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Aiming at the problem that the blasting effect is not good due to poor or even no stemming of blast holes in underground coal mine, numerical simulation was used to analyze the mechanism of rock breaking and stemming mechanism. A 3 m×3 m two-dimensional concrete model with blast hole diameter of 0.04 m and hole depth of 1m was established using the finite element analysis software. In addition, the continuous emulsion explosive charge was set as 0.3 kg, and the stemming material was set as sand. For the explosive simulation, concrete and sand were modeled by Lagrange grid, and the air was modeled by Euler grid. ALE algorithm was used to simulate the explosion stress nephogram and damage cloud maps with a single hole stemming length of 0 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm respectively under the blast load. The results show that the maximum stress around the hole with stemming is significantly higher than that without stemming. Meanwhile, the damage degree around the hole with stemming is more severe with smaller fragments than that without stemming. On the basis of analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of clay and water stemming structures commonly used in underground mines, a stemming structure by expansion-pipe water injection was designed, which can replace the clay and water stemming structure in underground coal mine blasting as a good field application.

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针对煤矿井下炮孔堵塞密封性差甚至不堵塞所导致爆破效果不佳的问题，在分析破岩机理和堵塞机理的基础上，采用数值模拟和实验研究的方法对爆炸荷载作用下小口径炮孔堵塞进行了研究，运用了有限元分析软件建立了3 m×3 m的二维混凝土断面模型，炮孔直径为0.04 m，炮孔深度为1 m，采用柱形连续装药，卷装乳化炸药装药重量为0.3 kg，堵塞材料为砂土。炸药、混凝土体、砂土均采用Lagrange网格建模，空气采用Euler网格建模，使用ALE算法分别模拟出爆炸荷载作用下单孔堵塞长度分别为0、200 mm、400 mm的爆炸应力云图和损伤云图。结果显示：在爆炸的大部分时间里，有堵塞炮孔周边的最大应力明显高于无堵塞情形。有堵塞炮孔周边损伤程度与无堵塞情形相比，更严重，破碎块体更小。该数值模拟方法可为井下钻孔爆破分析提供一种借鉴。在对井下常用的粘土+水炮泥结构利弊分析基础上，设计研发了胀管式注水炮孔堵塞结构，现场应用效果良好。胀管式注水结构可以替代粘土+水炮泥结构应用于煤矿井下爆破中。

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张艳军（1982-），男，汉族，山西朔州人，硕士研究生、副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程力学，工程爆破方面的教学研究工作，（E-mail）。

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张艳军（1982-），男，汉族，山西朔州人，硕士研究生、副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程力学，工程爆破方面的教学研究工作，（E-mail）。

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张艳军（1982-），男，汉族，山西朔州人，硕士研究生、副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程力学，工程爆破方面的教学研究工作，（E-mail）。

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pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=150, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=付军, 郝亚飞, 曹进军, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付军, 郝亚飞, 曹进军, 等. 大孔径爆破堵塞技术优化研究与应用[J]. 爆破, 2019, 36(4): 150-154., articleTitle=大孔径爆破堵塞技术优化研究与应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089952067408279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939069260463, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=150, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=FU Jun, HAO Ya-fei, CAO Jin-jun, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Jun, HAO Ya-fei, CAO Jin-jun, et al. 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Parameters of emulsion explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药密度ρ/（g·cm-3）炸药爆速D/（m·s-1）爆压P/GPa表征炸药特性参数A/GPa表征炸药特性参数B/GPa表征炸药特性参数R1表征炸药特性参数R2表征炸药特性参数ω单位体积内能E/GPa
1.0341602749.461.893.911.120.335.15
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乳化炸药参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药密度ρ/（g·cm-3）炸药爆速D/（m·s-1）爆压P/GPa表征炸药特性参数A/GPa表征炸药特性参数B/GPa表征炸药特性参数R1表征炸药特性参数R2表征炸药特性参数ω单位体积内能E/GPa
1.0341602749.461.893.911.120.335.15
), ArticleFig(id=1241089950716842303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939069260463, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

