Article(id=1241089937479619190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673366400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828499430, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828499430, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828499430, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828499430, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=172, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089937756443256, articleId=1241089937479619190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Analysis of Blasting Vibration Response Characteristics and Safety Control of Front Tunnel with Small Clear Distance and Large Section, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of blasting excavation of rear tunnel with mall clear distance and large section, it is very important to ensure the safety of front tunnel exposed to blasting vibrations. Based on the six-lane Xiaoyu Tunnel of Beijing-Qinhuangdao Expressway, a blasting vibration velocity distribution law of the longitudinal and transverse sections of the front tunnel was monitored and analyzed during the excavation of the rear tunnel. The blasting parameters of the rear tunnel were dynamically adjusted and optimized, and the safety control measures of blasting vibration were put forward according the monitoring results. The results showed that the vibration velocity on the radial direction of the side wall of the front tunnel was the largest when the rear tunnel was excavated, and it is mainly caused by cut hole blasting. The vertical vibration velocity is slightly lower than the transverse vibration velocity. However, there is little difference between them, and the blasting vibration energy is mainly concentrated in the frequency band of 30~100 Hz. For the vibration distribution on the longitudinal section of the front tunnel, the peak vibration velocity decays with distance, but the vibration velocity on the unexcavated direction is relatively higher, which is 1.2~1.6 times of the vibration velocity on the same excavated distance. For the vibration velocity distribution on the cross-section of the front tunnel, the vibration velocity on the front side is 5~10 times higher than that on the back side. Multi-stage cutting was adopted to optimize the distribution of the holes.12 different delays were adopted to reduce the charge per delay, and the delay interval was increased to 60 ms to control the blasting vibration. The field practice shows that the optimized blasting design can reduce the vibration velocity of the side wall of the front tunnel by about 50%.

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在小净距大断面隧道后行洞爆破开挖过程中,如何保证先行洞的爆破振动安全极为关键。以京秦高速双向六车道小峪隧道为工程依托,监测分析了后行洞开挖过程中先行洞纵、横断面的爆破振动速度分布规律;依据爆破振动跟踪监测结果,动态调整优化后行洞的爆破设计参数,并提出了相应的爆破振动安全控制措施。结果表明:小净距隧道后行洞开挖时,先行洞边墙径向振动的速度最大,且主要由掏槽孔爆破引起,垂直向振速略低于切向振速,但二者差别不大,爆破振动能量主要集中在30~100 Hz频段;对于先行洞纵断面上的振动分布,峰值振速总体随爆心距衰减,衰减速率也随之降低;未开挖方向的振速相对较高,约为同等距离已开挖向振速的1.2~1.6倍;对于先行洞横断面上的振速分布,迎爆侧的振速明显高于背爆侧,其中边墙部位迎爆侧振速可达背爆侧的5~10倍;现场针对爆源采用多级复式掏槽,优化炮孔分布,雷管段别增加至12段来减少相应的单段药量,以及增大起爆间隔至60 ms来等措施控制爆破振动,现场实践表明,优化后的爆破设计可使先行洞边墙振速降低约50%。

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铁继康(1997-),男,硕士在读,从事隧道爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Nx5IEEn1HtME5jCYi2xTKw==, magXml=K2Gd5oAkAPTtSpDZiRwytA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6C0Yl8ZrQQGGA8UINQmttQ==, pdfFileSize=9720997, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YISKmO6688CcEVOBe9UUew==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sb2KkfiWGZb7tMxjDpNRig==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

马跃原(1985-),男,本科、高级工程师,从事隧道工程方面的工作,(E-mail)

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马跃原(1985-),男,本科、高级工程师,从事隧道工程方面的工作,(E-mail)

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马跃原(1985-),男,本科、高级工程师,从事隧道工程方面的工作,(E-mail)

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the impact of blasting vibration on surrounding rock of small clearance tunnels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089957146710638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937479619190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=1882, pageEnd=1887, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=28, authorNames=龚建伍, 夏才初, 郑志东, journalName=岩石力学与工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=龚建伍, 夏才初, 郑志东, 等. 鹤上三车道小净距隧道爆破振动测试与分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2007(9): 1882-1887., articleTitle=鹤上三车道小净距隧道爆破振动测试与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089957272539763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937479619190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=1882, pageEnd=1887, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LONG Jian-wu, XIA Cai-chu, XHENG Zhi-dong, journalName=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LONG Jian-wu, XIA Cai-chu, XHENG Zhi-dong, et al. Measurement and analysis of blasting vibration in Heshang three-line tunnels with small clear space[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007(9): 1882-1887. 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caption=优化前后各测点振速对比图, figureFileSmall=u+UJjn7KAgWcyVnD9+iM5Q==, figureFileBig=pskZZ9RZ0kJNjzYz6reimw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089952335843753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937479619190, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters for the upper step

