出了爆坑尺寸与爆炸当量的函数关系。在砂质土壤中,Schmidt等人研究了爆炸的成坑规律并进行系统阐述[5]。当考虑到爆炸药包高度时,Ambrosini等进行了干燥粘土地面上方的爆炸试验[6],给出了爆坑尺寸与炸药量、炸药高度的关系式。
炸药爆炸后70%的能量转化为冲击波能量向外传播,冲击波造成的破坏痕迹也是爆炸药量反演的重要取样目标[7]。大量的爆炸事故现场勘查发现,玻璃碎片、梁柱的受弯变形、刚体结构变形等是事故现场较为常见的特征痕迹,可为爆炸当量的推算提供必要的数据支撑[8]。使用ANSYS计算分析软件,高轩能等人研究了爆炸荷载作用下不同厚度的夹层玻璃力学响应及破坏机理[9]。研究发现,较之静力荷载作用,夹层玻璃在爆炸冲击荷载下具有更大的挠度,同时,作者提出了适用静力、冲击作用下夹层玻璃厚度计算的统一公式。
以某一金矿井下炸药爆炸事故为研究对象,基于爆炸药量推算原理,利用爆炸形成的爆坑痕迹进行药量反演计算,同时结合冲击波破坏效果进行佐证。
2021年国内某金矿在前期基础建设阶段发生井下炸药爆炸重大事故,造成10人死亡,1人失踪,直接经济损失6800余万元。
事发前,该金矿进行基建施工,计划在矿区内新建一条混合井和一条回风竖井,以此提升运输、通风能力。设计在井下400 m中段距回风井井筒100 m外的石门巷内建立爆破器材贮存库。
事发时,作业人员正准备向回风井内六中段下放启动柜,发现无法将其放入罐笼,遂用气焊切割掉罐笼侧壁的阻车器,伴有高温熔渣掉入井筒,随后监控录像出现闪屏而后黑屏现象。约半小时后,井筒内断电,接着传出爆炸声,有大股黑烟从井口冒出,附近房屋等设施出现裂痕。公司负责人得知爆炸事故后,紧急组织人员参与救援工作,在井口悬吊风机抽风过程中,又使用气焊对槽钢进行切割作业,随后井下发生二次爆炸。经事故调查专家组判定,导致爆炸事故的直接原因是井下违规存放超量的炸药、雷管,当井口进行违规切割作业时,高温热熔渣被井壁反弹进入存在炸药的一中断马头门内,引燃堆积的炸药包装纸箱和散落的塑料制品,进而引爆库内混存乱放的导爆管雷管、乳化炸药。不完全燃烧产物、第一次爆炸的爆后产物和残留物在短时压风、排烟过程中,遇自救时井口气割作业掉落的高温残渣引发二次弱爆炸。
经现场勘察发现,回风井井壁没有明显过火痕迹,一中段马头门对面素混凝土井壁受爆炸冲击影响表面破损,裸露卵石粗骨料,如图1(a)所示,一中段硐室两侧井壁岩石大面积脱落,壁面裂缝明显且缝隙较大。如图1(b),硐室裸巷部分顶板局部有明显冒落痕迹,经撬毛处理掉落大量松石,裸巷边帮和掌子面未见松石冒落。硐室支护段顶板与裸巷连接部位约80 cm范围的衬砌被冲击破坏,其他部分未见明显破坏。
事故发生后,井下爆炸现场情况如图2所示。爆炸现场共形成了3个爆坑,分别记作1号爆坑、2号爆坑、3号爆坑。清理掉爆坑内因炸药抛掷作用产生的回填土,测量发现1号爆坑最大深度约0.5 m,最大深度中心至井壁约5.8 m,如图3(a)所示。1号爆坑清理过程中,发现有导爆管、乳化炸药小药卷外皮及绝缘胶垫等不完全燃烧残留物。2号爆坑呈近似圆形,最大深度0.2 m,如图3(b)所示。3号爆坑也呈近圆形,最大深度约0.3 m,最大深度中心至井壁约7.9 m,爆坑紧邻巷道西南侧帮,如图3(b)所示。
药包发生地表裸露爆炸后,冲击波由空气传导至土壤表面,土体介质开始发生塑性形变,并逐步下沉形成爆坑;随着冲击波与爆生气体的持续作用,爆坑继续深度扩张,且爆坑四周出现轻微隆起;爆炸结束后,被粉碎后向外抛掷的土壤、岩石介质部分堆积于爆坑边缘,部分回落至爆坑内,导致真实爆坑被覆盖,呈现可见爆坑外观[10,11],如图4所示。
对爆炸现场的爆坑清理后,使其露出真实爆坑表面,并进行多次测量,取其平均值作为爆坑等效直径,代入公式(1)求取爆炸药量[12,13]
