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Article(id=1241089937412510324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675094400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828499415, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828499415, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828499415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828499415, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089937664168567, articleId=1241089937412510324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experiment and Application of Empty Hole in Smooth Blasting of Hard Rock, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Smooth blasting is of great significance to roadway stability and safety. The conventional smooth blasting method has some disadvantages when applied to the full-section blasting of a small section roadway in hard rock. Due to the selection of unreasonable charge quantity of the contour hole, hole spacing and decoupling coefficient, the phenomenon of backbreak or underbreak occurs after blasting. This approach can also lead to increased support work, decreased efficiency, and problems such as sidewall collapse and roof caving. To achieve a one-time full-section smooth blasting of the tunnel and reduce damage to the surrounding rock, an optimized smooth blasting method was developed. Six large-diameter empty holes with a diameter of 70 mm were designed at the periphery of the tunnel using the stress concentration effect of empty holes. The distance between the contour holes was reduced from 544~600 mm to 400 mm and evenly distributed around the tunnel contour. The contour holes were charged with the air decking structure and spaced at intervals of 0.4 m. The optimized smooth blasting method was applied in a test of a hard rock tunnel in the middle roadway of Heilangou Gold Mine at a depth of 500 m. Results show that compared with the traditional smooth blasting method, the optimized smooth blasting is more remarkable in technical, economic and safety aspects. The average footage increased by 0.03 m, the average half-hole rate increased by 34%, the explosive consumption decreased by 0.42 kg/m3, and the blasting operation cost decreased by 7.82 yuan/m3. The tunnel walls were smooth, and the roof stability was better, effectively reducing the disturbance to the surrounding rock, providing valuable experience for deep hard rock mining.

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光面爆破对巷道稳定性和安全性意义重大。普通光面爆破法应用在小断面硬岩巷道全断面一次爆破上存在一些弊端，由于周边孔装药量、孔间距及不耦合系数的关系，爆破后出现超欠挖现象，成形不规则，增加了支护工作量，降低了掘进效率，片帮与顶板垮塌等问题。为了达到全断面光面爆破一次成巷，尽量减小爆破对围岩的破坏，改善巷道成形，保证巷道安全高效掘进。利用空孔的应力集中效应，在周边孔设计6个大直径空孔，空孔直径ϕ=70 mm，周边孔间距由原来的544~600 mm减少到400 mm，并且均匀布置在巷道轮廓上；周边孔选择空气间隔装药结构，间距0.4 m。选取在黑岚沟金矿-500 m中段掘进巷道进行光面爆破试验，试验结果表明：在小断面硬岩巷道全断面一次爆破中，与普通光面爆破法相比，优化后的光面爆破在技术经济安全方面更加显著。巷道掘进平均循环进尺增加0.03 m，平均半孔率提高34%，炸药单耗降低了0.42 kg/m3，爆破作业成本降低了7.82元/m3。巷道壁完整光滑，顶板稳定性更好，能够有效降低对围岩的扰动程度，为深部硬岩全断面掘进的矿山提供经验。

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褚夫蛟（1988-），男，讲师、博士，从事控制爆破研究，（E-mail）。
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张伟（1989-），男，助理工程师、在职硕士，从事采矿技术与地下工程爆破研究，（E-mail）。

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张伟（1989-），男，助理工程师、在职硕士，从事采矿技术与地下工程爆破研究，（E-mail）。

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张伟（1989-），男，助理工程师、在职硕士，从事采矿技术与地下工程爆破研究，（E-mail）。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937412510324, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=硬岩巷道), Keyword(id=1241089943339062150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937412510324, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=光面爆破), Keyword(id=1241089943439725454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937412510324, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=全断面掘进)], refs=[Reference(id=1241089946774196305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937412510324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=113, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=LI Xiao-han, ZHU Zhe-ming, WANG Meng, journalName=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Xiao-han, ZHU Zhe-ming, WANG Meng, et al. 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Main physical properties of surrounding rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/（g·cm3）单轴抗压强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比
二长花岗岩2.72146.344.18.690.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241089946212159512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937412510324, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围岩主要物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/（g·cm3）单轴抗压强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比
二长花岗岩2.72146.344.18.690.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241089946287656993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937412510324, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of main technical and economic indicators

