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Article(id=1241089937072771698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672588800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828499334, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828499334, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828499334, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828499334, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=223, endPage=229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089937378955891, articleId=1241089937072771698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Teaching Experiment and Simulation Practice of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Materials in Blasting Engineering Course, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is an important content in the course of "Blasting Engineering" to master the dynamic mechanical response of rock (body) under the action of blasting dynamic load. Since students majoring in civil or mining engineering lack basic theories such as wave mechanics and rock dynamics, the teaching effect is poor when the knowledge of dynamic mechanical properties of rock is explained in class, which will affect the subsequent learning of rock breakage mechanism. Therefore, the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiment of rock materials is applied to the practical teaching of “Blasting Engineering”. By measuring the dynamic compression strength of rock samples and observing the failure forms of specimens, students are guided to understand the dynamic mechanical response of rock materials under different strain rates. The finite element software LS-DYNA is also used to simulate the SHPB experiment, and the process of stress wave propagation and rock failure is reproduced to achieve the demonstration function of dynamic impact. Practice shows that this teaching method enables students to intuitively perceive the stress wave propagation, clearly understand the dynamic failure mechanism of rock, master the relationship between dynamic mechanical properties of rock materials and strain rate, and lay a foundation for further study of blasting engineering theory.

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掌握岩石（体）在爆破动载作用下的动态力学响应是《爆破工程》课程的一项重要教学内容。由于土木或采矿类专业学生缺乏波动力学、岩石动力学等基础理论，采用讲授法讲解岩石动态力学特性的知识点时教学效果较差，影响后续的岩体破碎机理等内容的学习。为此，将岩石类材料的分离式霍普金森压杆实验（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar，SHPB）应用于《爆破工程》实践教学中，通过测定岩石动态压缩强度，观察试件破坏形态，引导学生理解岩石材料在不同应变率下的动态力学响应。运用有限元软件LS-DYNA对SHPB实验进行数值模拟，再现应力波传播和岩石破坏过程，达到动态冲击的演示功能。实践效果表明：这种教学方式使学生能够直观地感知应力波的传播过程，清晰地了解岩石动态破坏机理，掌握岩石类材料动态力学性能与应变率之间的关系，为进一步学习爆破工程理论奠定基础。

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李胜林（1977-），男，博士、副教授，从事工程爆破与岩石动力学方面的研究与教学工作，（E-mail）。

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李胜林（1977-），男，博士、副教授，从事工程爆破与岩石动力学方面的研究与教学工作，（E-mail）。

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李胜林（1977-），男，博士、副教授，从事工程爆破与岩石动力学方面的研究与教学工作，（E-mail）。

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Static mechanical parameters of sandstone specimens of ϕ 50 mm×40 mm

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编号抗压强度/MPa最大应变/10-6弹性模量/GPa泊松比
175.670423023.9800.217
273.430412026.6800.211
377.630428024.2400.223
474.680419025.6000.220
573.510416024.4000.210
676.240425025.2000.220
均值75.193420525.0170.217
方差1.64159.5821.0200.005
变异系数0.0220.0140.0410.024
修正值1.0121.0081.0231.014
标准值76.130423925.6000.220
), ArticleFig(id=1241089947990544586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089937072771698, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ϕ 50 mm×40 mm砂岩试件静态力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号抗压强度/MPa最大应变/10-6弹性模量/GPa泊松比
175.670423023.9800.217
273.430412026.6800.211
377.630428024.2400.223
474.680419025.6000.220
573.510416024.4000.210
676.240425025.2000.220
均值75.193420525.0170.217
方差1.64159.5821.0200.005
变异系数0.0220.0140.0410.024
修正值1.0121.0081.0231.014
标准值76.130423925.6000.220
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爆破工程教学中材料动态力学性能实验及仿真实践
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李胜林 , 梁书锋 , 侯仕军
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(2): 223-229
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(2): 223-229
爆破工程教学中材料动态力学性能实验及仿真实践
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李胜林 , 梁书锋, 侯仕军
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学（北京） 力学与建筑工程学院，北京 100083

