Article(id=1241089935520879212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673193600000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828498963, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828498963, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828498963, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828498963, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=190, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089937840329339, articleId=1241089935520879212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Blasting Vibration Effect of Subway Tunnel Underpassing Scenic Spot of Yellow Crane Tower, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The peak vibration velocities and distributions of main frequencies induced by the tunnel blasting operations of Wuhan Metro Line 5 when it was passing through the air defense chamber, Beijing-Guangzhou railway, Yellow Crane Tower and Sacred Stupa were analyzed based on the field monitoring data. Furthermore, FLAC3D software was used to analyze the vibration velocity attenuation law, displacement, and stress response law of the air defense chamber structure under the influence of upper bench blasting. The field monitoring results were in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. The results showed that the air defense chamber and Sacred Stupa were affected the most by blasting with the vibration velocity close to the limit value. While the impact of blasting on the reinforced concrete structure of Yellow Crane Tower was small. The blasting vibration of the existing railway was less than 0.9 cm/s, lower than the control value of 2 cm/s. With the advance of tunnel working face, the impact of blasting vibration on the railway will get smaller. The maximum peak vibration velocity of each measuring point appears in the vertical direction, and the corresponding main frequency is mainly located in the low and medium frequency region. In addition, the vibration energy mainly concentrated in the frequency range of 20~65 Hz. The attenuation of peak vibration velocity (PPV) at each part of the civil air defense chamber is different with the maximum value appears near y=4 m, and the PPV attenuates faster in the excavated area. The displacement of the air defense structure is within the control range, and the maximum displacement and principal stress are concentrated at the arch foot B which is closer to the blasting source. Finally, the safety control value of the peak vibration velocity of the civil air defense structure is obtained by regression of peak vibration velocity and maximum principal stress.

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结合武汉地铁5号线穿越黄鹤楼公园项目现场监测数据,分析了地铁隧道下穿人防洞室、京广铁路、黄鹤楼、圣像宝塔的峰值振速、主频分布特征,并且利用FLAC3D软件分析了人防洞室结构受上台阶爆破影响的振动速度衰减规律、位移与应力响应规律,现场监测结果与数值模拟结果基本吻合。研究结果表明:受爆破影响比较接近控制值的是人防工程和胜像宝塔,爆破对钢筋混凝土结构的黄鹤楼影响较小,既有铁路受到的爆破振动不超过0.9 cm/s,小于铁路路基振动控制值2 cm/s,且随着隧道爆破的推进,爆破振动对铁路的影响也将越来越小。各测点垂直向峰值振速最大,各测点垂向震动的主频主要分布在低中频区域,频率范围10~100 Hz,主要集中在20~65 Hz。人防洞室结构各部位峰值振速衰减不同,峰值振速PPV随爆源距增加而减小,最大峰值出现在y=4 m附近,并且PPV在已开挖区域衰减更快。爆破振动对人防结构的位移响应在可控范围内,最大位移、最大主应力集中在迎爆面拱脚B处。结合峰值振速与最大主应力拟合公式,得出了人防结构峰值振速安全控制值。

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柳之森(1980-),男,学士、高级工程师,从事地铁隧道设计施工方面的研究,(E-mail)

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柳之森(1980-),男,学士、高级工程师,从事地铁隧道设计施工方面的研究,(E-mail)

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柳之森(1980-),男,学士、高级工程师,从事地铁隧道设计施工方面的研究,(E-mail)

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Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2019, 126: 1-12., articleTitle=Study on the propagation law of tunnel blasting vibration in stratum and blasting vibration reduction technology, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241089947185238136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935520879212, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241089947235569792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935520879212, companyId=1241089947185238136, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co Ltd, Wuhan 430074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241089947243958402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935520879212, companyId=1241089947185238136, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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Material parameters

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材料体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa内摩擦角°密度/(kg·m-3
中风化石英砂岩5.683.331.40752700
人防结构衬砌C357.614.521.8802650
隧道衬砌6.354.201.6002400
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955406074388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935520879212, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa内摩擦角°密度/(kg·m-3
中风化石英砂岩5.683.331.40752700
人防结构衬砌C357.614.521.8802650
隧道衬砌6.354.201.6002400
), ArticleFig(id=1241089955498349084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935520879212, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting results of PPV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置数据来源结构部位拟合公式相关系数R2
人防数值模拟A0.904
B0.858
C0.710
D0.725
E0.697
F0.884
现场监测B0.934
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萨道夫斯基公式拟合结果

