Article(id=1241089935424410219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1674057600000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828498940, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828498940, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828498940, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828498940, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089937001468529, articleId=1241089935424410219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Analysis of Surface Settlement Characteristics caused by Explosion-induced Liquefaction of Saturated Sand Layered Foundation, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ground surface settlement caused by explosion-induced liquefaction of saturated sand foundation is an important subject in the seismic safety evaluation and explosion compaction of dam foundation. In this paper, the characteristics of ground surface settlement caused by liquefaction under contained explosions are studied for layered saturated sand foundation with roller compaction. Based on the existing empirical prediction models of explosion-induced liquefaction and surface settlement, the calculation formula of liquefaction volume is derived, and the rapid prediction model of surface settlement area is established and verified for reliability. Based on the above model, the characteristics of the explosion-induced liquefaction zone of saturated sand foundation and the resulted surface settlement funnel are investigated by changing the control factors such as compactness, explosive amount and burial depth, and the influence of stratified ground compaction on the characteristics of the surface settlement funnel is also discussed. The results show that the explosion liquefaction zone of saturated sand foundation has three types from small to large, including ellipsoid type, funnel type and pot bottom type. From small to large, there are two types of surface settlement area: inverted cone type and butterfly type. The liquefaction and settlement zones increase with the increase of explosive amount and the decrease of burial depth and compactness. For the layered saturated sand foundation with rolling compaction, the explosion-induced liquefaction and the resulted surface settlement are not only affected by the amount of explosive, buried depth and density, but also determined by the relative size of delamination thickness compared with the initiation depth, which further affects the range of surface settlement area.