CONC-35MPA material parameter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（g·cm-3）抗压强度/MPa切变模量/GPa抗拉强度（ft/fc）抗剪强度（fs/fc）
2.3143516.70.10.18
), ArticleFig(id=1241089950863642950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939069260463, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CONC-35MPA材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（g·cm-3）抗压强度/MPa切变模量/GPa抗拉强度（ft/fc）抗剪强度（fs/fc）
2.3143516.70.10.18
), ArticleFig(id=1241089950993666381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939069260463, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Air parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空气密度ρ/（g·cm-3）材料常数γ空气初始内能e/（KJ·kg-1）
1.2251.42.068×105
), ArticleFig(id=1241089951106912599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939069260463, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

空气参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空气密度ρ/（g·cm-3）材料常数γ空气初始内能e/（KJ·kg-1）
1.2251.42.068×105
), ArticleFig(id=1241089951274684769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939069260463, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of stress peaks at different times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
堵塞长度/mm不同时刻的应力峰值/MPa
0.04 ms0.12 ms0.8 ms1.08 ms2 ms
400503.3226.078.9875.5962.89
200503.3226.097.2980.2375.70
0503.3155.361.4257.5476.58
), ArticleFig(id=1241089951379542377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089939069260463, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同时刻应力峰值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
堵塞长度/mm不同时刻的应力峰值/MPa
0.04 ms0.12 ms0.8 ms1.08 ms2 ms
400503.3226.078.9875.5962.89
200503.3226.097.2980.2375.70
0503.3155.361.4257.5476.58
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爆炸荷载作用下小口径炮孔堵塞数值模拟
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张艳军 a , 雷美荣 b , 张东让 a , 勾靖国 a
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(2): 75-79
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(2): 75-79
爆炸荷载作用下小口径炮孔堵塞数值模拟
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张艳军a , 雷美荣b, 张东让a, 勾靖国a
作者信息
  • a.山西大同大学 建筑与测绘工程学院，大同 037003
  • b.山西大同大学 机电工程学院，大同 037003

    • 张艳军（1982-），男，汉族，山西朔州人，硕士研究生、副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程力学，工程爆破方面的教学研究工作，（E-mail）。

Numerical Simulation of Small Hole Stemming under Blast Load
Yan-jun ZHANGa , Mei-rong LEIb, Dong-rang ZHANGa, Jing-guo GOUa
Affiliations
  • a.Building and Surveying and Mapping Engineering College, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037003, China
  • b.Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037003, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.011
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摘要
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针对煤矿井下炮孔堵塞密封性差甚至不堵塞所导致爆破效果不佳的问题，在分析破岩机理和堵塞机理的基础上，采用数值模拟和实验研究的方法对爆炸荷载作用下小口径炮孔堵塞进行了研究，运用了有限元分析软件建立了3 m×3 m的二维混凝土断面模型，炮孔直径为0.04 m，炮孔深度为1 m，采用柱形连续装药，卷装乳化炸药装药重量为0.3 kg，堵塞材料为砂土。炸药、混凝土体、砂土均采用Lagrange网格建模，空气采用Euler网格建模，使用ALE算法分别模拟出爆炸荷载作用下单孔堵塞长度分别为0、200 mm、400 mm的爆炸应力云图和损伤云图。结果显示：在爆炸的大部分时间里，有堵塞炮孔周边的最大应力明显高于无堵塞情形。有堵塞炮孔周边损伤程度与无堵塞情形相比，更严重，破碎块体更小。该数值模拟方法可为井下钻孔爆破分析提供一种借鉴。在对井下常用的粘土+水炮泥结构利弊分析基础上，设计研发了胀管式注水炮孔堵塞结构，现场应用效果良好。胀管式注水结构可以替代粘土+水炮泥结构应用于煤矿井下爆破中。