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称雷管段别孔数/个炮孔长度/m单孔药量/kg填塞长度/m段装药量/kg雷管数量/个
掏槽孔182.41.80.614.48
 262.11.40.78.46
辅助孔362.11.40.78.46
462.11.40.78.46
5152.11.40.721.015
顶帮孔6332.10.61.519.833
底孔7112.11.40.715.411
8102.11.40.714.010
合计 95   109.895
), ArticleFig(id=1241089952444895665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937479619190, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

上台阶雷管段别及掘进爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称雷管段别孔数/个炮孔长度/m单孔药量/kg填塞长度/m段装药量/kg雷管数量/个
掏槽孔182.41.80.614.48
 262.11.40.78.46
辅助孔362.11.40.78.46
462.11.40.78.46
5152.11.40.721.015
顶帮孔6332.10.61.519.833
底孔7112.11.40.715.411
8102.11.40.714.010
合计 95   109.895
), ArticleFig(id=1241089952524587446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937479619190, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Optimized blasting parameters for up step

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称雷管段别孔数/个段装药量/kg雷管数量/个
掏槽孔1610.86
247.24
辅助孔3811.28
468.46
545.64
645.64
745.64
8912.69
9811.28
顶帮孔103319.833
底孔111115.411
122014.020
合计 107127.4107
), ArticleFig(id=1241089952616862141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937479619190, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化后上台阶雷管段别及掘进爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称雷管段别孔数/个段装药量/kg雷管数量/个
掏槽孔1610.86
247.24
辅助孔3811.28
468.46
545.64
645.64
745.64
8912.69
9811.28
顶帮孔103319.833
底孔111115.411
122014.020
合计 107127.4107
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小净距大断面隧道先行洞爆破振动响应特性分析及其安全控制
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马跃原 1 , 何宏海 1 , 张勇 1 , 铁继康 2 , 刘国锋 2 , 江伟 2 , 高启栋 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(2): 172-179
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(2): 172-179
小净距大断面隧道先行洞爆破振动响应特性分析及其安全控制
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马跃原1 , 何宏海1, 张勇1, 铁继康2 , 刘国锋2, 江伟2, 高启栋2
作者信息
  • 1.中交第一航务工程局有限公司 ,天津 300461
  • 2.长安大学 公路学院,西安 710000
  • 马跃原(1985-),男,本科、高级工程师,从事隧道工程方面的工作,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

铁继康(1997-),男,硕士在读,从事隧道爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
Analysis of Blasting Vibration Response Characteristics and Safety Control of Front Tunnel with Small Clear Distance and Large Section
Yue-yuan MA1 , Hong-hai HE1, Yong ZHANG1, Ji-kang TIE2 , Guo-feng LIU2, Wei JIANG2, Qi-dong GAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.CCCC First Harbor Engineering Company Ltd., Tianjin 300461, China
  • 2.School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710000, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.025
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在小净距大断面隧道后行洞爆破开挖过程中,如何保证先行洞的爆破振动安全极为关键。以京秦高速双向六车道小峪隧道为工程依托,监测分析了后行洞开挖过程中先行洞纵、横断面的爆破振动速度分布规律;依据爆破振动跟踪监测结果,动态调整优化后行洞的爆破设计参数,并提出了相应的爆破振动安全控制措施。结果表明:小净距隧道后行洞开挖时,先行洞边墙径向振动的速度最大,且主要由掏槽孔爆破引起,垂直向振速略低于切向振速,但二者差别不大,爆破振动能量主要集中在30~100 Hz频段;对于先行洞纵断面上的振动分布,峰值振速总体随爆心距衰减,衰减速率也随之降低;未开挖方向的振速相对较高,约为同等距离已开挖向振速的1.2~1.6倍;对于先行洞横断面上的振速分布,迎爆侧的振速明显高于背爆侧,其中边墙部位迎爆侧振速可达背爆侧的5~10倍;现场针对爆源采用多级复式掏槽,优化炮孔分布,雷管段别增加至12段来减少相应的单段药量,以及增大起爆间隔至60 ms来等措施控制爆破振动,现场实践表明,优化后的爆破设计可使先行洞边墙振速降低约50%。

