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Article(id=1241089935705428589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673539200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828499008, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828499008, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828499008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828499008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089937416704629, articleId=1241089935705428589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=In-hole Sectional Initiation Technology of Deep Hole Blasting, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Shallow hole blasting is com in roadway or tunnel excavation, which has the disadvantages of more work cycles, less footage per cycle and low excavation speed. Meanwhile, deep-hole blasting which is widely used in mining engineering usually adopts continuous charge structure. This brings problems such as high charge quantity per delay, significant blast-induced harmful effect and high boulder yield. To overcome these problems, it is effective to adopt the in-hole sectional blasting technique. Firstly, key factors such as charging structure, charging materials, decking length, sectional delay and charging method are emphatically introduced based on the patents of in-hole sectional blasting in recent years. Then, taking the open-pit bench blasting of a mine adjacent to a railway as an example, the new two-deck charge blasting technology with rock powder barrier as the decking material was presented and compared with the traditional continuous charge blasting technology. After application of the new technique, the boulder yield was reduced by 54%, preventing secondary blasting. At the same time, the explosive usage was saved by 20%. The blasting vibration at the nearest monitoring point to the railway was reduced by 7.62%, and the flying rocks were all within the allowable range. The new technical scheme can also make the bench surface smoother after loading and transporting, which is more conducive to the subsequent stage of blasting operations.

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巷道或隧道掘进工程中多采用浅孔钻爆作业技术，存在作业循环多，每循环进尺少，掘进速度较慢的缺点；而采矿工程中大量使用的深孔爆破通常采用连续装药结构，存在单孔单响药量过高，爆破有害效应大，大块率高等问题。为克服这些问题，采用深孔孔内分段爆破技术是有效方法。首先结合介绍近年来出现的孔内分段爆破方面的专利技术，重点介绍了装药结构、装药材料、阻隔段长度、分段延期和装药方法等关键因素。接着以某邻近铁路的采矿场露天台阶爆破工程为例，分别应用孔内设置岩粉阻隔段的两分段装药爆破新技术与传统连续装药爆破技术并对比了应用效果。结果表明：新技术具有明显的技术经济优势，大块率降低了54%，避免了二次爆破，节省了20%炸药量。新技术方案清运后台阶面更加平整光滑，更有利于后续阶段的爆破作业。距铁路最近点的爆破振动降低了7.62%，采取防护措施后的飞石抛掷距离在允许的范围内。

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叶建军（1974-），男，湖北英山人，博士、教授，主要从事绿色爆破、绿色拆除、生态护坡研究，（E-mail）。

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叶建军（1974-），男，湖北英山人，博士、教授，主要从事绿色爆破、绿色拆除、生态护坡研究，（E-mail）。

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叶建军（1974-），男，湖北英山人，博士、教授，主要从事绿色爆破、绿色拆除、生态护坡研究，（E-mail）。

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The layout method of pre-buried axial pipes as blast holes forreinforced concrete column and the demolition blasting method, China: CN105571418B[P]. 2018-01-16. 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Structure and construction method of subsection water coupling charge by hanging bags in holes, China: CN114264206A[P]. 2022-04-01. 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articleId=1241089935705428589, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification and characteristics of stemming materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型常用材料特性优点缺点
流体材料空气密度小，易被压缩具有蓄能效应，降低孔壁压力峰值，延长作用时间空气冲击波强烈，阻隔效果差
水可压缩性小，波阻抗较高价格便宜，可抑制爆破粉尘、毒气密度较小，阻隔效果较差
固体材料砂土、岩渣等松散，孔隙率较大取材方便，经济实惠，阻隔效果较好材料强度低，密封性较差
聚氨酯、微膨胀速凝自流平砂浆等膨胀性、早强性等机械化施工，材料强度高，密封性好，阻隔效果好成本较高
), ArticleFig(id=1241089947281707142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935705428589, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