小口径  /  炮孔  /  爆破  /  堵塞

Aiming at the problem that the blasting effect is not good due to poor or even no stemming of blast holes in underground coal mine, numerical simulation was used to analyze the mechanism of rock breaking and stemming mechanism. A 3 m×3 m two-dimensional concrete model with blast hole diameter of 0.04 m and hole depth of 1m was established using the finite element analysis software. In addition, the continuous emulsion explosive charge was set as 0.3 kg, and the stemming material was set as sand. For the explosive simulation, concrete and sand were modeled by Lagrange grid, and the air was modeled by Euler grid. ALE algorithm was used to simulate the explosion stress nephogram and damage cloud maps with a single hole stemming length of 0 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm respectively under the blast load. The results show that the maximum stress around the hole with stemming is significantly higher than that without stemming. Meanwhile, the damage degree around the hole with stemming is more severe with smaller fragments than that without stemming. On the basis of analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of clay and water stemming structures commonly used in underground mines, a stemming structure by expansion-pipe water injection was designed, which can replace the clay and water stemming structure in underground coal mine blasting as a good field application.

small diameter  /  hole  /  blasting  /  stemming
张艳军, 雷美荣, 张东让, 勾靖国. 爆炸荷载作用下小口径炮孔堵塞数值模拟. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 75 -79 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.011
Yan-jun ZHANG, Mei-rong LEI, Dong-rang ZHANG, Jing-guo GOU. Numerical Simulation of Small Hole Stemming under Blast Load[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 75 -79 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.011
正文
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影响钻孔爆破效果的一个重要因素是堵塞[1,2]，目前，煤矿小口径炮孔爆破普遍采用粘土+水炮泥的方法堵塞炮孔，在操作时用炮棍捅捣炮泥的力度掌握难度大，易造成封堵不实而影响爆破效果；或者造成捅捣太实引起炸药性能的改变，从而影响爆破效果。有时工人师傅为了方便，干脆不堵塞，并采用加大炸药用量的方法，这样不仅会造成炸药浪费成本增加，还会造成破岩断面成型较差，大块率高等现象[3-5]。很多学者对炮孔堵塞做了大量的研究，李延龙等研究了单炮爆破水炮泥堵塞机理及在孔内的运动规律[6]。朱宽等利用ANSYS/LSDYNA建立了连续堵塞和空气间隔堵塞结构模型，通过孔壁应力峰值说明该结构对改善该位置岩石爆破效果有一定促进作用，通过试验证明了该堵塞结构改善爆破效果的可行性[7]。欧阳剑等通过实验的方法研究了在有空孔情况下，装药孔填塞长度对于深孔直眼掏槽爆破效果影响[8]。王琛、周志强等理论分析了爆破中炮孔填塞作用及研究进展[9,10]。任少峰等采用数值模拟的方法研究了炮孔的最佳堵塞长度[11]。以上文献对堵塞材料、堵塞长度等方面的研究较为深入，对炮孔损伤度及堵塞结构的研究相对较少。本文采用数值模拟和实验研究相结合的方法研究了炮孔堵塞，使用ALE算法模拟了不同堵塞长度下的爆炸应力云图、爆炸损伤云图，研发了胀管式注水炮孔堵塞结构，为炮孔堵塞分析与应用提供参考。