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饱和砂土地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降问题是坝基抗震安全评价和爆炸加密地基处理等领域中的重要课题。针对碾压压实的分层饱和砂土地基,研究其在封闭爆炸下液化引起的地表沉降特征。基于现有爆炸液化、地表沉降经验预测模型推导了液化区体积的计算式,建立了地表沉降区的快速预测模型,并验证了该模型的可靠性。利用上述模型,通过变化控制性因素密实度、炸药量、埋深探究了饱和砂土地基爆炸液化区及引起的地表沉降漏斗特征,并讨论了地基碾压压实分层对地表沉降漏斗特征的影响。结果表明:封闭爆炸荷载作用下,饱和砂土地基爆炸液化区的形态从小到大包括椭球型、漏斗型和锅底型三种。地表沉降区形态从小到大有倒锥型和蝶型两种。液化及沉降区随炸药量的增加、埋深和密实度的减小而增大。经碾压压实的分层饱和砂土地基,爆炸液化及引起的地表沉降不仅受炸药量、埋深和密实度的影响,分层厚度较起爆深度的相对大小也决定了液化区受分层厚度影响的范围,进一步影响了地表沉降区的范围。

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卢文波(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事岩石动力学及工程爆破的相关研究,(E-mail)
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位需贝(1999-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石动力学及工程爆破的相关研究,(E-mail)

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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=CN, label=图15, caption=地基分层位置对爆炸液化区形态的影响(H>h0, figureFileSmall=L6sNxYZ+SjU4c8TmtmDjOA==, figureFileBig=7iYUFWO1wtZTQ3taBjerRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089959411634833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Effect of layer thickness on explosion-induced liquefaction range, figureFileSmall=K4nqkgCJWn2bJqYAVJzl3w==, figureFileBig=Pv/jnN8bTt2Yt15qAID4Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089959512298130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=CN, label=图16, caption=碾压密实层厚度对爆炸液化范围的影响, figureFileSmall=K4nqkgCJWn2bJqYAVJzl3w==, figureFileBig=Pv/jnN8bTt2Yt15qAID4Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241089959591989910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, 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Empirical prediction model of excess pore water pressure ratio in single charge contained explosion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号液化预测模型临界D/(m·kg-1/3土壤类型文献来源
1Ru=1.65-0.65 ln(D2.76饱和细砂Studer and Kok[16]
2Ru=16.27(D1.526.27级配差的粉砂(Dr=43%)Al-Qasimi[18]
3Ru=1.607-0.64 ln(D2.58饱和细砂(Dr=30%~35%)王维国[20]
45.81饱和细砂(Dr=0~80%)Veyera[17]
56.30级配差的粉砂(Dr=43%)Al-Qasimi[18]
60.94-6.78饱和砂土Ishimwe E[19]
), ArticleFig(id=1241089959810093727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单药包封闭爆炸时超孔隙水压比的经验预测公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号液化预测模型临界D/(m·kg-1/3土壤类型文献来源
1Ru=1.65-0.65 ln(D2.76饱和细砂Studer and Kok[16]
2Ru=16.27(D1.526.27级配差的粉砂(Dr=43%)Al-Qasimi[18]
3Ru=1.607-0.64 ln(D2.58饱和细砂(Dr=30%~35%)王维国[20]
45.81饱和细砂(Dr=0~80%)Veyera[17]
56.30级配差的粉砂(Dr=43%)Al-Qasimi[18]