填充物分类及其特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型常用材料特性优点缺点
流体材料空气密度小，易被压缩具有蓄能效应，降低孔壁压力峰值，延长作用时间空气冲击波强烈，阻隔效果差
水可压缩性小，波阻抗较高价格便宜，可抑制爆破粉尘、毒气密度较小，阻隔效果较差
固体材料砂土、岩渣等松散，孔隙率较大取材方便，经济实惠，阻隔效果较好材料强度低，密封性较差
聚氨酯、微膨胀速凝自流平砂浆等膨胀性、早强性等机械化施工，材料强度高，密封性好，阻隔效果好成本较高
), ArticleFig(id=1241089947390759057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935705428589, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Deep hole bench blasting parameters

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参数名称符号数值说明
台阶高度H15 m梯段开挖的垂直高度
钻孔安全距离B3 m前排孔中心至临空面边沿的距离
钻孔角度θ90°炮孔与水平面的夹角
孔径D90 mm钻孔成孔直径
钻孔深度L16.5 m垂直深度
超深h1.5 m超过设计标高的深度
装药长度L2+L39.6 m炮孔中装药的长度
阻隔长度L42.4 m相邻装药段之间用岩粉或砂土填充的长度
堵塞长度L14.5 m孔口用岩粉或土堵塞的长度
底盘抵抗线W13.5 m前排孔装药中心到台阶底角的水平距离
孔距a4 m同排相邻炮孔中心距
排距b3 m相邻两排炮孔的间距
炮孔邻近系数m1.33m=W/b（前排）或m=a/b（后排）
炸药单耗q0.33 kg/m3单位体积爆破所使用的炸药量
单孔药量Q48 kg单个炮孔装药量
), ArticleFig(id=1241089947474645149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935705428589, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

深孔台阶爆破参数及说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称符号数值说明
台阶高度H15 m梯段开挖的垂直高度
钻孔安全距离B3 m前排孔中心至临空面边沿的距离
钻孔角度θ90°炮孔与水平面的夹角
孔径D90 mm钻孔成孔直径
钻孔深度L16.5 m垂直深度
超深h1.5 m超过设计标高的深度
装药长度L2+L39.6 m炮孔中装药的长度
阻隔长度L42.4 m相邻装药段之间用岩粉或砂土填充的长度
堵塞长度L14.5 m孔口用岩粉或土堵塞的长度
底盘抵抗线W13.5 m前排孔装药中心到台阶底角的水平距离
孔距a4 m同排相邻炮孔中心距
排距b3 m相邻两排炮孔的间距
炮孔邻近系数m1.33m=W/b（前排）或m=a/b（后排）
炸药单耗q0.33 kg/m3单位体积爆破所使用的炸药量
单孔药量Q48 kg单个炮孔装药量
), ArticleFig(id=1241089947571114150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935705428589, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Timing setting of electronic detonators in each hole

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔编号上段延期时间/ms下段延期时间/ms
1025
23055
36085
490115
5120145
6150175
7180205
8210235
9100125
10130155
11160185
12190215
13220245
14250275
15280305
16310335
), ArticleFig(id=1241089947659194543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935705428589, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

逐孔孔内电子雷管延期时间

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孔编号上段延期时间/ms下段延期时间/ms
1025
23055
36085
490115
5120145
6150175
7180205
8210235
9100125
10130155
11160185
12190215
13220245
14250275
15280305
16310335
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深孔孔内分段爆破技术
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叶建军 1 , 彭庆波 1 , 王雁冰 2 , 韩学军 3 , 段筱龑 3 , 殷旭 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(2): 61-68
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(2): 61-68
深孔孔内分段爆破技术
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叶建军1 , 彭庆波1, 王雁冰2, 韩学军3, 段筱龑3, 殷旭1
作者信息
  • 1.湖北工业大学 土木建筑与环境学院，武汉 430068
  • 2.中国矿业大学（北京） 力学与建筑工程学院，北京 100083
  • 3.湖北凯龙工程爆破有限公司，荆门 448004