小净距隧道  /  先行洞  /  爆破振动  /  分布规律  /  安全控制

In the process of blasting excavation of rear tunnel with mall clear distance and large section, it is very important to ensure the safety of front tunnel exposed to blasting vibrations. Based on the six-lane Xiaoyu Tunnel of Beijing-Qinhuangdao Expressway, a blasting vibration velocity distribution law of the longitudinal and transverse sections of the front tunnel was monitored and analyzed during the excavation of the rear tunnel. The blasting parameters of the rear tunnel were dynamically adjusted and optimized, and the safety control measures of blasting vibration were put forward according the monitoring results. The results showed that the vibration velocity on the radial direction of the side wall of the front tunnel was the largest when the rear tunnel was excavated, and it is mainly caused by cut hole blasting. The vertical vibration velocity is slightly lower than the transverse vibration velocity. However, there is little difference between them, and the blasting vibration energy is mainly concentrated in the frequency band of 30~100 Hz. For the vibration distribution on the longitudinal section of the front tunnel, the peak vibration velocity decays with distance, but the vibration velocity on the unexcavated direction is relatively higher, which is 1.2~1.6 times of the vibration velocity on the same excavated distance. For the vibration velocity distribution on the cross-section of the front tunnel, the vibration velocity on the front side is 5~10 times higher than that on the back side. Multi-stage cutting was adopted to optimize the distribution of the holes.12 different delays were adopted to reduce the charge per delay, and the delay interval was increased to 60 ms to control the blasting vibration. The field practice shows that the optimized blasting design can reduce the vibration velocity of the side wall of the front tunnel by about 50%.