    • 李胜林（1977-），男，博士、副教授，从事工程爆破与岩石动力学方面的研究与教学工作，（E-mail）。

Teaching Experiment and Simulation Practice of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Materials in Blasting Engineering Course
Sheng-lin LI , Shu-feng LIANG, Shi-jun HOU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.031
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摘要
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掌握岩石（体）在爆破动载作用下的动态力学响应是《爆破工程》课程的一项重要教学内容。由于土木或采矿类专业学生缺乏波动力学、岩石动力学等基础理论，采用讲授法讲解岩石动态力学特性的知识点时教学效果较差，影响后续的岩体破碎机理等内容的学习。为此，将岩石类材料的分离式霍普金森压杆实验（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar，SHPB）应用于《爆破工程》实践教学中，通过测定岩石动态压缩强度，观察试件破坏形态，引导学生理解岩石材料在不同应变率下的动态力学响应。运用有限元软件LS-DYNA对SHPB实验进行数值模拟，再现应力波传播和岩石破坏过程，达到动态冲击的演示功能。实践效果表明：这种教学方式使学生能够直观地感知应力波的传播过程，清晰地了解岩石动态破坏机理，掌握岩石类材料动态力学性能与应变率之间的关系，为进一步学习爆破工程理论奠定基础。

爆破工程  /  实验教学  /  霍普金森压杆（SHPB）  /  数值仿真

It is an important content in the course of "Blasting Engineering" to master the dynamic mechanical response of rock (body) under the action of blasting dynamic load. Since students majoring in civil or mining engineering lack basic theories such as wave mechanics and rock dynamics, the teaching effect is poor when the knowledge of dynamic mechanical properties of rock is explained in class, which will affect the subsequent learning of rock breakage mechanism. Therefore, the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiment of rock materials is applied to the practical teaching of “Blasting Engineering”. By measuring the dynamic compression strength of rock samples and observing the failure forms of specimens, students are guided to understand the dynamic mechanical response of rock materials under different strain rates. The finite element software LS-DYNA is also used to simulate the SHPB experiment, and the process of stress wave propagation and rock failure is reproduced to achieve the demonstration function of dynamic impact. Practice shows that this teaching method enables students to intuitively perceive the stress wave propagation, clearly understand the dynamic failure mechanism of rock, master the relationship between dynamic mechanical properties of rock materials and strain rate, and lay a foundation for further study of blasting engineering theory.