    • 叶建军（1974-），男，湖北英山人，博士、教授，主要从事绿色爆破、绿色拆除、生态护坡研究，（E-mail）。

In-hole Sectional Initiation Technology of Deep Hole Blasting
Jian-jun YE1 , Qing-bo PENG1, Yan-bing WANG2, Xue-jun HAN3, Yi-yan DUAN3, Xu YIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 2.School of Mechanics & Civil Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Hubei Kailong Engineering Blasting Co., Ltd., Jingmen 448004, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.009
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摘要
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巷道或隧道掘进工程中多采用浅孔钻爆作业技术，存在作业循环多，每循环进尺少，掘进速度较慢的缺点；而采矿工程中大量使用的深孔爆破通常采用连续装药结构，存在单孔单响药量过高，爆破有害效应大，大块率高等问题。为克服这些问题，采用深孔孔内分段爆破技术是有效方法。首先结合介绍近年来出现的孔内分段爆破方面的专利技术，重点介绍了装药结构、装药材料、阻隔段长度、分段延期和装药方法等关键因素。接着以某邻近铁路的采矿场露天台阶爆破工程为例，分别应用孔内设置岩粉阻隔段的两分段装药爆破新技术与传统连续装药爆破技术并对比了应用效果。结果表明：新技术具有明显的技术经济优势，大块率降低了54%，避免了二次爆破，节省了20%炸药量。新技术方案清运后台阶面更加平整光滑，更有利于后续阶段的爆破作业。距铁路最近点的爆破振动降低了7.62%，采取防护措施后的飞石抛掷距离在允许的范围内。

深孔  /  孔内分段爆破  /  延期起爆  /  阻隔段

Shallow hole blasting is com in roadway or tunnel excavation, which has the disadvantages of more work cycles, less footage per cycle and low excavation speed. Meanwhile, deep-hole blasting which is widely used in mining engineering usually adopts continuous charge structure. This brings problems such as high charge quantity per delay, significant blast-induced harmful effect and high boulder yield. To overcome these problems, it is effective to adopt the in-hole sectional blasting technique. Firstly, key factors such as charging structure, charging materials, decking length, sectional delay and charging method are emphatically introduced based on the patents of in-hole sectional blasting in recent years. Then, taking the open-pit bench blasting of a mine adjacent to a railway as an example, the new two-deck charge blasting technology with rock powder barrier as the decking material was presented and compared with the traditional continuous charge blasting technology. After application of the new technique, the boulder yield was reduced by 54%, preventing secondary blasting. At the same time, the explosive usage was saved by 20%. The blasting vibration at the nearest monitoring point to the railway was reduced by 7.62%, and the flying rocks were all within the allowable range. The new technical scheme can also make the bench surface smoother after loading and transporting, which is more conducive to the subsequent stage of blasting operations.