neighborhood tunnel  /  front tunnel  /  blasting vibration  /  distribution law  /  safety control
马跃原, 何宏海, 张勇, 铁继康, 刘国锋, 江伟, 高启栋. 小净距大断面隧道先行洞爆破振动响应特性分析及其安全控制. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 172 -179 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.025
Yue-yuan MA, Hong-hai HE, Yong ZHANG, Ji-kang TIE, Guo-feng LIU, Wei JIANG, Qi-dong GAO. Analysis of Blasting Vibration Response Characteristics and Safety Control of Front Tunnel with Small Clear Distance and Large Section[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 172 -179 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.025
随着国民经济的不断发展,现有高速公路已远不能满足国民需要,面对复杂的山区地形,小净距隧道的应用也随之广泛。但由于小净距隧道中夹岩厚度较小,爆破施工时必然对隧道主体结构产生一定影响,因此,对爆破振动的响应规律进行研究并提出相应的控制措施就显得尤为重要。
针对爆破振动响应的规律,国内外众多学者做了相应研究,主要的研究方法有经验公式法[1,2]、现场监测法和数值模拟法等[3,4]。苏联学者萨道夫斯基对爆破地震效应进行了研究分析[5],总结出爆破振速V、单段装药量Q和爆心距R三者的经验公式,此公式综合考虑了实际工程的水文、地质等因素,计算简便,至今仍应用广泛。Deng等根据应力波理论推导出弹性应力波在弹性体中传播速度的衰减公式[6],且预测振速与实际监测的振速相对误差较小。Liu等基于实测数据[7],通过有限元软件LS-DYNA建立数值模型,得出了隧道衬砌上的峰值振速与有效拉应力之间的关系。陈沛等以武汉地铁5号线隧道爆破施工工程为依托[8],通过建立三维数值模型,研究了不同级别掏槽起爆适宜延时时间及最大单段掏槽药量。周文峰等通过数值模拟和现场监测得出围岩完整度对爆破振速影响明显[9],并从爆源方面提出降低初期支护爆破振动的相关措施;梁琨等结合现场监测数据和数值模拟[10],得出了小净距隧道爆破时三向振速中径向的振速最大,拱顶最先出现应力集中现象,并提出了相应的控制措施;截至目前,国内外学者对小净距隧道爆破施工时产生的振动效应开展了大量研究,由于小峪隧道洞口段埋深浅、跨度大、净距小等因素,隧道支护及中夹岩受爆破影响较大,对爆破施工要求较高,面对此类复杂情况,缺少大量现场爆破振速监测数据,尚未形成统一的爆破控制标准。
鉴于此,以秦皇岛双向六车道小峪隧道为工程依托,通过对邻近洞口Ⅴ级围岩处的浅埋洞段进行监测分析,开展大跨度小净距隧道爆破振动的动力响应研究,并以此为参考进行爆破振动控制方案的动态优化以保证隧道安全开挖。监测结果可为后续更深的理论研究提供数据支持,研究成果可为类似工程的爆破施工提供借鉴。
秦皇岛小峪隧道位于卢龙县燕河营镇小峪村,单线隧道设计长度约517.5 m,主洞轮廓设计为三心圆曲边墙结构,拱部内轮廓半径为894.5 cm,隧道双洞净距14.7~20.8 m,隧道测试线最小间距为13 m,小峪隧道洞口如图1所示。隧道洞洞板埋深为0~57.6 m,为浅埋大跨度小净距隧道,属中隧道。隧道区位于燕山南麓丘陵区与冲洪积平原区,地形起伏一般,属丘陵地貌类型,隧道中心地面高程在135.2~197.1 m之间,相对高差61.9 m。隧址区表层有新生界第四系残坡积层碎石土覆盖,大部基岩出露,为中生界侏罗系中上统(J3-2)砾岩、泥质砂岩,Ⅴ级围岩分布较广。隧道进出口均属剥蚀丘陵地貌单元,节理裂隙发育,根据地面调查结合钻探、物探资料,隧址区未发现滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等不良地质,斜坡现状稳定。小峪隧道地质纵向断面示意图如图2所示。
小峪隧道掘进的施工主要采用新奥法组织实施,其主要工序采用机械化施工。现场监测隧道段为Ⅴ级围岩,采用三台阶法开挖,钻爆开挖采用浅孔爆破方案。施工中先开挖上断面Ⅰ,然后施作初期支护①,然后跳槽开挖中断面Ⅱ,施作相应的初期支护②,然后开挖下断面Ⅲ,施作相应的初期支护③,待初期支护趋于稳定后,施作仰拱④,然后仰拱回填⑤,最后整体模筑二次衬砌⑥。小峪隧道三台阶法开挖横向、纵向施工工序示意图如图3所示。