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序号指标单位普通光面爆破空孔光面爆破优化值
1炮孔总数个29.0033.004.00
2装药孔数个23.0021.00-2.00
3炸药kg30.2026.20-4.00
4导爆管个25.0036.0011.00
5平均循环进尺m2.272.300.03
6平均半孔率%32.0066.0034.00
7平均炸药单耗kg/m32.962.54-0.42
8平均导爆管单耗个/m32.453.491.04
9平均爆破成本元/m385.7577.93-7.82
), ArticleFig(id=1241089946459623466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937412510324, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要技术经济指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号指标单位普通光面爆破空孔光面爆破优化值
1炮孔总数个29.0033.004.00
2装药孔数个23.0021.00-2.00
3炸药kg30.2026.20-4.00
4导爆管个25.0036.0011.00
5平均循环进尺m2.272.300.03
6平均半孔率%32.0066.0034.00
7平均炸药单耗kg/m32.962.54-0.42
8平均导爆管单耗个/m32.453.491.04
9平均爆破成本元/m385.7577.93-7.82
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空孔在硬岩光面爆破作用中的试验与应用
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张伟 1, 2 , 褚夫蛟 1 , 王银刚 2 , 张兴强 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(2): 48-52
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(2): 48-52
空孔在硬岩光面爆破作用中的试验与应用
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张伟1, 2 , 褚夫蛟1 , 王银刚2, 张兴强2
作者信息
  • 1.山东理工大学 资源与环境工程学院，淄博 255000
  • 2.山东金创股份有限公司，烟台 265600

    • 张伟（1989-），男，助理工程师、在职硕士，从事采矿技术与地下工程爆破研究，（E-mail）。

通讯作者:

褚夫蛟（1988-），男，讲师、博士，从事控制爆破研究，（E-mail）。
Experiment and Application of Empty Hole in Smooth Blasting of Hard Rock
Wei ZHANG1, 2 , Fu-jiao CHU1 , Yin-gang WANG2, Xing-qiang ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shandong University of Technology School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2.Shandong Jinchuang Co., Ltd., Yantai 265600, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.007
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摘要
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光面爆破对巷道稳定性和安全性意义重大。普通光面爆破法应用在小断面硬岩巷道全断面一次爆破上存在一些弊端，由于周边孔装药量、孔间距及不耦合系数的关系，爆破后出现超欠挖现象，成形不规则，增加了支护工作量，降低了掘进效率，片帮与顶板垮塌等问题。为了达到全断面光面爆破一次成巷，尽量减小爆破对围岩的破坏，改善巷道成形，保证巷道安全高效掘进。利用空孔的应力集中效应，在周边孔设计6个大直径空孔，空孔直径ϕ=70 mm，周边孔间距由原来的544~600 mm减少到400 mm，并且均匀布置在巷道轮廓上；周边孔选择空气间隔装药结构，间距0.4 m。选取在黑岚沟金矿-500 m中段掘进巷道进行光面爆破试验，试验结果表明：在小断面硬岩巷道全断面一次爆破中，与普通光面爆破法相比，优化后的光面爆破在技术经济安全方面更加显著。巷道掘进平均循环进尺增加0.03 m，平均半孔率提高34%，炸药单耗降低了0.42 kg/m3，爆破作业成本降低了7.82元/m3。巷道壁完整光滑，顶板稳定性更好，能够有效降低对围岩的扰动程度，为深部硬岩全断面掘进的矿山提供经验。