deep hole  /  in-hole sectional blasting  /  delayed initiation  /  decking section
叶建军, 彭庆波, 王雁冰, 韩学军, 段筱龑, 殷旭. 深孔孔内分段爆破技术. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 61 -68 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.009
Jian-jun YE, Qing-bo PENG, Yan-bing WANG, Xue-jun HAN, Yi-yan DUAN, Xu YIN. In-hole Sectional Initiation Technology of Deep Hole Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 61 -68 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.009
正文
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深孔在露天台阶采矿、巷道掘进及城市拆除爆破等工程中应用十分广泛。例如，露天矿山台阶爆破采矿常会采用深孔；拆除爆破中也会使用预埋管形成长细炮孔[1]。采矿工程中为追求装药施工简便化，深孔爆破通常采用连续装药结构。由于炮孔过深，单孔药量较大，炸药能量利用率较低，爆破有害效应较大。巷道或隧道掘进爆破中，现有的钻爆法存在循环进尺小，循环次数多的问题。解决这些问题的手段之一就是采用孔内分段爆破技术。
“深孔孔内分段爆破”指的是一次成型的炮孔（钻孔或预埋孔）采用间隔装药结构，相邻装药段使用不同延时的雷管，使得相邻装药段不同时起爆的方法。显然，“深孔孔内分段爆破”是基于单孔爆破的概念。在实际工程中，除了钢筋混凝土梁柱细长轴向预埋孔等少数情况是单孔爆破外，多数土岩爆破工程是群孔爆破。群孔爆破时，可以是部分炮孔（如掏槽孔）采用孔内分段爆破，其它炮孔不分段[2,3]。
在分析总结深孔孔内分段爆破技术的主要参数的基础上，以某爆破工程为例，分别应用孔内分段爆破新技术与传统连续装药爆破技术并对比了应用效果，展示了深孔孔内分段爆破的技术经济优势。
1 深孔孔内分段爆破技术
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深孔孔内分段爆破技术的核心在于装药结构、装药材料、孔内分段延时等重要技术参数。通过合理调控各技术参数，达到优化深孔爆破效果，提高爆破效率，降低爆破成本和有害效应。
1.1 深孔孔内分段装药结构
如图1所示，孔内分段装药结构通常包括装药段、阻隔段、堵塞段和缓冲段。根据分段数量、各段相互位置、长度比例和其它装药特征的不同搭配，可组合出多种孔内分段装药结构，以达到不同的爆破技术效果。图1是在深孔爆破中最常见较简单的孔内两分段装药结构。其中，图1（a）以阻隔段为界，将整个深孔分成两段，两段均为连续装药，并分别装上不同延时雷管起爆，以达到降低振动等有害效应的效果；图1（b）是在图1（a）装药结构基础上，将连续装药改变为间隔装药，以降低炸药消耗、大块率和对阻隔段的损伤[4]。图1（c）是在图1（a）装药结构基础上，在深孔孔底设置缓冲段，以保护孔底岩石[5]。图1（d）在图1（c）的基础上，进一步在上段孔底设置缓冲段，以保护阻隔段在上段爆破时不被击穿。图1（e）是叶建军等发明的新型深孔孔内装药结构，其主要创新在于：岩土爆破中对阻隔段所在炮孔使用偏心扩孔钻头进行扩孔，以增强阻隔和密封效果[6]。下文对各段的材料、功能等进一步详述。
1.1.1 装药段