1 破岩和堵塞机理
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为了提高爆破质量，一般要堵塞炮孔[12-14]。如果不堵塞，爆炸产生的应力波能量不会被削弱，爆生气体会出现冲孔现象，造成炸药浪费，爆炸质量也随之受到影响。在炸药爆炸过程中，爆炸产生的气体会迅速充满孔腔，堵塞物随即被压缩直至刚性，然后爆生气体推动刚性堵塞物整体运动直至冲出炮孔[15]。在此过程中，如果堵塞恰当，爆炸产生的冲击波导致岩石产生裂纹，与此同时爆生气体会加速裂纹扩展，裂纹扩展至自由面时，堵塞物正好冲出炮孔，爆能就能被充分利用，爆破效果较好。可见堵塞对爆破效果有重要的影响。
2 数值模拟分析
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2.1 参数设置
采用AUTODYN建立模型为3 m×3 m×3 m的三维混凝土断面，为了节约时间，降低计算量，将三维模型二维化处理，分别填充炸药、堵塞物，空气，如图1所示。炮孔直径0.04 m，深度1 m。采用柱形连续装药，卷装乳化炸药直径32 mm，长度355 mm，重量0.3 kg。堵塞物采用砂土材料，密度是1.674 g/cm3，堵塞物直径为40 mm，长度为0、200 mm和400 mm。网格划分如图2所示。
炸药使用乳化炸药，炸药参数如表1所示，混凝土材料参数如表2所示，空气参数如表3所示。
数值计算采用AUTODYN材料库中的CONC-35MPA模型作为混凝土材料，材料本构模型选择RHT concrect模型和RHT concrect失效模型。由Riedel等提出的RHT模型能描述混凝土从弹性到失效的整个过程[16]，被广泛地用于冲击荷载下混凝土的损伤断裂问题研究[17]。炸药、混凝土体、堵塞砂土均采用Lagrange网格建模，空气采用Euler网格建模，使用ALE算法。ALE算法可以克服固体大变形数值计算的难题。
2.2 模拟结果
堵塞长度为200 mm、400 mm和无堵塞的爆破等效应力云图，分别如图3、图4、图5所示。从图3和图4可以看出，应力波以水滴状向外传播，柱形装药中心区域出现最大应力，t=0.04 ms时，应力波以近似水滴形状向外传播，t=0.12 ms时，应力波开始在堵塞物中传播，应力波以波的形式向自由面传播，从图5可以看出，t=0.8 ms时，应力波到达临空面并开始反射，t=1.08 ms时，应力波反射并叠加，t=2 ms时，应力波基本释放。从表4可以看出t=0.04 ms时，有堵塞和无堵塞的炮孔周边的最大应力一样，但t=0.12 ms，t=0.8 ms，t=1.08 ms时有堵塞比无堵塞的炮孔周边的最大应力大，2 ms时无堵塞的最大应力比有堵塞的最大应力大，在爆炸的大部分时间里，有堵塞的最大应力明显高于无堵塞的最大应力。堵塞长度分别为200 mm、400 mm和无堵塞的爆破损伤云图如图6所示，从图6可以看出，堵塞长度为200 mm和400 mm的炮孔周围的损伤程度比无堵塞情况下的损伤程度严重，而且破碎块体较小，爆破效果好。
3 堵塞结构设计
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目前煤矿常使用的堵塞结构是粘土+水炮泥堵塞结构。粘土加水炮泥结构如图7所示，这种堵塞结构的优点在于：堵塞操作简单；堵塞成本较低等。其弊端为：封堵质量差，炮眼利用率低，产生粉尘浓度高，炸药用量大。针对以上问题，研制出一种胀管式注水炮孔堵塞结构[18]，该结构实物图和结构图分别如图8和图9所示：该结构由胀裂筒和胀塞组成，爆生气体膨胀使胀塞相对于胀裂筒移动，胀裂筒在胀塞的推动下膨胀裂开，达到与炮孔壁增阻自锁的目的，胀塞相对于炮孔底部一端采用圆头设计，可以对爆炸产生的应力波起到反射作用，提高对岩石的破碎效果。在大同挖金湾矿进行现场爆破试验，应用效果良好，该结构相对于粘土加水炮泥，可以提高爆破质量，减少爆破成本。
4 结论
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数值分析结果表明：在爆炸的大部分时间里，有堵塞炮孔周边的最大应力明显高于无堵塞情形。有堵塞炮孔周边损伤程度与无堵塞情形相比，更严重。该数值模拟方法可为井下钻孔爆破分析提供一种借鉴。胀管式注水结构可以替代粘土+水炮泥结构应用于煤矿井下爆破中。
基金
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  • 山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020L0492)
  • 山西省科学技术发展计划（工业）项目(20140321003-05)
  • 教育部产学研协同育人项目(202102415008)
  • 大同市重点工业研发计划项目(2018027)
文献
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.011
  • 接收时间：2023-01-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-13
基金
山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020L0492)
山西省科学技术发展计划（工业）项目(20140321003-05)
教育部产学研协同育人项目(202102415008)
大同市重点工业研发计划项目(2018027)
作者信息
    a.山西大同大学 建筑与测绘工程学院，大同 037003
    b.山西大同大学 机电工程学院，大同 037003
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