式中:W为TNT当量,g;R1为爆坑半径,cm;ρ为炸药密度,g/cm3K1为初始换算系数(1.5~6)。式中K1值的选择,主要与爆炸作用的介质性质和炸药在介质中的位置有关。对于地面裸露爆破,接触表面为较坚硬介质时,K1取值1.5~2.5。本案例计算过程中K1取2.4。经测量,三个爆坑的等效直径分别为240 cm、170 cm、160 cm,则(1)式中R1分别为120 cm、85 cm和80cm。乳化炸药密度1~1.25 g/cm3,本次计算取ρ=1.25 g/cm3。经过计算,产生三个爆坑的乳化炸药TNT当量分别为654.17 kg、232.49 kg、193.83 kg。因此,根据爆炸现场爆坑痕迹分析,产生此次爆炸事故的乳化炸药TNT当量约为1.08 t。
根据爆炸现场勘查,炸药贮存库房与井筒最近距离约4.3 m,根据式(2)萨道夫斯基公式求解井筒壁面质点振动速度。
式中:V为质点振动速度,cm/s;Q为炸药量,kg;R为计算点到爆源距离;Kα为与爆破方式、装药结构、地质条件等有关的系数和衰减系数,其与岩性的关系如表1所示。
K=150,α=1.5,R=4.3 m,炸药TNT当量1080 kg,计算获得井筒壁面质点振动速度约为40 cm/s。
根据《爆破安全规程》[14]规定(表2),矿山巷道允许最大振动速度30 cm/s,计算结果远大于井筒可承受最大振速。现场勘查发现,竖井壁面存在明显的冲击波破坏痕迹,壁面部分位置大块混凝土骨料脱落,同时,在井筒内运行的罐笼受爆炸冲击存在明显变形,如图5所示。
炸药爆炸对远区构筑物的毁伤主要通过冲击波超压作用实现,由于巷道中冲击波传播得复杂性,涉及巷道摩擦力,巷道内气体浓度,巷道截面变化等,使得巷道超压值计算无具体公式,可参考炸药地面爆炸冲击波超压的计算过程,如式(3)。
式中:ΔP为冲击波超压值,Pa;Q为炸药TNT当量,kg;R为计算点与爆心的距离,m。计算中Q取1080 kg,R取4.3 m,冲击波超压为2129 Pa。
通过爆炸现场痕迹的提取、分析,以此反推炸药当量的爆炸痕迹学对刑侦、爆炸安全事故调查具有重要意义。本文介绍了根据爆炸痕迹确定炸药当量的相关研究方法与结论,同时以某金矿井下乳化炸药爆炸事故为研究对象,选用事故现场的爆坑作为爆炸痕迹分析,反演计算出此次爆炸事故TNT当量为1.08 t。基于爆炸当量的计算结果,求解分析了竖井井壁质点振动速度约为40 cm/s,冲击波超压2129 Pa,计算结果与井筒壁面及罐笼的外观损伤程度具有高度一致性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52274224)
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.004
  • 接收时间:2023-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-27
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国家自然科学基金(52274224)
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    1.黄石市消防救援支队,黄石 435000
    2.南阳防爆电气研究所有限公司,南阳 473000
    3.武汉理工大学,武汉 430070

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李毅(1995-),男,博士研究生,从事工业安全研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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