每个装药段装填的炸药可为炸药药卷（如乳化炸药等）或散装炸药（如粉状铵油炸药、膨化硝铵炸药等）。装药段可为不耦合装药（图1b展示的是轴向不耦合装药结构），也可为耦合装药。装药段长度通常是取决于炸药单耗，在确保爆破安全的前提下可根据生产经验进行合理调整。
1.1.2 阻隔段和堵塞段
上分段起爆时，阻隔段的作用在于提供阻隔作用（包括降低冲击波和阻隔爆生气体压力），防止引爆下段装药但不影响下段随后起爆。上分段起爆后，阻隔段成为下分段的堵塞段。因此堵塞段和阻隔段的材料和长度设置十分关键，直接影响着孔内分段爆破的成败和质量。
（1）填充材料分类
阻隔段和堵塞段通常是由空气、水等流体材料或其他固体材料填充形成。二者可为相同的材料类型，亦可不同。填充物类型及其特点对比分析如表1所示。
（2）堵塞段和阻隔段长度
上述堵塞段和阻隔段的功能叙述是建立在阻塞段或阻隔段长度适宜的前提下进行的。当使用固体材料时，鉴于堵塞或阻隔材料的强度一般低于岩石强度，适宜堵塞段或阻隔段长度通常等于1~1.3倍最小抵抗线。若堵塞段长度过小，会发生冲孔现象，爆生气体的作用时间过短，爆破效果不佳甚至失败。若堵塞段或阻隔段长度过大，会导致孔口岩石产生大块或爆破只在孔内破碎围岩。而阻隔段的长度不足，在强大爆轰能量的冲击下被破坏，爆生气体将进入下段装药后对药包产生强烈压缩，可能引起下段拒爆。
空气阻隔时，阻隔段长度不能过短，需大于炮孔内药包的殉爆距离。水和固体材料阻隔时，阻隔段长度还跟起爆顺序相关。例如露天台阶爆破采用自上而下的分段顺序时，上段爆破后的矸石对下段存在压渣效果，需适当减小阻隔段长度（此时，一般要设置缓冲段，防止上段起爆的影响）。由于爆破作用机理复杂，影响因素众多，工程实践中还需依据理论推导，数值模拟计算，结合试爆来最终确定阻隔段长度。
（3）孔内分段延期时间间隔
在孔内分段爆破技术中，前后段延期时间设置主要考虑减轻振动速度、有利于岩石破碎和不影响后段起爆。孔内分段延期时间间隔取决于阻隔段材料、阻隔段长度等因素。阻隔段对冲击波和爆生气体的阻隔效果越好，孔内分段延期时间间隔越大。
根据上文阻隔段作用机理，空气作为阻隔段时，由于气体的高流动性，爆生气体从产生、膨胀直到后分段药包在准静态作用下被压缩，产生实质性拒爆的速度最快，通常是在10 ms以内[7-9]。所以，空气作为阻隔段时，分段时间间隔要小于10 ms。水作为阻隔段时，出于水的惯性、粘滞性以及汽化耗能等原因，在爆生气体准静态压力下的移动速度比空气更慢，历时更长，分段时间间隔可参照相同长度的固体阻隔段的分段时间间隔的基础上适当缩短。到目前为止，还没有水作为阻隔段材料的工程应用报道。
阻隔段是固体材料时，即使阻隔段长度设置合理，前段装药起爆后阻隔段仍可能被破坏，爆生气体将进入后段装药。根据工程经验，从前段起爆到爆生气体进入后段装药对后段药包产生实质性拒爆影响的时间约为10~25 ms。所以，已有孔内分段延期间隔时间为13~25 ms的报道[10-14]。如上所述，若通过对阻隔段孔壁进行扩孔，在保证阻隔段的长度的同时提高阻隔段强度，以及在装药段和阻隔段之间设置缓冲段等技术手段来保护阻隔段，会使得前段装药起爆时阻隔段仅部分受损。此时，前段起爆对后段装药影响很小，分段延期时间可任意设置。据此，笔者提出了孔内分段半秒延期和秒延期设想。显然，在少自由面的爆破中（如巷道或隧道掘进爆破），分段之间延期越大，越利于后段爆破自由面的形成，利于后段爆破破岩和抛掷，也可进一步降低有害效应。
1.1.3 缓冲段
上文中提到的缓冲段是受复合消能爆破技术的启发而设置的[15]。在装药段和阻隔段之间设置缓冲段，能够有效降低爆轰能量对阻隔段的损伤，进而减小对下段装药起爆的影响，实现可靠分段爆破。
实现缓冲段的方法众多，最常用的是采用聚氨酯泡沫塑料等柔性材料，利用其多孔吸能的特性减少爆破能量传递。除此之外，也可使用消能垫块等刚性材料[16]，通过改变应力波的传播方向来保护阻隔段。至于缓冲段长度的设置，还需根据工程经验，结合现场试爆结果确定。通常，缓冲段与阻隔段加在一起的长度不宜大于最小抵抗线的1.3倍。