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人防数值模拟A0.904
B0.858
C0.710
D0.725
E0.697
F0.884
现场监测B0.934
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地铁隧道下穿黄鹤楼景区爆破振动效应分析
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柳之森
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(2): 190-198
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(2): 190-198
地铁隧道下穿黄鹤楼景区爆破振动效应分析
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柳之森
作者信息
  • 中铁十四局集团有限公司,武汉 430074
  • 柳之森(1980-),男,学士、高级工程师,从事地铁隧道设计施工方面的研究,(E-mail)

Blasting Vibration Effect of Subway Tunnel Underpassing Scenic Spot of Yellow Crane Tower
Zhi-sen LIU
Affiliations
  • China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co Ltd, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.027
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结合武汉地铁5号线穿越黄鹤楼公园项目现场监测数据,分析了地铁隧道下穿人防洞室、京广铁路、黄鹤楼、圣像宝塔的峰值振速、主频分布特征,并且利用FLAC3D软件分析了人防洞室结构受上台阶爆破影响的振动速度衰减规律、位移与应力响应规律,现场监测结果与数值模拟结果基本吻合。研究结果表明:受爆破影响比较接近控制值的是人防工程和胜像宝塔,爆破对钢筋混凝土结构的黄鹤楼影响较小,既有铁路受到的爆破振动不超过0.9 cm/s,小于铁路路基振动控制值2 cm/s,且随着隧道爆破的推进,爆破振动对铁路的影响也将越来越小。各测点垂直向峰值振速最大,各测点垂向震动的主频主要分布在低中频区域,频率范围10~100 Hz,主要集中在20~65 Hz。人防洞室结构各部位峰值振速衰减不同,峰值振速PPV随爆源距增加而减小,最大峰值出现在y=4 m附近,并且PPV在已开挖区域衰减更快。爆破振动对人防结构的位移响应在可控范围内,最大位移、最大主应力集中在迎爆面拱脚B处。结合峰值振速与最大主应力拟合公式,得出了人防结构峰值振速安全控制值。

数值模拟  /  爆破振动  /  地铁隧道  /  峰值振速

The peak vibration velocities and distributions of main frequencies induced by the tunnel blasting operations of Wuhan Metro Line 5 when it was passing through the air defense chamber, Beijing-Guangzhou railway, Yellow Crane Tower and Sacred Stupa were analyzed based on the field monitoring data. Furthermore, FLAC3D software was used to analyze the vibration velocity attenuation law, displacement, and stress response law of the air defense chamber structure under the influence of upper bench blasting. The field monitoring results were in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. The results showed that the air defense chamber and Sacred Stupa were affected the most by blasting with the vibration velocity close to the limit value. While the impact of blasting on the reinforced concrete structure of Yellow Crane Tower was small. The blasting vibration of the existing railway was less than 0.9 cm/s, lower than the control value of 2 cm/s. With the advance of tunnel working face, the impact of blasting vibration on the railway will get smaller. The maximum peak vibration velocity of each measuring point appears in the vertical direction, and the corresponding main frequency is mainly located in the low and medium frequency region. In addition, the vibration energy mainly concentrated in the frequency range of 20~65 Hz. The attenuation of peak vibration velocity (PPV) at each part of the civil air defense chamber is different with the maximum value appears near y=4 m, and the PPV attenuates faster in the excavated area. The displacement of the air defense structure is within the control range, and the maximum displacement and principal stress are concentrated at the arch foot B which is closer to the blasting source. Finally, the safety control value of the peak vibration velocity of the civil air defense structure is obtained by regression of peak vibration velocity and maximum principal stress.