1)炸药参数。计划掘进单循环进尺1.8 m,设计炮孔深度2.1~2.4 m;炸药采用ϕ 32 mm乳化炸药,长度200 mm、重量200 g∕卷,密度1.05 g/cm3,爆速5000 m/s,雷管采用数码电子雷管。
2)雷管段别及掘进爆破参数。隧道上台阶断面面积43.24 m2,单循环爆破共布置95个炮孔,使用炸药109.8 kg,雷管95发,进尺1.8 m,爆破工程量77.83 m3,最大段装药量21.0 kg。现场使用数码电子雷管,采用全并联网路,按照设计起爆顺序间隔30 ms依次起爆,雷管段别及掘进爆破参数见表1
3)上台阶断面炮孔布置具体孔位布置如图4所示,具体方案如下:
(a)掏槽孔布置在隧道上台阶断面中心偏下位置,掏槽孔垂直加深0.2 m,掏槽孔深2.3 m,掏槽孔与工作面夹角73o,计算掏槽孔长度L=2.4 m。掏槽孔孔口距1.3 m,上下布置四层,层距0.4 m,上下各层掏槽孔相互平行。掏槽孔炮孔布置图如图4所示。
(b)辅助孔是以槽腔为自有面层层布置,本工程选取辅助孔间距1.05~1.3 m,排距0.7~0.8 m,炮孔深度2.1 m。
(c)顶帮孔布置在距开挖断面轮廓线0.1 m处,炮孔向外倾斜,孔底落在轮廓线外0.1 m处,按照光面爆破要求布置,顶帮孔间距为0.55 m,抵抗线为0.58 m,炮孔深度2.1 m。
(d)底孔孔距0.7 m,炮孔深度2.1 m。
监测采用的是TC-4850爆破测振仪,配备三维低频宽带振速传感器(1~500 Hz),量程0.001~35.4 cm/s,能完全涵盖爆破振动所需全部量程。采样时,传感器将地震波速度转换为电压信号,通过A/D转换为数字信号并储存。仪器自带嵌入式计算机模块,采样后能立即预览最大值、频率及波形等信息,无需外接电脑支持。布设测点时,用夹具将测振仪布置于先行洞内,并用石膏粉固定,仪器布置现场如图5所示。
由于小峪隧道是三台阶法施工,爆破施工时上台阶无临空面,自由面单一,爆破产生的振动较大,因此把后行洞上台阶的爆破振动监测作为关注的重点。通常情况下,小净距隧道施工时,爆破对先行洞迎爆侧产生的振动速度远大于背爆侧[11]。鉴于此,为了准确的监测爆破振动响应规律,本次监测在先行洞临近隧道洞口的Ⅴ级围岩段共设有横纵向两种振动监测方案,测点具体布置方位如图6所示。
1)测点沿隧道纵轴线布置,每次布置5个测点,沿隧道纵轴线方向布置于先行洞迎爆侧边墙,高度距离仰拱约1.5 m,测点间距依次递增。
2)测点沿隧道横断面布置,每次布置5个测点,布置于先行洞同一横断面边墙、拱顶和拱腰处,对称分布。
爆破振速与岩石强度、日进尺、炸药参数、围岩等级等因素都有关[12-15],由于每次爆破时围岩强度、日进尺等都有可能是不同的,因此在小峪隧道的爆破施工过程中,针对不同爆心距、不同等级围岩等情况都进行了实时监测,积累了大量实测数据。鉴于本文研究重点,选取两种监测方案典型数据各5组共30个有效监测数据。根据《爆破安全规程》规定[5],交通隧道的安全允许质点标准振动速度为10~20 cm/s。本次监测隧道段为临近洞口段,此段隧道埋深浅,围岩为Ⅴ级围岩,自稳能力差,开挖后易冒顶及坍落,净距仅15 m且跨度大,结合多重条件评估,此次安全振速阈值取10 cm/s。
图7为实测纵向分布各测点的三向爆破振动频率范围,共5个测点15组数据。由图7可知爆破振动频率的分布较广泛,径向频率相对较小,主要集中在30~50 Hz。各向振动的主频相对于通常的爆破振动较高,主要分布在30~100 Hz左右。
图8为测点在纵向布置下,不同爆心距的各测点三向振速对比图。可以明显看出,三向振速中,径向方向的振速明显高于其他两个方向,这是由于岩层表面质点在此方向上受到的约束最小,而沿岩层表面受到的约束较多造成的。垂直向振速略低于切向振速,但差别不大。实际工程中,对工程影响最大的也是径向方向振动[16],因此把径向振速作为隧道爆破的控制振速。径向振速中,P1测点的振速最大,为12.75 cm/s,且P1P2两测点均超出安全控制振速10 cm/s,爆破存在对隧道结构产生损害的风险。但由于两测点振速超出安全控制值不多,且现场安全措施完备,爆破并未对隧道造成实际损伤。
另外,对于同一爆源,径向振速随爆心距增大而不断减小,且在距离爆源0~5 m处衰减最快,可衰减30%~40%,衰减速率随爆心距的增加而逐渐减慢。同时,测点P1P3距离爆源相同距离,位于爆源前方的P1测点的振速明显大于爆源后方的测点P3,主要是因为未成洞区中夹岩未受爆破影响,强度较高,地震波衰减较缓慢。
图9给出了振速最大的P1测点振动时程波形图。从图9可以看出,测点的最大振速出现在爆破最开始时的第一个波峰处,此时振速为掏槽孔产生,明显大于其他孔位产生的振速。这是由于掏槽孔首先爆破,爆破时只有掌子面一个自由面,槽眼是在较大夹制作用下的强抛掷爆破,掏槽孔爆破产生的能量能够充分向岩体内部传播,能量衰减慢,而其他炮孔起爆时有2个自由面,岩石夹制力减小,能量衰减较快,因此最大爆破振动速度由掏槽孔爆破产生。另外,各爆破孔产生的振动波形存在叠加从而导致振速峰值的增大,这是由于各段起爆间隔时间太短造成的。