1.2 孔内分段起爆顺序
孔内分段起爆顺序通常是在确保爆破安全的前提下，根据被爆岩体的岩石性质以及自由面的情况而定。如在巷道掘进工程中的掏槽孔爆破，其顺序就是由表及里依次起爆，先爆分段形成足够的爆腔为深部分段爆破提供充足自由面[17-21]；或如孔内三分段的如筒状硐室爆破工程[7]，可按照自下而上或两端同时先爆，中部后爆的起爆顺序实施爆破作业。
1.3 实现孔内分段装药结构的方法
深孔孔内分段装药结构本质上属于轴向不耦合装药结构。常用的轴向不耦合装药方法是串珠装药，即在绳索或导爆索上间隔一定距离绑扎炸药药包，相邻药包之间装填空气袋或水袋或其他材料，从而实现炸药轴向不耦合。近年来为进一步完善不耦合装药方法，众多学者发明了一系列专利技术。
徐连生将间隔绑扎的炸药药包用竹片包裹并居中固定在炮孔中，保护药包在装药过程中不被损坏，可很好地实现轴向不耦合及径向不耦合装药[17]。叶建军发明出包含有若干个格室的装药长袋及装药方法[18]，能够实现水平（含两端开口）、倾斜及垂直的下向炮孔轴向及径向不耦合精确装药；他还发明出伞形卡位悬挂器[19]，若二者组合使用可实现上向盲孔、水平孔以及缓倾角下向孔不耦合装药。陈禹成等人发明了一种精确控制装药结构装置，该装置包含有装药槽的输送筒，装药槽放置药卷，间隔格放置水袋，推送至炮孔实现水压爆破（实际上就是水作为堵塞和阻隔材料），可看作是装药长袋的升级版，提高了装药精确度[20]。刘超等人发明了一种水间隔装置，该装置由多层可加接的焊接有支撑件的柱筒组成，通过支撑件进行装药，柱筒之间由螺栓连接，解决了市面上一体式水间隔装置不能调节长度的问题，能够优化大孔径深孔水间隔爆破效果[21]。程大春等在钢筋混凝土轴向预埋孔中，将装药长袋用绳索或铁丝拖入两端弯曲预埋炮孔后注水，并采用由建筑石膏、水和胶水按照一定比例配制成的新型堵塞材料进行堵孔，具有良好的强度和堵塞效果，成功实现了水耦合精确装药爆破，降低了爆破粉尘、毒气等有害效应的环境影响，取得了良好的爆破效果[22,23]。此种装药结构也可以用于孔内分段装药爆破。叶建军等发明的下向孔装药结构（图2a-b）及方法[6]，可实现多段装药段的精确装药，孔内间隔介质以及堵孔材料均采用具有优异流动性和早强性的微膨胀速凝自流平砂浆，施工时只需将装药长袋用长度大于炮孔的木棒悬挂于炮孔内，随后分段注浆即可，能大幅降低人工以及时间成本，具有极高的经济效益。同年叶建军等还发明了一种孔内挂袋分段水耦合装药结构（图2c）与施工方法[24]，通过悬挂装填有单一级配卵石的网袋并注入微膨胀速凝自流平砂浆的方式形成阻隔段，通过装药长袋实现水耦合装药。这两项发明可以防止深孔底部药包长时间受到高水压而出现拒爆，能大幅减轻爆破有害效应，对于城市拆除爆破（主要用于预埋深孔）具有重要价值。
2 工程实例
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2.1 工程概况
某市2022年欲处理百万吨碳酸钙废弃物用于循环利用，工程沿线的岩性主要有泥岩、石灰岩等，表面裂隙较发育，并与多组裂隙交错切割岩体。
爆破项目周边环境如图3所示，经现场勘查测量爆破施工岩体方量约60万m3，东北侧最近距本项目自建高压线150 m；南面山脚距最近铁路392 m；西面距最近次干道212 m；北面为荒山300 m内无重要构筑物。目前已清理表土层，挖运地表层强风化岩石完毕，裸露的岩石以石灰岩为主。该待爆山体呈西东走向，岩体长约150 m，南北宽度约80 m，开挖最大高差60 m。由于施工工期紧，决定采用爆破方法平场。
2.2 爆破方案
台阶设计示意图如图4所示，遵循自上而下、多点作业的方式开采，计划每天爆破2次，每次爆破用药不超过1 t。爆破施工时按照由远及近的施工顺序，先爆破距离铁路线远的区域，再爆破距离铁路线近的区域，设计爆破时抵抗线方向要朝向与铁路线平行或相反的方向，使飞石方向不朝向铁路线的位置。为保证爆破区域岩体充分破碎，原方案采取连续装药爆破（下称“原技术方案”），考虑到爆破区域距离铁路较近，为避免爆破振动和飞石对铁路造成不良影响，需要减少单次起爆的药量以降低爆破振动强度和飞石距离，因此修改原方案，依据地形拓展作业面，采用深孔孔内分段爆破（下称“新技术方案”）。