空孔  /  硬岩巷道  /  光面爆破  /  全断面掘进

Smooth blasting is of great significance to roadway stability and safety. The conventional smooth blasting method has some disadvantages when applied to the full-section blasting of a small section roadway in hard rock. Due to the selection of unreasonable charge quantity of the contour hole, hole spacing and decoupling coefficient, the phenomenon of backbreak or underbreak occurs after blasting. This approach can also lead to increased support work, decreased efficiency, and problems such as sidewall collapse and roof caving. To achieve a one-time full-section smooth blasting of the tunnel and reduce damage to the surrounding rock, an optimized smooth blasting method was developed. Six large-diameter empty holes with a diameter of 70 mm were designed at the periphery of the tunnel using the stress concentration effect of empty holes. The distance between the contour holes was reduced from 544~600 mm to 400 mm and evenly distributed around the tunnel contour. The contour holes were charged with the air decking structure and spaced at intervals of 0.4 m. The optimized smooth blasting method was applied in a test of a hard rock tunnel in the middle roadway of Heilangou Gold Mine at a depth of 500 m. Results show that compared with the traditional smooth blasting method, the optimized smooth blasting is more remarkable in technical, economic and safety aspects. The average footage increased by 0.03 m, the average half-hole rate increased by 34%, the explosive consumption decreased by 0.42 kg/m3, and the blasting operation cost decreased by 7.82 yuan/m3. The tunnel walls were smooth, and the roof stability was better, effectively reducing the disturbance to the surrounding rock, providing valuable experience for deep hard rock mining.