blasting engineering  /  experimental teaching  /  Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB)  /  numerical simulation
李胜林, 梁书锋, 侯仕军. 爆破工程教学中材料动态力学性能实验及仿真实践. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 223 -229 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.031
Sheng-lin LI, Shu-feng LIANG, Shi-jun HOU. Teaching Experiment and Simulation Practice of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Materials in Blasting Engineering Course[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 223 -229 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.031
正文
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钻爆法是矿山开采和路桥建设中广泛采用的技术手段之一。“爆破工程”因此成为多数高校的土木工程、采矿工程、安全工程等专业的核心课程之一，其实验教学体系的构建受到越来越多高校的关注[1-3]。然而，岩石在爆破作用下的力学特性与其在静力荷载作用下的力学特性明显不同，原因在于爆破荷载的瞬态特性以及岩石的瞬态响应特性[4-7]。加之受限于国家对爆破器材管控政策等原因，开展基于真实爆破器材的室内爆破实验较为困难[1]。实验教学的缺失将导致学生对岩石爆破机理缺乏理性认识。此外，中国矿业大学（北京）的土木工程和采矿工程本科专业学生仅学过经典力学的相关知识，缺乏波动力学、岩石动力学等基础理论，对《爆破工程》中冲击动力学的应力波、应变率效应等概念认知较为模糊。这给授课教师带来了很大的挑战。在此背景下，如何在不增加新课程的前提下，探索安全、科学的实验教学手段势在必行。近20年来，中国矿业大学（北京）应用SHPB实验系统和数值仿真技术对岩石、混凝土类材料的动态力学特性开展了广泛的研究，取得诸多重要成果[8-13]。为此，结合长期的科学研究和教学实践，中国矿业大学（北京）爆破工程教学团队自2010年开始探索将SHPB实验系统引入到本科生《爆破工程》的实践教学中。教学人员使用SHPB系统冲击加载岩石类试件，获取岩石材料在一定应变率范围内的动态应力-应变曲线，进而分析材料的动态力学特性。在此基础上，应用计算机仿真技术对SHPB实验进行数值模拟，让学生更加直观地感知应力波的传播过程，了解材料在动态冲击作用下的破坏过程，掌握岩石类材料的基本动态力学特性。
1 SHPB实验系统
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中国矿业大学（北京）于2004年建设了SHPB系统（图1），广泛应用于矿山开采、结构抗震与防爆等领域中常见岩土类材料动态力学性能的测试与研究。该SHPB系统可进行10~103 s-1应变率下的材料动态力学性能测试。
1.1 SHPB系统组成
典型的SHPB装置由加载系统、控制系统、测速系统、压杆系统（冲击杆、入射杆、透射杆、吸收杆）、阻尼系统和数据记录系统组成，如图2所示。
压杆系统有钢质和铝质两种，杆直径有14 mm、50 mm、75 mm。一般地讲，小直径压杆系统的试验对象主要为材质较为均匀的陶瓷类材料；而对于岩石与混凝土类材料，为克服材料材质不均引起的测量误差，一般采用大直径SHPB系统。
1.2 SHPB实验原理
SHPB实验基于两个基本假定：（1）一维应力波假定，即压杆在变形时横截面始终保持为平面，在横截面上只有均匀分布的轴向应力；（2）应力均匀假定，即试件足够短，以便经历多次应力波的反射后，其内部可处于均匀应力状态[14,15]。
SHPB实验原理如图3所示。实验过程中撞击杆以一定的速度冲击入射杆，在入射杆中产生一轴向传播的一维压缩应力脉冲波（εi），其到达入射杆与试件相接触的界面时（图3中1-1界面），一部分会反射到入射杆中（卸载波εr），另一部分继续在试件中传播，通过试件后在试件与透射杆的相接触的界面（图3中2-2界面）发生反射与透射，反射应力波（εr）进入试件中，透射应力波（εt）继续传播进入透射杆中。反射回试件的应力波，将会继续在试件与入射杆及透射杆的两个界面之间来回地发生反射与透射，当这种来回反射达到3~6次以后，即可认为试件内部的应力达到了平衡[16]。