2.3 爆破参数设计
台阶剖面如图5所示，新技术方案在原方案基础上，不改变其他参数，将连续装药结构改为孔内分段装药结构，单耗及装药量降低了20%，具体深孔爆破参数见表2。施工采用梅花布孔方式（见图6），炸药采用二号岩石乳化炸药，采用垂直钻孔形式，倾斜角度与边坡角相同为θ=90°。见表1。
2.4 爆破网路
为了严格控制爆破振动，提高爆破安全性，采取逐孔起爆方式进行控制爆破，孔内采用2发数码电子雷管微差起爆，爆破网路如图7所示。孔内延期时间间隔取25 ms，孔间延期时间间隔取30 ms，排间延期时间间隔以下公式计算
式中：ΔLt表示爆破后岩石移动单位长度所需时间，ms/m；W表示炮孔抵抗线长度，m。
考虑到本次爆破中石灰岩节理发育，ΔLt取20 ms/m，台阶平均抵抗线W取3.25 m，Δt=65 ms。为进一步提高爆破效果，排间延期时间间隔取100 ms，单次起爆16个炮孔，逐孔孔内雷管延期时间见表3。
2.5 安全防护措施
在接近铁路的区域进行爆破施工时通过降低爆破单耗，增大炮孔填塞深度，开挖减振沟等措施来降低爆破振动。对每个炮孔孔口用沙袋或土袋进行压渣，确保飞石控制在安全范围内。
2.6 爆破效果
实施爆破后，经现场调查分析和比较得出以下结果：
（1）新技术方案大块率降低了54%，避免了二次爆破。
（2）新技术方案清运后台阶面更加平整光滑，更有利于后续阶段的爆破作业（见图8）。
（3）新技术方案较原技术方案节省了20%炸药量，具有明显的经济优势。
（4）采用新技术方案时，距铁路最近点的爆破振动降低了7.62%，采取防护措施后的飞石抛掷距离在允许的范围内。
3 结论及展望
收起
目前隧道或巷道掘进爆破、露天矿山深孔采矿爆破以及城市拆除爆破等工程中广泛使用的爆破技术存在施工效率低下、有害效应大等缺点，需要升级换代。深孔孔内分段爆破技术可显著提高效率、降低成本和有害效应，值得大力推广。
我国已停止导爆管雷管和电雷管的生产，正在全面普及精度和安全性能更高的数码电子雷管。现阶段数码电子雷管目前仍存在成本高，抗震性能不佳等问题。这个缺点一定程度上阻碍了孔内分段爆破技术的发展。因此，深孔孔内分段爆破技术的推广应用还有待电子雷管的技术进步。相信随着爆破器材的完善和国内外同行对孔内分段技术的深入研究，深孔孔内分段爆破技术不久会迎来大规模应用。
基金
收起
  • 2022年湖北省安全生产专项资金科技项目“矿山深孔孔内分段高效绿色爆破技术研究”(SJZX20220909)
  • 湖北凯龙工程爆破有限公司科技开发项目“露天深孔孔内分段绿色爆破技术”(4201/01916)
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.009
  • 接收时间：2023-01-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-13
基金
2022年湖北省安全生产专项资金科技项目“矿山深孔孔内分段高效绿色爆破技术研究”(SJZX20220909)
湖北凯龙工程爆破有限公司科技开发项目“露天深孔孔内分段绿色爆破技术”(4201/01916)
作者信息
    1.湖北工业大学 土木建筑与环境学院，武汉 430068
    2.中国矿业大学（北京） 力学与建筑工程学院，北京 100083
    3.湖北凯龙工程爆破有限公司，荆门 448004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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