60.94-6.78饱和砂土Ishimwe E[19]
), ArticleFig(id=1241089959902368417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Empirical prediction model of surface settlement in single charge contained explosion

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序号预测模型土壤类型文献来源
1Δh/hm(%)=8.89HN0.816  
2Δh/hm(%)=18.52NW0.862饱和砂土Narin[21]
3Δh/hm(%)=-1.02+3.96 logPF
4Δh/hm(%)=0.843PF0.476
5饱和砂土Kok[22]
6饱和粗砂(Dr=30%~70%)Kato K[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1241089959994643111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单药包封闭爆炸时地表沉降的经验预测公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号预测模型土壤类型文献来源
1Δh/hm(%)=8.89HN0.816  
2Δh/hm(%)=18.52NW0.862饱和砂土Narin[21]
3Δh/hm(%)=-1.02+3.96 logPF
4Δh/hm(%)=0.843PF0.476
5饱和砂土Kok[22]
6饱和粗砂(Dr=30%~70%)Kato K[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1241089960086917800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The blast compaction test parameters South Carolina[24]

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试验炸药量/kg药包数量埋深/m初始密实度/%比重emaxemin
119910302.671.0960.52
2341610402.671.0960.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241089960200164012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089935424410219, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

南卡罗来纳州爆炸压密试验参数[24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验炸药量/kg药包数量埋深/m初始密实度/%比重emaxemin
119910302.671.0960.52
2341610402.671.0960.52
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饱和砂土分层地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降特征分析
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位需贝 a, b , 卢文波 a, b , 王高辉 a, b
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(2): 9-18
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(2): 9-18
饱和砂土分层地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降特征分析
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位需贝a, b , 卢文波a, b , 王高辉a, b
作者信息
  • a.武汉大学 水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072
  • b.武汉大学 水工岩石力学教育部重点实验室,武汉 430072
  • 位需贝(1999-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石动力学及工程爆破的相关研究,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

卢文波(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事岩石动力学及工程爆破的相关研究,(E-mail)
Analysis of Surface Settlement Characteristics caused by Explosion-induced Liquefaction of Saturated Sand Layered Foundation
Xu-bei WEIa, b , Wen-bo LUa, b , Gao-hui WANGa, b
Affiliations