图10为Ⅴ级围岩情况下,爆源后方5 m处同一横断面各测点振速对比图。由图10可知,在相同爆源的条件下,同一断面处迎爆侧边墙和拱腰位置振速明显大于其他位置,边墙位置迎爆侧振速可达背爆侧的5~10倍,这也符合爆破振动的一般规律。这表明,同一监测断面迎爆侧边墙和拱腰受爆破影响最大,为了确保施工安全,爆破施工中应着重该部位的安全支护和监控量测。
工程上对爆破振动的控制措施主要有以下几类:①针对爆源的控爆措施;②针对保护对象的加固措施;③针对地震波在传播过程中的控爆措施。本次工程主要从爆源方面提出降低爆破振速的有效措施,具体措施如下:
1)选择合适烈度的炸药。在隧道爆破施工中,针对不同的围岩水平,选用不同强度的炸药。炸药的强度越高、密度越大,爆破振速就越大,通过选择合适的炸药强度,在利用爆破产生的能量来破碎岩石的同时,也能使传递到邻洞的能量大幅度降低,从而降低爆破对先行隧道的影响。因此,面对不同的工况、不同等级的围岩,要选取不同烈度的炸药。
2)严格控制单段药量,分段延时起爆。根据萨道夫经验公式可知[5],爆破振速与单段药量正相关,严格控制单段药量,增加爆破的段位,分段延时起爆能很好地降低爆破振速。在爆破过程中,分段延时起爆不仅可以明显减小单段药量从而降低爆破振速,也可以很好地提高爆破效应,是工程上一种十分有效的控爆措施。对于爆破段数较多的复杂情况,可使用数码电子雷管,采用并联电爆网路逐孔起爆来控制延时精度,从而保证爆破效率和控制爆破振速。
3)采用合理的掏槽孔结构。从监测结果的波形图可知,掏槽孔对隧道爆破的影响最为显著。可采用复式楔形掏槽孔结构,此结构可以减少单段药量,同时,第一级掏槽孔爆破形成一定空间后第二级掏槽孔爆破,能有效地减小爆破振速,并提高循环进尺。
优化后上台阶雷管段别及具体的掘进爆破参数见表2,各爆破孔优化方案如下:
1)掏槽孔采用二级复式楔形掏槽,第一级掏槽孔孔口距1.3 m,二级孔口距0.5 m;第一级掏槽孔布置三层,上下层孔距0.5 m,第二级掏槽孔布置二层,上下层孔距0.8 m。
2)辅助孔均匀分布在被爆岩体上,并根据断面大小和形状调整好排距和炮孔密集系数,间距0.65~0.9 m,排距0.65~0.8 m。
3)掏槽孔、辅助孔数量分别增加25%、30%,雷管段别增加至12段,单孔药量不变,相应的单段药量减少,上台阶断面炮孔优化及雷管段别如图11所示;每段起爆间隔增加至60 ms,以减少地震波的叠加。
由于现场情况复杂,受监测条件限制,测点布置按照优化前两种方案相近的布局进行对比监测。优化前后横纵向两方案各测点径向爆破振速对比图见图12。由现场实测结果可知,优化后测点依旧符合爆破振动一般规律,振速明显降低,控爆措施效果明显。这表明爆破孔中掏槽孔对爆破振速影响最大,采用二级复式楔形掏槽,一级掏槽孔爆破后增加自由面,可以有效减弱岩石的夹制作用,不仅明显降低爆破振速,也能增强爆破效果。
另外,从现场监测结果来看,优化后爆源附近先行洞边墙径向振速依旧最大,为4.88 cm/s,但远小于安全控制值10 cm/s,其他部位各方向振动速度更小,即爆破参数优化后爆破施工并未对隧道支护及中夹岩产生影响,先行洞结构稳定,也再次证实了爆破施工优化的有效性。
京秦高速双向六车道小峪隧道后行洞爆破时,通过对先行洞进行振动监测,可得出如下结论:
1)爆破振速随爆心距的增加而减小,在爆心距0~5 m处衰减最快,可衰减30%~40%;未开挖方向振速相对较高,约为同距离已开挖振速的1.2~1.6倍。
2)后行洞开挖时,先行洞边墙的径向振速是最大的,且主要由掏槽孔爆破引起,爆破振动能量主要集中在30~100 Hz频段。
3)同一断面处,迎爆侧振速明显高于背爆侧,其中,边墙位置迎爆侧振速可达背爆侧的5~10倍,因此可重点监测迎爆侧边墙振速,从而简化监测,提高爆破监测效率。
4)现场采用二级复式楔形掏槽、电子数码雷管多段延时起爆等措施优化上台阶爆破方案,经监测数据可知,爆破振速峰值可降低约50%,优化措施效果明显。
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.025
  • 接收时间:2023-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-11
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    1.中交第一航务工程局有限公司 ,天津 300461
    2.长安大学 公路学院,西安 710000

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铁继康(1997-),男,硕士在读,从事隧道爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
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