numerical simulation  /  blasting vibration  /  metro tunnel  /  peak vibration velocity
柳之森. 地铁隧道下穿黄鹤楼景区爆破振动效应分析. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 190 -198 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.027
Zhi-sen LIU. Blasting Vibration Effect of Subway Tunnel Underpassing Scenic Spot of Yellow Crane Tower[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 190 -198 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.027
近年来,我国城市化进程不断加快,社会经济高速发展,城市人口数量剧增,交通拥堵的情况在我国大部分城市都可以见到,而修建地铁对于改善城市交通环境起到了不可忽视的作用[1]。地铁建设过程中,上下台阶法以台阶形式推进的石方爆破方式是地铁隧道掘进中重要的施工手段,由于地铁线路常穿越人口密集的居民区、城市自然人文景观、铁路干线等,爆破时对爆区附近保护对象可能产生的有害影响,如爆破引起的振动、个别飞散物、空气冲击波、噪声、爆渣冲击、粉尘、有害气体等。其中爆破施工产生的振动是构成对周边铁路、人防设施和景区建筑物安全的主要隐患。因此,研究地铁隧道爆破振动传播规律,最大程度上降低爆破振动效应对周围建构筑物的影响具有重要意义[2]
国内学者对爆破振动进行了深入研究,张旭等使用LS-DYNA建立了隧道爆破有限元数值模型[3],对人防隧道的动力响应特征进行研究。张继春等以渝怀铁路人和场浅埋隧道工程为背景,首先发现隧道开挖区将造成掘进爆破产生的地表震动出现“空洞效应”,掘进后方的爆破地震波则不符合萨道夫斯基公式[4]。费鸿禄等利用FLAC3D软件模拟大连地铁1号线隧道爆破掘进中,发现数值模拟得到的质点振速与实测结果更接近,可以通过数值模拟结果对萨道夫斯基公式进行修正以提高预测精度[5]
论文结合武汉地铁5号线隧道下穿黄鹤楼景区为工程项目,对掌子面上方人防洞室,及其地表建筑物进行了现场监测,得到爆破振动时程曲线及频谱图。应用FLAC3D软件对地铁隧道爆破振动衰减规律进行了模拟分析。根据现场监测与数值模拟结果,对爆破方案进行了调整,有效控制了后期爆破振动效应对周围建构筑物的影响,可为同类爆破控制段爆破方案设计提供参考。
武汉市轨道交通5号线彭刘杨路站~司门口站区间,在黄鹤楼公园北侧下穿京广铁路,从黄鹤楼公园下穿蛇山人防工程,下穿段全部位于强风化石英砂岩及中风化石英砂岩层中,隧道围岩分级为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,围岩强度较高,在线路CK11+597~CK11+728段131 m长分布有石英砂岩。隧道覆土厚度为9.8~37.6 m,覆土厚度最大为下穿黄鹤楼公园段,覆土厚度最小为邻近司门口站小里程端,爆破段涉及到的地层为素填土、粘性土、强风化泥岩、中风化石英砂岩、强风化石英砂岩。下穿段采用爆破方法开挖,需严格控制爆破规模,采取控制措施减小爆破振动,降低爆破对区间附近建筑物、人防工程和既有铁路的影响[6]图1为黄鹤楼景区地形平面图。