  • a.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • b.Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics in Hydraulic Structural Engineering of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.002
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饱和砂土地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降问题是坝基抗震安全评价和爆炸加密地基处理等领域中的重要课题。针对碾压压实的分层饱和砂土地基,研究其在封闭爆炸下液化引起的地表沉降特征。基于现有爆炸液化、地表沉降经验预测模型推导了液化区体积的计算式,建立了地表沉降区的快速预测模型,并验证了该模型的可靠性。利用上述模型,通过变化控制性因素密实度、炸药量、埋深探究了饱和砂土地基爆炸液化区及引起的地表沉降漏斗特征,并讨论了地基碾压压实分层对地表沉降漏斗特征的影响。结果表明:封闭爆炸荷载作用下,饱和砂土地基爆炸液化区的形态从小到大包括椭球型、漏斗型和锅底型三种。地表沉降区形态从小到大有倒锥型和蝶型两种。液化及沉降区随炸药量的增加、埋深和密实度的减小而增大。经碾压压实的分层饱和砂土地基,爆炸液化及引起的地表沉降不仅受炸药量、埋深和密实度的影响,分层厚度较起爆深度的相对大小也决定了液化区受分层厚度影响的范围,进一步影响了地表沉降区的范围。

分层地基  /  爆炸液化  /  超孔隙水压比  /  液化区特征  /  沉降漏斗特征

Ground surface settlement caused by explosion-induced liquefaction of saturated sand foundation is an important subject in the seismic safety evaluation and explosion compaction of dam foundation. In this paper, the characteristics of ground surface settlement caused by liquefaction under contained explosions are studied for layered saturated sand foundation with roller compaction. Based on the existing empirical prediction models of explosion-induced liquefaction and surface settlement, the calculation formula of liquefaction volume is derived, and the rapid prediction model of surface settlement area is established and verified for reliability. Based on the above model, the characteristics of the explosion-induced liquefaction zone of saturated sand foundation and the resulted surface settlement funnel are investigated by changing the control factors such as compactness, explosive amount and burial depth, and the influence of stratified ground compaction on the characteristics of the surface settlement funnel is also discussed. The results show that the explosion liquefaction zone of saturated sand foundation has three types from small to large, including ellipsoid type, funnel type and pot bottom type. From small to large, there are two types of surface settlement area: inverted cone type and butterfly type. The liquefaction and settlement zones increase with the increase of explosive amount and the decrease of burial depth and compactness. For the layered saturated sand foundation with rolling compaction, the explosion-induced liquefaction and the resulted surface settlement are not only affected by the amount of explosive, buried depth and density, but also determined by the relative size of delamination thickness compared with the initiation depth, which further affects the range of surface settlement area.