基于一维应力波假设和位移连续性条件，可得“三波法”公式[17,18]
式中：εi为入射波应变；εr为反射波应变；εt为透射波应变；ε和分别为试件的应变和应变率；C0、A0和E0分别为杆件弹性波波速、横截面积和弹性模量；A和L分别为试件横截面积和长度。
2 实验课程的设计
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教学环节中的实验课时包含在课程总课时中，目前大学专业课程的课时普遍偏少。我校爆破工程总课时为32学时，根据课程内容与试验内容，设置SHPB实验为1课时。针对学生不具备波动力学基础，以前也未接触过动力学实验，为达到实验的教学目的，须对实验的相关环节进行详细筹划与设计。
2.1 实验前的准备
实验课程前，教师应提前打磨试件，选择的岩石试件的矿物分布尽量均匀。近几年，我们选择的是粉砂岩，试件尺寸为ϕ 50 mm×40 mm，端面不平行度控制在0.02 mm以内，试件的外观如图4所示。
考虑场地及教学效果的因素，同时观看演示实验的学生不超过15人，教师应提前对学生进行分组，为每组准备两个以上合格试件。
为对比分析，需提前进行同尺寸试件的单轴压缩静载平行实验3次以上，强度取标准值，记录应力-应变（位移）曲线，如图5所示，单轴压缩参数见表1。
为保证正式实验时系统的顺利进行，教师应提前检查SHPB系统的各个部件与参数，包含气瓶压力、速度与应变测试装置、应变片等。待一切准备就绪后，教师应进行完整的动态压缩实验，以检查、判断SHPB系统的状态，调整参数直至SHPB系统的稳定。
2.2 教学内容
2.2.1 实地介绍SHPB系统
实验课开始时，教师通过实物、展板向学生介绍SHPB系统的构成与原理，并重点告知以下知识点：
（1）SHPB系统能将应力波效应和应变率效应解耦[19]。SHPB方便之处在于：一维应力弹性状态下的入射杆与透射杆具有冲击加载和测量双重作用，因此允许只计应力波的传播而忽略应变率效应；而夹在入射杆和透射杆之间的试件由于长度足够短，使应力波在试件两端间传播所需时间与加载总历时相比很短，足以可把试件视为处于均匀变形状态，从而允许忽略试件中的应力波效应，而只计其应变率效应。这样，实现了压杆和试件中的应力波效应和应变率效应解耦，试件材料力学响应的应变率相关性可以通过弹性杆中应力波传播的信息来确定。
（2）冲击过程中必须保证压杆的弹性状态，这是应变测量的基础，也是SHPB系统维护的必要要求[20]。对此，教师可以布置一个小作业：已知杆材的物理力学属性，根据冲击力学的基本公式，求出SHPB系统子弹允许的最大速度。作业答案可以在下次课堂教学中讲解。
2.2.2 SHPB演示实验
介绍完相关知识后，教师要给学生演示试件动态压缩实验，内容包括标定、冲击实验及相应分析。
（1）标定
SHPB系统输出的是应变片的电压时程曲线，要得到应变，应首先进行标定试验，即不加试件，使用子弹直接撞击入射杆。中国矿业大学（北京）钢质压杆的密度为7800 kg/m3，弹性波速为5060 m/s，试验中直接测的子弹速度v，入射杆中的应变ε按下式计算[17]
ε与超动态应变仪测量的电压值U的比值为标定系数K
（2）SHPB冲击压缩试验
将凡士林或黄油均匀地涂抹在试件顶部与底部以减小实验中的摩擦效应，然后将试件放在入射杆与透射杆中间。先以低气压进行冲击实验，然后逐渐增加气压以增大子弹速度，即逐渐增加试件上的压缩应力，记录子弹速度及应变片的电压数据，在控制台电脑上向学生展示测试的波形，演示数据处理过程。汇总获得的典型波形曲线如图6所示。
根据“两波法”公式，对采集的不同冲击速度下试件反射波信号及透射波信号进行数据处理，得到不同速度下试件的应力-应变曲线，如图7所示。
图8是波长为800 mm、砂岩产生的应变率为54.6 s-1时，单次冲击得到的典型动态应力-应变曲线。由图8可知，该应力-应变曲线大致分为四个阶段。①线弹性阶段（AB段）：应力-应变线型为直线型，应力急剧上升，而应变仅略微增长，该阶段斜率较大，反映砂岩的动态弹性模量较大。②新裂隙形成阶段（BC段）：弹性变形已达到极限，仅有应变的增大而应力增长很小，其线型为斜率极缓的近似水平线段。③塑性增强段（CD段）：塑性发展和应力的增长同时进行，但曲线的斜率较弹性阶段有较大程度减小，并且此阶段的强度增长越来越缓，逐渐达到峰值强度，该峰值就是砂岩在某应力波参数下的动态强度。④卸载段（DE段）：当超过峰值强度之后，应变持续微量增加，应力迅速下降，曲线为正卸载，在此过程中不发生弹性恢复的现象。表明岩石中已发生不可逆转的变形损伤甚至破坏。
通过与静载实验结果对比可知，动载作用下岩石材料的强度值与弹性模量呈增加趋势，增加幅度与应变率相关。
（3）应用数值模型的对比分析