武汉地铁5号线彭杨柳路站至司门口站段经黄鹤楼公园处,下部岩石坚硬。采用上下台阶法爆破开挖,监测结果分析发现上台阶引起的地表振动速度较大。所以,研究对象为上台阶爆破开挖。隧道爆破上方是黄鹤楼景区人防工程,边坡中部分布京广铁路,其次为黄鹤楼主楼,圣像宝塔文物建筑,爆破往往产生一定的地震波,对建筑、铁路、边坡造成影响。因此,为减小爆破振动,在黄鹤楼景区段的上台阶掌子面岩体布置钻孔时,严格控制孔内药量,压缩每次爆破规模,采用上下台阶的爆破方式,尽量拉开同时爆破的工作面距离,减小爆破振动的叠加[7]。上下台阶距离5~10 m。上台阶采用楔形掏槽方式,下台阶采用水平结合垂直钻孔方式减小振动叠加可能[8]图2为上台阶爆破中爆破孔的分布图。
岩体以中风化石英砂岩为主,钻孔按功能分为掏槽孔、辅助孔、周边孔,掏槽孔深度为1~1.2 m,其他钻孔深度为0.8~1 m,单循环进尺约1.2 m,起爆网路采用数码电子雷管起爆系统,上下台阶炮孔数小于200,可采用一台200型依钵起爆器分时起爆上下台阶,实现单孔单响爆破。每炮孔炸药不与其他孔炸药同时爆破,每段爆破药量不大于1.3 kg[9]。掏槽孔单孔装药量为0.6 kg,辅助孔单孔装药0.5 kg,周边孔单孔装药0.4 kg。
现场爆破各测点布置如图3所示。
振动监测的主要内容为地表质点的垂直方向振动速度波形。图4~图7分别为1号、2号、4号、5号测点振动速度波形及频谱图。由图4~图7可知,黄鹤楼峰值振速约0.45 cm/s,人防峰值振速约9.8 cm/s,圣像宝塔峰值振速接近0.5 cm/s,即将达到控制值。铁路峰值振速约0.7 cm/s。爆破最大单段装药量0.6 kg时,受爆破短暂影响比较接近控制值的是人防工程和胜像宝塔,且主要爆破段隧道爆破点距离人防工程和胜像宝塔变化不大,故爆破主要受人防工程和胜像宝塔受到的振动制约。爆破对钢筋混凝土结构的黄鹤楼影响较小,比控制值小一个数量级左右;既有铁路与隧道爆破初始段水平投影距离较近,铁路正下方时垂直距离是26.2 m,对于铁路轨面高程以上的铁路边坡上沿,水平投影距离爆破点11 m,垂直距离超过31 m,但因爆破单响药量较小,受到的爆破振动不超过0.9 cm/s,小于铁路路基振动控制值2 cm/s(非天窗时段的振动控制值),且随着隧道爆破的推进,越来越远离铁路线正下方,爆破振动对铁路的影响也将越来越小。
图4~图7频谱图可以看出,各测点垂向震动的主频主要分布在低中频区域,范围在10~100 Hz,主要集中在20~65 Hz,其中人防测点离爆破点最近,频带分布较宽。
监测结果表明,隧道台阶法爆破对人防洞室工程的影响尤为显著。为保证爆破振动的危害控制效果,本文结合工程实际,考虑岩石应力分布范围,采用FLAC3D有限元动力分析。所建立模型根据实际工程适当简化,并节约计算时间,利用吸收边界及自由边界,建立了尺寸为40×15×40的数值模型及隧道上台阶模型(见图8),由15481个节点和26148个实体单元组成。模型土层全部为中风化石英砂岩,实体单元模拟,采用莫尔-库仑本构模型,已开挖隧道衬砌采用壳单元,人防洞室衬砌采用弹性本构模型实体单元模拟,在开挖至隧道轴向y=3.5界面处上台阶爆破,材料参数如表1所示。
炸药的爆炸反应是一个高温、高压和高速的瞬态过程,被爆岩体性质和爆破条件复杂多变,且岩体爆破破坏过程是一个历时极为短暂的过程,因此给直接观察和研究岩体爆破机制造成了极大的困难[10]。目前量化技术有限且地下岩体结构特征复杂,无法准确计算出爆破过程的各个细节,只能通过经验公式等效处理[11]。以炮孔壁面施加三角脉冲荷载作为应力时程函数输入FLAC3D,这种模型需要确定爆破峰值及其作用时间。
根据爆轰波C-J理论[12],炸药爆炸后的平均轰爆压力
式中:Pj为瞬时炸药爆轰平均初始压力;ρe为炸药密度;Dj炸药爆轰速度;γ为炸药的等熵系数,γ的取值与装药密度有关,本次γ取3。
在耦合装药条件下,炸药爆炸后的初始轰爆压力P0
在不耦合装药条件下,根据炮孔直径db和药卷直径de,修正后的炸药爆炸后的初始轰爆压力为
式中,n为爆炸产物膨胀作用炮孔壁时的压力增大系数,n=8~10,本文取10。