empty hole  /  hard rock roadway  /  smooth blasting  /  full section excavation
张伟, 褚夫蛟, 王银刚, 张兴强. 空孔在硬岩光面爆破作用中的试验与应用. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 48 -52 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.007
Wei ZHANG, Fu-jiao CHU, Yin-gang WANG, Xing-qiang ZHANG. Experiment and Application of Empty Hole in Smooth Blasting of Hard Rock[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 48 -52 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.007
正文
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20世纪50年代，瑞典率先提出了光面爆破技术，随后美国、加拿大也加入了研究，我国自20世纪70年代开始在矿山、隧道、水利工程等方面开始应用光面爆破技术。很多国内外学者长期致力于光面爆破技术的改进，随着人们对安全生产的重视程度与技术需求，光面爆破技术在深部开采、地应力等不同地质环境条件下得到了很多优化[1-8]。
Nguyen Ngoc MINH等结合Delphi程序语言与AutoCAD提出了一种隧道爆破模型[9]，表明炸药单耗随着岩石硬度系数、裂隙间距和炮孔直径的增加而增加，随着断面增大而减小；潘城等采用Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma（RHT）模型研究了装药结构对岩体爆破损伤的影响[10]，模拟结果表明，偏心爆破具有明显的压力偏心效应，通过进一步优化爆破参数，有效地控制了超欠挖现象。李卓等通过理论计算及LS-DYNA数值模拟方法[11]，发现双空孔可为掏槽孔间产生连贯空腔提供良好条件，光爆孔间距为40 cm时可达到最佳效果，随着间距增加，两孔间的损伤区由贯通转为不贯通；付佳佳等从理论和数值模拟上解释了空孔具有改善光面爆破效果的作用[12]；满轲等解释了空孔效应破岩机理[13,14]，分析并计算得到周边装药孔与空孔的间距，通过合理的间距对坚硬岩光面爆破中至关重要。
鉴于此，针对深部硬岩小断面巷道，从大直径空孔与周边孔装药孔相结合进行研究[15,16]。分析了普通光面爆破法在深部小断面硬岩掘进中存在的不足之处，并将周边孔布置优化，即在周边孔设计若干大直径空孔，同时减小周边孔间距及单孔装药量，选择在山东金创股份有限公司黑岚沟矿区-500 m中段（距地表684 m）岩巷展开试验。
1 工程概况
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1.1 矿区概况
山东金创股份有限公司黑岚沟金矿位于蓬莱区东南45 km处，建矿30余年，现生产能力为20万吨/年。区内地层出露较简单，构造运动较频繁，构造主要为接触带构造与断裂构造。岩浆活动强烈，岩浆岩十分发育，分布面积较广，约占70%以上，主要有中生代燕山早期郭家岭超单元、新元古代震旦期玲珑超单元、古元古代吕梁期双顶超单元、新太古代五台-阜平期栖霞超单元、马连庄超单元以及由上述侵入岩派生的各类脉岩，围岩主要为二长花岗岩，其次为煌斑岩。经测定，二长花岗岩的主要性质如表1。
1.2 普通光面爆破技术
以巷道断面为2.2 m×2.2 m（断面积为4.49 m2）为例，岩石的坚固性系数f=10~14，凿岩设备利用企业现有YT-28风动式凿岩机，钎杆长2.5 m，钻头ϕ=40 mm，采用2#岩石乳化炸药和1~10段毫秒延期导爆管雷管，药卷规格：ϕ=32 mm，H=220 mm，G=0.2 kg。
掏槽孔：采用桶型掏槽，孔数7个，其中6个不装药，孔深2.5 m，装药量2.0 kg（10卷）；辅助孔：孔数9个，孔深2.4 m，单孔装药量1.6 kg（8卷），装药长度1.76 m，连续不耦合装药；周边孔：孔数9个，孔深2.4 m，帮孔与顶孔单孔装药量1.0 kg（5卷），装药长度1.10 m；底孔：孔数4个，孔深2.4 m，单孔装药量1.4 kg（7卷），装药长度1.54 m，连续不耦合装药或者间隔不耦合装药，炮泥填塞300~400 mm，簇连方式起爆。每循环炸药消耗量30.2 kg，导爆管消耗24发。普通光面爆破炮孔布置图，如图1所示。
1.3 普通光面爆破效果
结果表明：平均每循环进尺2.27 m，平均半孔率32%，炸药单耗2.96 kg/m3，导爆管单耗2.45发/m3，爆破成本85.75元/m3。
存在的问题：由于药卷直径和孔径的关系，不耦合系数较大，周边孔无论采用连续不耦合装药或者间隔不耦合结构，炸药单耗都较高，局部超挖严重，对孔底围岩的破坏性较大，部分孔口有“挂帘子”现象，半孔率较低，巷道轮廓不光滑，光面爆破效果不理想。对于断面更大的巷道，其爆破要分两次成形，这样会大大降低掘进效率。爆破后如图2所示。
2 周边孔参数优化
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2.1 光爆层厚度
光爆层厚度，即炮孔中心到自由面的最小距离，岩石爆破效果与光爆层厚度有关。根据经验公式，光爆层厚度可表示为W=（0.6~0.8）m，本试验W取0.63 m。