layered foundation  /  explosive liquefaction  /  excess pore water pressure ratio  /  liquefaction zone characteristics  /  settlement funnel characteristics
位需贝, 卢文波, 王高辉. 饱和砂土分层地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降特征分析. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.002
Xu-bei WEI, Wen-bo LU, Gao-hui WANG. Analysis of Surface Settlement Characteristics caused by Explosion-induced Liquefaction of Saturated Sand Layered Foundation[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.002
许多人防工程、过江隧道等均建于饱和土体之中,当受到爆炸等动力荷载作用时,不仅会对上覆结构造成破坏,还会使饱和砂土地基发生液化而产生沉降,进而加重对土中建筑物的危害[1-5]。因此,研究饱和砂土地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降有重要的意义。
目前关于爆炸液化引起的地表沉降评价方法有半理论半经验方法和数值模拟两类。前者是通过系统地分析爆夯试验数据,建立孔隙水压力、沉降与密实度、比例距离等因素的经验关系[6],能快速判断考察点处是否发生液化及地表各点发生沉降的大小,但大多试验对象为均匀的饱和砂土地基,且关于爆炸液化的研究多为建立超孔隙水压比的经验模型,仅能对考察点处是否液化进行预测,不能直接确定出液化范围,无法应用于工程中快速确定液化区;数值模拟方法主要是通过使用LS-DYNA、FLAC等软件评估爆炸液化及引起的地表沉降[7-10],能考虑土壤特性的更多方面,包括爆炸条件、土壤性质、地基分层等特性,但存在计算成本较大、孔压耗散与实际不符等问题[11]。因此,对于工程实际中需要快速确定爆炸液化及沉降区的情况,宜选用半理论半经验的方法进行研究。
爆炸液化引起的地表沉降与药量、药包埋深、爆炸延时及砂土初始密实度等因素有关[12,13],多通过爆炸压密的试验进行研究,试验条件为土基能达到最佳压实效果时的松散、最佳埋深的情况,对于经过压密的饱和砂土或埋深较深等情况时的地表沉降特征尚未进行分析;另外,针对密实度影响的研究也是控制整个地基的密实度发生变化,对于现有许多工程如机场跑道等的饱和砂土地基,为满足经济和工程安全需要,会对上层一定厚度的地基进行碾压密实,属于密实度变化的分层地基,地基分层对爆炸液化引起的地表沉降形态的影响还需要探讨。
因此,针对碾压压实的饱和砂土分层地基,研究了封闭爆炸下地基液化引起的地表沉降规律。基于总结归纳现有爆炸液化引起的地表沉降预测模型,提出了爆炸液化及沉降区的快速评价方法;通过对比分析实验与经验预测结果,验证了该方法的可靠性;利用该方法,通过变化控制性因素密实度、炸药量、埋深分析爆炸液化引起的地表沉降漏斗特征,并讨论地基碾压分层对地表沉降漏斗特征的影响。
爆炸荷载爆炸产生的应力波具有主频高、持时短、衰减快等特点,当其作用于饱和砂土体时,饱和土中的瞬态孔压急剧增加到峰值,当累积超孔隙水压力大于初始竖向有效应力时会发生液化[14-15];爆炸波传播过后,随着超孔隙水压力的消散与排出,砂土颗粒在自重的作用下重新排列到更紧密的状态,同时会导致土壤表面产生沉降,爆炸液化引起的地表沉降机理如图1所示。
爆破后液化引起的地表沉降(Δh)取决于爆炸液化区域的范围,一般通过液化土层的体积变化(εvh/hm)间接求出,因此,若要得出地表沉降,必须首先确定液化区的范围。目前用于判别液化的指标主要有质点峰值振动速度、峰值压缩应变和超孔隙水压比,前两种指标的临界值会随地基条件的变化而变化,而超孔隙水压比Ru是爆炸荷载作用后累积超孔隙水压力Δu和初始竖向有效应力的比值,不涉及爆炸条件及地基性质,适用范围更广,故本文选取超孔隙水压比Ru作为判别指标
式中:Ru≥0时,土壤完全液化;Δu为爆炸荷载后累积超孔隙水压力,kPa;为初始竖向有效应力,kPa。
据已有研究[12],封闭爆炸荷载作用下饱和砂土地基的典型液化区及地表沉降形态如图2所示。其中,Rmax为最大沉降半径;Rs为有效沉降半径;S是平均有效沉降;Ra为有效液化半径;h0是炸药埋深;hm为最大液化深度。可以看出,液化区呈锅底型分布,液化区范围随深度的增大逐渐缩小;爆炸液化引起的地表沉降呈蝶形分布。而该典型液化及地表沉降区是基于爆炸压密试验给出的,试验中土基松散、炸药埋深为能够实现最佳压实效果的最佳埋深,对于经过压密的密实饱和砂土或埋深较深等情况时的地表沉降特征尚未进行分析。
本节通过总结现有爆炸液化引起的地表沉降经验预测模型,提出爆炸液化及沉降区形态的计算方法,通过该方法,可快速预估饱和砂土地基可能产生的液化及沉降区范围。
目前,饱和砂土地基爆炸液化的预测方法大多是基于试验研究得到的。首先通过分析爆炸液化试验数据,建立超孔隙水压比与峰值应力、体积应变、峰值振动速度和比例距离等因素的经验关系,进而估计爆炸引起液化的可能性。现有的用于预测超孔隙水压比的经验公式,大多是基于Studer和Kok通过考虑饱和砂土中的一次爆炸建立的关系发展的[16],如Veyera[17]、Al-Qasimi等学者基于Studer和Kok的研究成果进一步得到了将土壤性质考虑在内的超孔隙水压比经验预测公式[18]。限于篇幅,表1给出了典型的几种饱和砂土地基单药包封闭爆炸时超孔隙水压比的经验预测公式。