本次炸药密度为1200 kg/m3,轰爆速度为4800 m/s,装药直径32 mm,炮孔直径40 mm。故初始轰爆压力P0=4.64 GPa。爆破荷载作用时间非常短,荷载上升取1 ms,下降7 ms,总作用时间8 ms。
根据现场振动监测可知,上台阶爆破产生的人防洞室结构在水平(x)、轴向(y)、垂向(z)的振动响应不同,且差距明显,人防洞室的水平向(x)、轴向(y)峰值振动速度明显小于垂向(z)峰值振动速度。因此,垂向(z)所产生的振动响应对人防结构影响最大。提取人防洞室距离爆源最近一点(y=4)爆破振动速度时间曲线与数值模拟爆破振动时间曲线对比分析,图9为现场监测时程曲线,图10为数值模拟时程曲线。现场监测所得到的振动曲线与数值计算得到的振动曲线波形相似,峰值振速接近,主频一致,故此判断此模型及参数合理。由于数值模拟忽略了岩体结构裂隙,软弱夹层,地下水等的影响,应力波在实际传播会损失部分能量,因此,现场监测峰值振速略小于模拟的峰值振速。故,该模型基本合理,可进一步分析爆破振动对人防洞室的动力响应效应。
基于FLAC3D有限元建立了地铁隧道下穿人防洞室工程爆破施工数值模型,研究其可能引起的人防结构振动问题,为进一步施工作业及监测提供理论指导。沿人防洞室底板中心A、迎爆面拱脚B、迎爆面拱肩C、拱顶D、左拱肩E、左拱脚F关键部位设置y方向测线,如下图11所示。根据数值模拟结果,统计分析人防洞室衬砌结构各关键部位峰值振动速度PPV轴向分布规律,统计结果如图12所示。
图12可以看出,人防洞室底板中心A测点振动速度PPV最大,迎爆面拱脚B次之,拱顶D、拱肩E峰值振动速度PPV最小,各关键部位振动速度随爆炸源距离的增加而减小。人防洞室底板中心Ay=4.5 m处PPV最大值约为15.2 cm/s,迎爆面拱脚By=4.5 m处PPV最大值约为10.2 cm/s,其他部位PPV最大值小于5 cm/s,隧道爆破开挖所产生的振动效应对人防底板中心A与迎爆面拱脚B影响最大,危害最为严重。各部位最大峰值振速PPV皆出现在爆破源y=4.5 m面附近,为减小振动对人防洞室结构的损害,后期重点监测人防洞室对应爆破最近点的底板中心A与迎爆面拱脚B振动速度,保证其结构安全。
根据《爆破安全规程(GB6722—2014)》有关规定,利用萨道夫斯基公式分析未开挖区域上方人防洞室爆破振动垂向衰减规律。萨道夫斯基公式如下
式中:v为振动速度,cm/s;kα为与岩石有关的衰减系数;Q为炸药量,kg;R为爆心距,m。
,即v=KSD-α。由上分析可知,人防洞室结构的振动响应,垂向峰值振动速度PPV大于其他两个方向,因此,对现场监测B点及数值模拟的ABCDEF的垂直向峰值振动速度PPV进行回归分析,萨道夫斯基公式拟合得到的峰值振速衰减规律如图13表2所示。
各部位峰值振速PPV在爆源距相同情况下,隧道已开挖上方人防洞室结构速度迅速衰减,并且萨道夫斯基公式对人防结构各部位拟合结果如表所示,得到了各部位与岩石相关的理论系数kα,为进一步评估人防洞室结构的振动速度提供了理论参考。人防各部位振动速度衰减不同,具有明显的差异性,可判断出洞室结构、爆源距大小对振速传播规律均有影响。结构A点与结构B点的衰减系数分别为2.12,1.48,现场监测得到的衰减系数与数值模拟结果吻合。
微毫秒爆破是一种延期时间间隔为几毫秒到几十毫秒的延期爆破。由于前后相邻段炮孔爆破时间间隔极短,致使各炮孔爆破产生的能量场相互影响,既可以提高爆破效果,又可以减少爆破地震效应、冲击波和飞石危害[13]。在现场监测时程曲线中,微毫秒爆破呈多峰值现象,选取5 ms、37.6 ms、68.5 ms、955 ms进行人防位移响应分析,由此揭示微毫秒爆破引起的人防位移传递分布规律,如图14所示。第一次掏槽孔爆破后,5 ms出现峰值振速,人防结构位移最大值并未出现在离爆源最近一点,而是出现在迎爆面拱脚B点,并且随着二次掏槽孔,周边孔,辅助孔爆破后,在955 ms时,人防结构位移由迎爆面拱脚B传递至迎爆面拱肩C,拱顶D、左拱肩E、左拱脚F,爆破结束后,人防最大位移为2.1 mm,与监测位移差别不大,表明本次爆破对人防结构位移的影响在可控范围,人防结构各部位位移大小关系应为B>C>D>E>F>A,因此后期重点监测人防迎爆面位移。