为生动再现动态冲击过程，教师需要借助LS-DYNA建立数值模型，模型各部件尺寸及子弹速度同原型，如图9所示，压杆采用弹性材料、岩石试件采用HJC本构[21,22]，采用国际单位制。以轴向应力代表压缩波，以动画形式撞击过程演示应力波在输入杆、试件、输出杆透射、反射的传播过程，从输入或输出杆件表面上取一个节点，查看其轴向速度历史曲线，计算得到弹性波的传播速度，并与理论解进行对比分析。
将应力波作用于试件后的应力和破坏状态截取如图10所示。从10（a）可看出，此时应力波较为均匀地作用于试件与输入杆的接触面，其最大压应力与入射波幅值大小一致；随着时间的推移，应力波逐渐向试件内部传播并发生力的作用，同时在试件端面发生反射，其应力云图如10（b）所示。随后，试件内部压应力逐渐增大，个别单元符合失效准则，单元被删除，试件开始出现裂纹；最后，更多单元发生破坏删除，试件呈现破碎。
数值模型可以生动再现应力波的传播过程，使学生深入体会动力作用下试件逐步破坏的现象，利于掌握岩石类材料动态力学特性。
2.3 教学手段
面向本科教学的SHPB试验设计为“演示型”实验，主要以教师讲解与操作为主。在实际教学过程中，为激发学生主动参与实验的兴趣并锻炼其动手能力，子弹发射、数据处理等过程在教师演示讲解后，安排学生自己独立进行处理与分析。与静力学结果比较与讨论过程，教师适当引导，让学生自行总结。
由于试件的动态压缩过程速度很快，肉眼无法捕捉动态过程，有条件时可使用高速摄影进行录制，然后结合数值模型，对比分析与讲解。
2.4 考核与检验
实验报告是必做作业，引申的相关问题是选做作业。
学生应在实验结束两周内提交实验报告，报告内容包括SHPB原理、实验过程、实验数据记录、结果分析。
同时，在课堂教学布置课后作业时，教师可设计一些与SHPB实验相关习题，如：试件平整度不满足会对实验结果及SHPB系统有何影响？处理数据时为何会有两波法和三波法？能否应用SHPB进行钢筋混凝土试件压缩实验？将SHPB作为加载手段进行巴西圆盘劈裂实验会对常规的SHPB系统产生哪些伤害？回答这些问题，需要学生在掌握SHPB原理的基础上进一步分析，甚至需要借助专业文献检索工具才能找到答案。
从近5年的统计数据上看，所有学生均能独立完成实验报告，客观记录了试验数据。约30%同学在自学了波动力学或弹性波理论、查阅相关文献的基础上对选做问题阐述了自己的观点，进行了相关的推导与说明。在我校的大学生本科生创新项目中，每年会有3到5组学生申报SHPB相关项目，项目的申报、实验、数据的整理与分析过程均是由学生自己独立完成。
上述结果与现象说明了爆破工程中引入SHPB实验教学引起了学生的兴趣，激发了他们独自探索的热情，锻炼了科研动手能力。
3 结语
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为加深土木和采矿类专业本科生对岩石动态力学特性的认识与理解，将SHPB实验系统引入到《爆破工程》课堂教学中，并基于《爆破工程》实践教学理论和岩石材料动态力学性能研究成果，设计了一套适用于短学时的《爆破工程》实验教学方法与体系，同时引入数值仿真技术与此实践教学方法配套。该教学方法设计合理、内容丰富，能使岩石动态力学特性的教学过程更符合教学认知规律，可以更好地反映岩石动态冲击的真实情况，不但可以提升学生的工程实践能力，亦可为将来相关专业课程学习奠定基础。结合近几年教学效果看，本校学生对爆破工程及波动力学产生了浓厚的兴趣，在达到课程教学目标的同时，进一步引导了学生在岩石动力学方面的深入研究与探索。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51374210)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51574247)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务专项资金资助项目(2010QL05)
文献
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.031
  • 接收时间：2023-01-02
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-02
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51374210)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51574247)
中央高校基本科研业务专项资金资助项目(2010QL05)
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    中国矿业大学（北京） 力学与建筑工程学院，北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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