表1可以看出,用于预测爆炸作用下孔隙水压比的经验模型主要可分为两类,一是认为超孔隙水压比是比例距离的幂函数或对数函数的形式,如式(2)、(3)所示,但未考虑土壤性质的影响;二是认为超孔隙水压比是质点的峰值振动速度(峰值振动压缩应变)、初始竖向有效应力以及密实度Dr的函数,将爆炸条件及土壤性质考虑在内,适用性更强,如式(4)所示。
式中,质点峰值振动速度mn分别表示峰值振动速度衰减系数和指数;KABCαβγ均为与土壤性质(密实度、饱和度等参数)有关的变量,通过现场试验数据确定;爆心距xL表示距炸药中心的水平距离,yL表示距炸药中心的竖直距离,h0表示炸药埋深。
以上超孔隙水压比仅能对考察点处的液化可能性进行预测,不能直接确定出液化范围,无法应用于工程中快速确定液化区。为了快速预测液化区域,本文开展了液化区水平范围随深度变化的研究。
本文选取式(4)作为超孔隙水压比的预测形式,令Ru,边界线所包围区域即为液化区,推导得到液化区水平范围随深度变化的函数
分别令yL=h0xL=0得到有效液化半径Ra和最大液化深度hm
式中:Q为炸药量,kg;表示初始竖向有效应力,kPa;Dr为地基相对密度,%。
将液化区水平范围xL沿深度方向积分得到液化区体积V
地表沉降是土壤致密化程度的重要指标之一,依赖于炸药的总能量和初始密实度,其中以霍普金森数HN代表的能量输入决定着地面沉降的开始,PF(单位体积爆炸液化土壤消耗的能量)决定着土壤的最大地表沉降。现阶段对于爆炸液化引起地表沉降的预测主要是通过系统地分析爆炸密实试验数据,建立体积应变与HN、PF、密实度等因素的关系。限于篇幅,表2给出了典型的几种饱和砂土地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降的经验预测公式。
综上可知,地表沉降的经验预测模型主要可分为两类:一是不考虑土壤性质的影响,认为液化引起的地表沉降是比例距离或单耗的函数形式(幂函数、多项式、对数);二是将土壤性质考虑在内,主要包括砂土的PF、密实度Dr、霍普金森数HN指标。
已有研究表明[23],地表沉降受爆炸条件及土壤性质的影响较大,Kato K给出的地表沉降经验预测公式考虑了爆炸条件和土壤特性的影响[23],适用性更强,故本文选其进行本文的地表沉降研究。
上述地表沉降预测公式中的PF与液化区体积V密切相关,将式(8)代入式(10)可得PF
代入式9得地表沉降的快速预测模型
计算出Ru时各预测模型的临界比例距离如表1所示,可以看出,Ishimwe E开发的考虑原位土壤特性的经验模型将Charlie等的预测范围包括在内[11,16,19,20],适用范围更广。因此,选用Ishimwe E的超孔隙水压比的经验预测参数用于本文的研究,即α=0.54、β=-1/3、γ=-1/5、C=-0.17·Dr+ 16.33、m=9.05、n=-2.51。
为了探究本文提出的爆炸液化及沉降区形态计算方法的合理性,本节以Guillermo A Narsilio在南卡罗来纳州的一个试验场进行的爆炸致密化现场试验研究为例[24],对该方法进行验证。试验场地如图3所示,药包的布置情况如图4所示,一共进行了四次爆炸,取第1、2次爆炸为例,主要针对松散砂层进行爆炸压密,药包的布置情况如图4所示,各试验的场地参数如表3所示。
利用液化范围预测公式(5)、地表沉降范围预测公式(11)、(12)对试验1、2分别进行计算,得出两次试验的沉降计算范围如图5所示,同时将试验所得两次试验后的沉降绘于图5,其中,试验2的沉降包含由试验1产生的沉降。可以看出:试验1的最大沉降试验值为0.13 m、计算值为0.15 m,计算值比试验值偏大15.4%,试验2的最大沉降试验值为0.1 m、计算值为0.09 m,计算值比试验值偏小10%,两次试验总沉降为0.23 m,计算总沉降0.25 m,计算值比试验值偏大8.7%,在可接受的误差范围内,且计算所得地表沉降形态与试验基本一致,均呈蝶型,即本文提出的液化及沉降区预测方法合理。
为了探究分层饱和砂土地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降特征,首先研究了封闭爆炸荷载下均匀饱和砂土地基的地表沉降特征。以某20 m深的均匀饱和砂土地基为例,分析爆炸条件和地基性质对爆炸液化引起的地表沉降特征的影响,由式(11)、(12)可以看出,沉降与炸药量、炸药埋深、密实度、初始竖向有效应力有关,故选取三个互相独立的影响因素炸药量、炸药埋深、密实度作为变量。取GS=0.68、e=0.7、emax=0.9、emin=0.3,初始ρd=1.5 g/cm3Dr=40%。
基于上述方法进行了大量计算,发现饱和砂土地基爆炸液化区形态从小到大有椭球型、漏斗型和锅底型三种。限于篇幅,仅给出三种典型工况如图6所示(炸药埋深均取7 m,炸药量分别为1 kg、5 kg、20 kg),可以看出:随着炸药量的增大,液化区域逐渐增大,且由椭球型逐渐变为漏斗型,再逐渐变为锅底型。
为了进一步研究饱和砂土地基爆炸液化区的形态特征,继续讨论了密实度、炸药埋深等因素对爆炸液化范围的影响,利用液化范围预测公式(5)~(7)得到不同炸药埋深、密实度条件下均匀饱和砂土地基爆炸引起的液化区形态及特征参数如图7图8所示。从图7可以看出,液化区随密实度的增大而减小,逐渐从锅底型减小至漏斗型直至椭球型;液化区随炸药埋深的增大也逐渐减小,形态由锅底型向漏斗型、椭球型变化的同时,整个液化区还随着炸药埋深的增大而下移。从图8可以看出,有效液化半径Ra与最小液化半径Rb均随着炸药量的增加、密实度的减小、埋深的减小而增大,且RaRb近似相等;最大液化深度hm随炸药量的增加、密实度的减小而增大,随着埋深的增大先增大后减小,且在由漏斗型转变为椭球型时有所减小。