根据人防洞室结构各部位峰值振速PPV分析可知,地铁隧道爆破施工引起人防洞室结构振动响应在爆源上方最大,对于本次微毫秒爆破,各时间节点的人防结构最大主应力分布情况如图15所示,5 ms时,根据“压负拉正”理论,爆源最上方迎爆面拱脚B出现最大压应力,达到了0.47 MPa,人防结构底板与拱顶受拉应力为主,在底板处最大拉应力为0.12 MPa。37.6 ms时,爆源最上方迎爆面拱脚B压应力为0.38 MPa,拉应力范围较小,但底板处最大拉应力增大,为0.23 MPa。68.5 ms时,迎爆面拱脚B压应力为0.39 MPa,底板处拉应力增大至0.35 MPa。955 ms时,迎爆面拱脚B压应力为0.4 MPa,底板处拉应力增大至0.59 MPa。
表明压应力范围最初分布在距离爆源最近的迎爆面拱脚B处,随后向拱肩、拱顶扩散,并且压应力大小与峰值振速有关。拉应力主要分布在人防底板,随着微毫秒爆破推进,拉应力逐渐增大。各部位在y=4 m附近均出现最大主应力峰值,表明人防结构最危险面位于y=4 m附近。
最大主应力与峰值振速有关,为保证爆破开挖过程中人防洞室结构的稳定,采用控制装药量和微毫秒爆破等手段来降低对人防的影响[14],为此,根据数值模拟结果研究人防结构振动速度控制值范围,线性拟合出迎爆面拱脚B峰值振速与最大主应力对应关系,得出最大主应力与峰值振速函数关系式
混凝土衬砌结构在动力作用下极限抗拉强度将有所提高,其在动力作用下抗拉强度提高的程度与所受的荷载施加速度有关,静抗拉强度与动抗拉强度有如下关系[15]
式中:σt为岩石的动抗拉强度;KD为动力强度提高系数;σt0为岩石静抗拉强度。
爆破冲击波作用下,岩石加荷速度可达106 MPa/s,中风化石英砂岩加荷速度一般为10~102 MPa/s,KD取1.21。C35混凝土极限抗拉强度为1.88 MPa,即人防结构动抗拉强度σt=2.27,代入式(5),计算出最大振速控制值31.2 cm/s,但由于爆破工程规范要求,巷道最高取20 cm/s,即人防振动速度控制值为20 cm/s。见图16
(1)现场监测结果表明,爆破振动对黄鹤楼景区的影响在控制范围内,爆破主要受人防工程和胜像宝塔受到的振动制约。各测点垂向震动的主频主要分布在低中频区域,范围在10~100 Hz,主要集中在20~65 Hz,其中人防测点,离爆破点最近,频带分布较宽。
(2)数值模拟计算结果与现场监测结果一致,人防洞室结构各部位峰值振速衰减不同,峰值振速PPV随爆源距增加而较小,最大峰值出现在y=4 m附近,并且PPV在已开挖区域衰减更快。
(3)爆破振动对人防结构的位移响应在可控范围内,最大位移、最大主应力集中在迎爆面拱脚B处,迎爆面拱脚B以压应力为主,拉应力出现在人防底板,人防洞室最危险部位在迎爆面拱脚B处,应重点监测该部位。
(4)结合峰值振速与最大主应力拟合公式,得出人防结构峰值振速安全控制值为20 cm/s。
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.027
  • 接收时间:2023-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-09
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    中铁十四局集团有限公司,武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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