2.2 周边孔孔距
大量研究表明，空孔具有导向作用，并且空孔附近的应力会明显增大。在周边孔均匀布置6个大直径空孔，直径70 mm，结合经验方法，炮孔间距一般为炮孔直径的10~15倍，选择间距0.35 m、0.4 m、0.45 m和0.5 m四组数据进行试验，进而选出最合适的炮孔间距。
2.3 炮孔装药量
周边孔单孔装药量Q
式中：α为平均装药系数，取0.3；L为炮孔平均深度，2.4 m；G为每卷炸药重量，0.2 kg；H为每卷炸药长度，0.22 m。经计算得出，周边孔单孔装药量Q=0.65 kg。实际施工取0.6 kg。
2.4 炮孔数目
周边孔炮孔数目N1[17]
式中：B为巷道掘进宽度，取2.2 m；α为周边孔的平均间距，取0.4 m；BL为巷道开挖断面周长，取8.05 m。计算得N1=15.6，结合施工经验，实际N1取13。
3 爆破试验
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巷道规格2.2 m×2.2 m（断面积为4.49 m2），一次全断面光面爆破施工，根据围岩工程地质与环境地质条件，炸药、雷管、凿岩设备以及炮孔深度、孔径与上述相同。
3.1 孔网参数
根据以往爆破施工经验，掏槽孔、辅助孔和底孔的孔网参数与普通光面爆破参数保持一致。
掏槽孔：对于坚硬岩巷道爆破选择七孔桶型掏槽，孔数7个，其中6个为空孔，孔间距90 mm，孔深2.5 m，孔径ϕ=42 mm，装药量2.0 kg（10卷），装药长度2.2 m，连续不耦合装药，孔口封泥300 mm，采用1段导爆管，起爆顺序为Ⅰ，炮孔编号为1#。
辅助孔：孔数9个，孔深2.4 m，孔径ϕ=42 mm，每孔装药量1.6 kg（8卷），装药长度1.76 m，连续不耦合装药，孔口封泥400 mm，采用2段~5段导爆管，起爆顺序为Ⅱ~Ⅴ，编号为2#~5#。
底孔：孔数4个，孔深2.4 m，孔径ϕ=42 mm，每孔装药量1.4 kg（7卷），装药长度1.54 m，连续不耦合装药，孔口封泥400 mm，采用6段导爆管，起爆顺序为Ⅵ，编号为6#。
周边装药孔：编号为7#~8#，孔数7个，孔深2.4 m，孔径ϕ=42 mm。7#~8#孔装药量0.6 kg（3卷），装药长度0.66 m，光爆层厚度630 mm，周边孔孔距400 mm。间隔不耦合装药，空气间隔0.5 m，孔口封泥400 mm，簇连方式连接，采用7段~8段导爆管，起爆顺序为Ⅶ~Ⅷ。装药结构如图3所示。
周边空孔：编号为1'~3'，孔数6个，孔深2.4 m，孔径ϕ=70 mm。在7#、8#装药孔连线中心处分别布置1'、2'和3'空孔。炮孔布置图如图4所示。
3.2 试验结果分析
相比普通光面爆破，优化后的光面爆破平均循环进尺增加1.3%，平均半孔率提高34%，炸药消耗量减少13.2%，尽管导爆管单耗增加11发，但是平均爆破作业成本降低9.2%（炸药单价26.25元/kg，导爆管3.25元/发）。主要技术经济指标对比见表2。
采用优化后的爆破参数，周边空孔光面爆破有效提高了半孔率、掘进进尺，降低了炸药、爆破成本，改善了巷道成形，降低了爆破对围岩的扰动，试验达到预期目的。现场爆破如图5。
4 结论
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（1）应用普通光面爆破技术发现，由于周边孔装药量与孔间距的关系，周边孔装药过多或者减小炮孔间距，爆破后巷道超挖严重，成形不理想；周边孔装药量过少或者增大炮孔间距，爆破后造成工程欠挖，局部“挂帘子”，爆下岩石块度大。对于地应力较大的工程，超挖会占到40%以上，爆破24 h后，两帮及顶板的岩石呈现片状脱落；对于岩石节理裂隙较发育的工程，局部欠挖，甚至需要二次补炮，降低掘进效率。
（2）优化后的光面爆破法在技术经济方面更具有优势。在空孔提供自由面的前提下，裂缝沿着相邻炮孔中心连线处拉伸破坏，由于岩石的抗拉强度远远小于其抗压强度，这样更有利于岩石被切下来，形成更光滑的断面。在安全与经济方面，不但可以降低炸药单耗、爆破成本，而且巷道稳定性更好，尽可能降低炸药对围岩的破坏，为深部硬岩巷道全断面爆破提供经验。
（3）通过试验得知，对脆性较小或韧性较大的岩石，如煌斑岩，其周边孔间距可适当减小或者增大周边空孔孔径，其爆破效果更好。同时为获得较高的炮孔利用率和给光爆层爆破创造良好的自由面，掌握好掏槽孔和辅助孔的位置，掏槽孔要布置在岩石软弱部位。起爆药装入孔底，聚能穴朝向孔口，可以有效提高爆破效果。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51904177)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2023年第40卷第2期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.007
  • 接收时间：2023-01-31
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-31
基金
国家自然科学基金(51904177)
作者信息
    1.山东理工大学 资源与环境工程学院，淄博 255000
    2.山东金创股份有限公司，烟台 265600

通讯作者:

褚夫蛟（1988-），男，讲师、博士，从事控制爆破研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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