本文基于上述液化区计算结果和地表沉降范围预测公式(11)、(12)进行了大量计算,发现饱和砂土地基地表沉降区形态有倒锥型和蝶型两种。限于篇幅,仅给出三种典型工况如图9所示(炸药埋深均取7 m,炸药量分别为1 kg、5 kg、20 kg),可以看出:随着炸药量的增大,地表沉降区逐渐增大,且由倒锥型逐渐变为蝶型。
考虑到地表沉降在原比例情况下显示效果不佳,取经放大显示的地表沉降量、地表沉降变化率随距爆心水平距离的变化相结合,分析不同炸药量、埋深、密实度条件下均匀饱和砂土地基爆炸液化引起的沉降,如图10图11所示。从图10可以看出,爆炸液化引起的地表沉降范围随炸药量的增大、密实度的减小、埋深的减小而增大,形态由倒锥型转变为蝶型,平均有效沉降S和最大沉降半径均随之增大。从图11可以看出,地表沉降变化率随着距爆心水平距离的增大呈先增后减的趋势,峰值点处即为图2对应的拐点A,峰值点处对应的水平距离也即为有效沉降半径RSRS随炸药量的减小、密实度的增大、埋深的增大而减小。
在实际工程中,为了使地基上部结构安全运行,往往会对上层一定范围内的地基进行碾压密实,地基的密实度不是均匀的,为了得到分层地基的爆炸液化及沉降特征,本节以对3.1节均匀饱和砂土地基0~H深度范围内的土体进行碾压密实处理为例,如图12所示,研究了分层厚度和分层位置对其爆炸液化引起的地表沉降特征。取0~H深度内碾压后密实度Dr1H~20 m深度内密实度Dr0,按照分层碾压施工的实际情况,计算时认为分层厚度以下1 m深度内为密实度变化的过渡区,假设过渡区内的密实度随深度呈线性变化,如图13所示。
本节考虑起爆部位分别在碾压密实层及未碾压层两种情况。起爆部位位于未碾压层时砂土地基分层对爆炸液化区域的影响如图14所示,可以看出,当分层界限位于炸药埋深以上时,仅会对碾压密实区(包括过渡区)的液化区形态产生影响,碾压密实区的液化范围较均匀饱和砂土地基小,液化区整体形态也会发生变化,如漏斗型转变为椭球型(图14-b)、锅底型转变为漏斗型(图14-c),最大液化深度hm会随着漏斗型转变为椭球型而减小。图15是起爆部位位于碾压密实层时地基分层对爆炸液化区域的影响,可以发现,整个地基的液化区形态均会发生变化,整体较均匀饱和砂土地基小,RaRbhm均减小。
上述研究表明,分层位置不同,对爆炸液化区产生影响的范围也不同,因此,利用液化范围预测公式(5)对不同分层厚度时的爆炸液化范围进行分析,如图16所示。可以看出,液化范围随着分层厚度H的增大而减小,分层厚度H小于炸药埋深h0时,仅会使碾压密实区的液化范围减小;h0<H<hm时,整个液化区范围均减小;Hhm时,整个液化区均不再受分层厚度的影响。
利用地表沉降范围预测公式(11)、(12),计算不同分层厚度时分层饱和砂土地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降区如图17所示。可以看出,爆炸液化引起的地表沉降区从小到大同样包括蝶型和倒锥型两种形态,随分层厚度的增大而减小,形态由蝶型转变为倒锥型,平均有效沉降S和最大沉降半径均随之减小;地表沉降变化率较均匀地基有所减小,峰值点处对应的水平距离也即RS随分层厚度的增大亦减小。
对现有爆炸液化及沉降的预测模型进行总结,并提出液化及沉降区的计算方法,对均匀及分层饱和砂土地基爆炸液化引起的地表沉降进行预测,通过变化控制性因素密实度、炸药量、埋深分析爆炸液化引起的地表沉降漏斗特征,主要结论如下:
(1)推导得到了封闭爆炸液化引起的地表沉降区的快速预测模型,该模型可通过炸药量、炸药埋深及密实度等参数快速得到爆炸液化及地表沉降区。
(2)饱和砂土地基封闭爆炸液化区的形态从小到大有椭球型、漏斗型和锅底型三种,地表沉降形态从小到大包括倒锥型、蝶型两种,液化和沉降区域随炸药量的增加、埋深和密实度的减小而增大。
(3)经碾压压实的分层饱和砂土地基,爆炸液化范围随着分层厚度的增大而减小,分层厚度较炸药埋深的相对大小决定了液化区受分层厚度影响的范围,地表沉降随分层厚度的增大而减小,形态由蝶型转变为倒锥型。
选取的经验预测模型参数的适用范围为封闭爆炸情况,故仅针对封闭爆炸作用下地基分层对液化引起的沉降特性的影响进行了研究。在后续的研究中,将会拓展到对浅埋爆炸条件下的液化及沉降特性进行研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51939008)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52179140)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2021CFA093)
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.002
  • 接收时间:2023-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-19
基金
国家自然科学基金(51939008)
国家自然科学基金(52179140)
湖北省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2021CFA093)
作者信息
    a.武汉大学 水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072
    b.武汉大学 水工岩石力学教育部重点实验室,武汉 430072

通讯作者:

卢文波(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师,主要从事岩石动力学及工程爆破的相关研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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